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COMPOSITAE  OF  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA 


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COMPOSITAE  OF  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA 


A  THESIS   IN   PARTIAL  FULFILLMENT  OF  THE   REQUIREMENTS   FOR  THE   DEGREE 

OF  DOCTOR  OF   PHILOSOPHY  IN  THE   UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 

PRESENTED    IN   NINETEEN   HUNDRED  AND   SIX   BY 


HAfiVEY  MONROE  HALL 


OF  THE 

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THE   UNIVERSITY  PRESS 
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UNIVERSITY    OF    CALIFORNIA    PUBLICATIONS 

IN 

BOTANY 

Vol.  3,  No.  1,  pp.  1-302,  Pis.  1-3  December  28,  1907 


COMPOSITAE  OF  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA* 

BY 

HAEVEY  MONROE   HALL 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

I.— INTRODUCTION  3 

II. — COLLECTIONS 5 

III. — CITATION  OF  SPECIMENS  . 7 

IV. — ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 

V. — GEOGRAPHIC  DISTRIBUTION 9 

VI.— KEY  TO  THE  TRIBES 13 

VII. — KEYS  TO  THE  GENERA 14 

VIII. — SYSTEMATIC  ACCOUNT. 

Tribe    1.     Eupatorieae 27 

Tribe    2.     Astereae 34 

Tribe    3.     Inuleae 100 

Tribe    4.     Ambrosieae  116 

Tribe    5.     Heliantheae 125 

Tribe    6.     Madieae 145 

Tribe    7.     Helenieae  161 

Tribe    8.     Anthemideae 210 

Tribe    9.     Seneeioneae 221 

Tribe  10.     Cynareae  236 

Tribe  11.     Mutisieae 245- 

Tribe  12.     Cichorieae 246 

IX.— INDEX 286 

X. — ADDENDUM 297 

XI.— EXPLANATION  OF  PLATES....  298 


Cited  as  Univ.  Calif.  Publ.  Bot. 


172981 


COMPOSITAE   OF  SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA 


INTRODUCTION. 

The  present  paper  is  the  result  of  a  systematic  study  by  the 
author  of.  those  Southern  California  plants  belonging  to  the 
family  of  Compositae,  and  its  aim  is  to  present  in  an  intelligible 
form  our  present  knowledge  of  this  group  as  it  occurs  within  the 
area  indicated.  Only  two  attempts  to  classify  and  describe  the 
Composite  flora  of  Southern  California  have  previously  been 
made,  both  by  Dr.  Asa  Gray1 2,  in  connection  with  works  of  a 
much  larger  scope.  These  works  having  been  published  some- 
thing over  twenty  years  ago,  and  much  additional  knowledge 
having  accumulated  during  the  interval,  it  seemed  advisable  that 
some  such  revision  as  the  present  one  aims  to  be  should  be  under- 
taken. It  is  the  result  not  only  of  over  six  years  of  study  in  the 
herbarium  and  field  on  the  part  of  the  author,  but  also  of  much 
careful  work  carried  on  by  many  resident  and  other  botanists 
who  have  generously  placed  their  knowledge  at  his  disposal,  or 
published  accounts  of  their  studies  in  the  current  botanical 
journals. 

By  "Southern  California"  is  meant  in  general  that  portion 
of  the  state  lying  to  the  south  of  Tehachapi  Pass,  or,  more 
specifically,  the  counties  of  Santa  Barbara,  Ventura,  Los  Angeles, 
San  Bernardino,  Orange,  Riverside,  San  Diego,  and  Imperial.  It 
lies,  roughly  speaking,  between  32°  35'  and  35°  50'  north  latitude 
(extending  only  to  35°  5'  in  the  western  part),  and  between  37° 
and  43°  40'  longitude  west  from  the  meridian  of  Washington, 
and  includes  the  islands  oft'  the  coast  as  well  as  the  mainland 
itself.  It  does  not  include  Lower,  or  Baja,  California,  which  is  a 
peninsula  bordering  Southern  California  on  the  south  and  belongs 
to  the  Republic  of  Mexico.  It  has  an  area  of  116,122  square 

1  Botany  of  California,  i.  288-443,  613-619  (1876),  and  ii.  453-460  (1880). 

2  Synoptical  Flora  of  North  America,  i.  pt.  2,  48-444  (1884)  and  445-455 
(1886). 


4  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VoL-  3 

kilometers  (44,836  square  miles),  being-  nearly  the  size  of  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania.  In  altitude,  it  ranges  from  87  meters 
(287  feet)  below  sea  level,  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  its 
Desert  Area,  to  3500  meters  (11,485  feet)  in  the  Alpine  Zone  of 
Mt.  San  Gorgonio  (Grayback).  It  is  not  necessary  to  enter  more 
fully  into  the  geographic  features  nor  into  a  description  of  the 
climatic  characteristics,  since  they  have  been  amply  treated  by 
Mr.  S.  B.  Parish  in  his  excellent  "Sketch  of  the  Flora  of  Southern 
California."3 

The  term  ' '  Compositae ' '  is  here  used  in  its  broadest  sense, 
and  includes  the  Cichoriaceae  and  Ambrosiaceae  of  some  botan- 
ists, as  well  as  the  Carduaceae,  or  Compositae  proper.  The  total 
number  of  species  and  varieties  recognized  in  the  present  paper 
is  445,  aside  from  47  species  mentioned  as  occurring'  near  our 
borders  and  to  be  expected  within  them.  Of  this  number,  about 
37  are  introduced  plants,  mostly  cosmopolitan  or  Eastern  North 
American  weeds.  The  445  species,  varieties,  and  forms  actually 
known  to  occur  in  Southern  California  are  distributed  by  tribes 
as  follows : 

Eupatorieae  9  Helenieae  86 

Astereae  113  Anthemideae   19 

Inuleae   25  Senecioneae    25 

Ambrosieae    18  Cynareae    17 

Heliantheae  34  Mutisieae   2 

Madieae   29  Cichorieae    68 

In  sising  this  list  for  purposes  of  comparison  it  should  be 
noted  that  the  number  of  species  could  be  greatly  augmented  by 
recognizing  numerous  forms  which  have  been  described  and 
given  specific  names,  but  which  are  reduced  to  synonymy  in  this 
paper.  While  thoroughly  in  sympathy  with  every  effort  to  carry 
systematic  botany  to  the  point  where  all  forms  are  properly 
recognized  and  classified,  the  author  is  of  the  opinion  that  the 
exaltation  of  trivial  forms,  distinguished  only  by  one  or  two 
variable  characters,  to  the  rank  of  species  is  conducive  neither 
to  clearness  nor  to  scientific  accuracy.  A  rational  system  of 
classification  should  bring  out  the  natural  relationship  between 
the  various  forms ;  should,  in  other  words,  represent  the  cleavage 
3  Botanical  Gazette  xxxvi.  203-222  and  259-279  (1903). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  5 

of  the  larger  groups  into  their  component  parts  as  it  has  taken 
place  in  nature.  Much  of  our  recent  work,  however,  has  un- 
fortunately consisted  of  a  mere  cutting  across  the  grain,  the  result 
being  a  mass  of  chips, — the  so-called  species, — each  being  a  pure- 
ly artificial  product  and  bearing  no  evident  relationship  to  the 
others.  This  is  commonly  the  result  of  hasty  work  where  the 
perpetrator  has  been  too  busy  to  work  out  natural  affinities 
through  a  comparision  of  intergrading  forms  accompanied  by 
field  study. 

In  the  matter  of  generic  limits  the  author  has  also  been 
rather  conservative.  Realizing  the  futility  of  any  effort  to 
establish  genera  all  of  which  are  of  equal  rank,  he  has  chosen  to 
follow  the  lines  laid  down  by  earlier  workers  so  far  as  possible 
rather  than  to  attempt  a  readjustment,  with  its  inevitable  ac- 
companiment of  name-changes.  Throughout  the  paper  an 
attempt  has  been  made  to  follow  the  International  Eules  of 
Nomenclature  as  laid  down  by  the  Vienna  Congress  of  1905. 

COLLECTIONS. 

Although  handicapped  by  not  being  able  to  examine  speci- 
mens in  the  older  herbaria  of  Eastern  North  America  and  Europe, 
I  have  seen  the  Compositae  in  practically  all  the  California  her- 
baria, and  studied  them  in  the  field  during  a  period  of  about 
twelve  yearsv  The  loan  of  material  from  certain  of  the  larger 
eastern  herbaria  has  also  been  of  considerable  assistance. 

My  work  having  been  prosecuted  mainly  at  the  University  of 
California,  the  Herbarium  of  that  institution  has  naturally  sup- 
plied the  bulk  of  the  material  from  which  the  descriptions  are 
drawn.  The  collection  contains  nearly  all  of  the  sets  recently 
distributed  from  Southern  California,  as  well  as  a  nearly  complete 
set  of  the  plants  collected  on  the  State  Geological  Survey,  1860- 
1864. 

During  the  spring  of  1906  some  three  weeks  were  spent  at  San 
Diego  in  working  through  the  Compositae  in  the  Herbarium  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  T.  S.  Brandegee.  This  herbarium  was  helpful 
especially  because  of  the  data  supplied  concerning  the  distribu- 
tion of  species  along  our  southern  and  eastern  borders  and  because 


6  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    tv°L-  3 

of  the  large  number  of  type  specimens  and  duplicate  types  repre- 
sented. Mr.  and  Mrs.  Brandegee  presented  their  entire  collec- 
tions to  the  University  of  California  in  August,  1906,  since  which 
time  they  have  been  consulted  almost  daily  in  the  preparation  of 
this  paper. 

The  California  Academy  of  Sciences  Herbarium  was  consulted 
at  frequent  intervals  before  its  nearly  complete  destruction  in 
the  San  Francisco  fire  of  April,  1906.  The  Compositae  were  here 
very  well  represented,  and  practically  all  of  the  Southern  Cali- 
fornia species  were  examined  and  notes  made.  The  types  of 
nearly  all  of  Dr.  Kellogg 's  species  were  preserved  here,  as  well  as 
the  types  of  most  of  Dr.  Greene's  early  species,  and  it  is  very 
gratifying  to  learn  that  many  of  these  types  have  been  saved 
through  the  efforts  of  the  curator,  Miss  Alice  Eastwood. 

At  San  Bernardino  I  had  the  generous  assistance  of  Mr.  S.  B. 
Parish  in  working  through  the  Compositae  of  his  herbarium, 
wherein  the  Southern  California  flora  is  so  abundantly  repre- 
sented. This  botanist  was  able  not  only  to  give  much  information 
gleaned  from  his  long  studies  in  that  part  of  the  state  but  also  to 
add,  in  many  cases,  the  opinions  of  Dr.  Asa  Gray,  who  had 
examined  many  of  his  earlier  collections.  Dr.  A.  Davidson,  of 
Los  Angeles,  likewise  offered  me  the  use  of  his  herbarium,  where 
the  Compositae  were  looked  over  in  June,  1904,  since  which  time 
certain  specimens  have  been  loaned  for  study.  It  was  also  in 
June  of  1904  that  the  herbarium  of  Mr.  George  B.  Grant,  of 
Pasadena,  was  visited.  It  is  probable  that  recent  acquisitions  to 
these  collections  would  yield  valuable  data,  but  lack  of  time  has 
prevented  a  repetition  of  the  visits.  The  Herbarium  of  the  Leland 
Stanford  Junior  University  was  consulted  in  February,  1907, 
with  the  especial  object  of  examining  the  types  of  Southern 
California  Compositae  described  by  Professor  Abrams  and  by 
Mr.  Elmer.  Through  the  kindness  of  Professor  Abrams  I  was 
enabled  to  see  all  of  these  types  with  the  exception  of  one 
(Machaeranthera  Pinosa),  which  was  temporarily  unavailable. 
The  J.  G.  Lemmon  Herbarium  in  Oakland  has  supplied  valuable 
data  concerning  certain  species  discovered  by  Professor  and  Mrs. 
Lemmon  when  the  botanical  historv  of  California  was  still  votinsr. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California. 


CITATION  OF  SPECIMENS. 

In  the  present  paper  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  cite  all  of 
the  specimens  examined.  If  the  species  under  consideration  is 
well  known  and  its  distribution  clearly  given  in  some  standard 
work,  no  specimens  are  cited.  When  it  is  rare,  when  there  may 
be  some  doubt  as  to  the  form  described,  or  when  for  any  reason 
it  may  be  desirable  to  know  exact  stations,  all  of  the  specimens 
at  hand  are  listed.  Sometimes  a  few  examples,  to  fix  the  identity 
or  to  express  extreme  range,  are  given  and  the  remainder  left 
without  citation.  In  no  case  (except  possibly  by  error)  has  a 
specimen  from  Southern  California  been  cited  unless  it  has  passed 
under  my  personal  observation,  or  a  Southern  California  locality 
cited  unless  verified  by  myself,  save  in  those  instances  where  some 
other  authority,  preceded  by  the  expression  "ace.  to"  (according 
to),  is  mentioned.  The  botanists  to  whom  reference  is  most 
frequently  made  in  this  way  and  their  publications  from  which 
the  data  were  gathered  are  the  following : 

ASA  GRAY.  Botany  of  California,  Synoptical  Flora,  and  scattered  papers 
mostly  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  American  Academy  of  Sciences. 

SERENO  WATSON.  Scattered  papers,  mostly  in  the  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Academy  of  Sciences. 

LE  KOY  ABRAMS.  Flora  of  Los  Angeles  and  Vicinity,  and  papers  in  the 
Bulletin  of  the  Southern  California  Academy  of  Sciences  and  elsewhere. 

S.  B.  PARISH.  Manuscript  of  a  paper  as  yet  unpublished, — The  Pteri- 
dophyta  and  Spermatophyta  of  Southern  California, — and  notes  supplied 
through  correspondence. 

T.  S.  BRANDEGEE  and  MRS.  KATHARINE  BRANDEGEE.  Various  papers  in 
Zoe,  the  Bulletin  and  Proceedings  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences, 
etc.,  and  notes  supplied  by  correspondence  or  oral  communication. 

A.  DAVIDSON.     Catalogue  of  the  Plants  of  Los  Angeles  County  (1896). 

A.  J.  MCCLATCHIE.     Flora  of  Pasadena. 

F.  V.  COVILLE.  Botany  of  the  Death  Valley  Expedition,  Contributions 
from  the  U.  S.  National  Herbarium,  vol.  iv. 


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  here  make  acknowledgment  of  the  generous 
assistance  received  from  many  sources  in  the  prosecution  of  this 
work.  Professor  W.  L.  Jepson,  of  the  University  of  California, 


8  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    tVoL-  3 

under  whose  supervision  the  study  has  been  made,  has  rendered 
invaluable  aid  by  his  many  suggestions  and  kindly  criticism. 
Professor  W.  A.  Setchell  and  Mr.  Townshend  Stith  Brandegee, 
also  of  the  University  of  California,  have  rendered  much  aid  in 
various  ways,  and  Mrs.  Katharine  Brandegee,  because  of  her 
intimate  knowledge  of  the  California  flora  and  of  her  generosity 
in  imparting  this  information,  has  placed  me  under  lasting  obli- 
gation. Mr.  Samuel  B.  Parish,  of  San  Bernardino,  who  has 
explored  the  botany  of  Southern  California  perhaps  more 
thoroughly  than  any  one  else,  has  not  only  allowed  me  the  free 
examination  of  his  collections,  but  has  also  permitted  the  use  of 
his  manuscript  notes,  and  even  these  have  been  supplemented  at 
frequent  intervals  through  correspondence.  This  kindness  is 
highly  appreciated,  since  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that  no 
thorough  revision  of  any  considerable  group  of  Southern  Califor- 
nia plants  could  be  prepared  at  the  present  time  without  con- 
sulting Mr.  Parish  and  his  herbarium. 

I  am  indebted  to  Miss  Alice  Eastwood  for  the  privilege  of 
examining  specimens  in  the  Herbarium  of  the  California  Academy 
of  Sciences,  and  also  her  recent  collections  from  Southern  Cali- 
fornia, and  likewise  to  Professor  Le  Roy  Abrams  for  the  privilege 
of  consulting  the  Herbarium  of  the  Leland  Stanford  Junior  Uni- 
versity. Professor  J.  G.  Lemmon,  of  Oakland ;  Dr.  A.  Davidson, 
of  Los  Angeles,  and  Mr.  Geo.  B.  Grant,  of  Pasadena,  have  all 
kindly  premitted  me  to  examine  their  herbaria.  Among  the 
resident  botanists  and  collectors  who  have  given  much  assistance 
by  supplying  specimens  from  their  respective  localities  may  be 
mentioned :  Mrs.  Charlotte  M.  Wilder,  Professor  and  Mrs.  Joseph 
Grinnell,  Miss  Elizabeth  Day  Palmer,  Mr.  S.  W.  Austin,  Mr.  E. 
E.  Schellenger,  Mr.  L.  A.  Greata,  Dr.  R.  J.  Smith,  Rev.  George 
Robertson,  Mr.  Fred  M.  Reed,  Mr.  E.  A.  Zumbro,  Mr.  F.  Gilman, 
and  Mr.  Ernest  Braunton.  Mr.  Harley  P.  Chandler,  Mr.  Ernest 
B.  Babcock  and  Mr.  Harold  D.  Babcock  have  accompanied  me 
on  various  botanical  tours,  mostly  to  the  north  of  the  district 
covered  by  this  paper,  and  rendered  valuable  aid  both  in  the 
preparation  of  material  and  in  its  study.  My  brother,  George 
R.  Hall,  has  made  several  interesting  collections  in  the  higher 
mountains  at  my  request. 


1907]  /          Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  9 

Sir  William  Dotting  Hemsley,  of  the  Royal  Botanic  Gardens 
at  Kew,  England,  has  kindly  supplied  notes  concerning  certain 
Asters  and  a  sketch  of  the  type  of  Aster  Menziesii.  Professor  B. 
L.  Robinson,  of  Harvard  University,  has  compared  a  number  of 
specimens  with  types  at  the  Gray  Herbarium,  and  supplied 
valuable  material  for  examination.  Dr.  J.  N.  Rose  has  loaned 
specimens  from  the  U.  S.  National  Herbarium  for  comparison. 
Dr.  J.  M.  Greenman,  of  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History, 
has  furnished  critical  notes  concerning  certain  troublesome 
Senecios.  To  all  of  these  gentlemen  I  return  my  most  sincere 
thanks. 

Acknowledgment  is  also  here  made  of  aid  received  through 
the  Experiment  Station  of  the  University  of  California  from  the 
"Adams  Fund"  of  the  United  States  Government.  By  means 
of  this  aid  a  botanical  trip  was  made  through  portions  of  the 
Mohave  Desert  and  Iriyo  Co.  in  May  and  June  of  1906.  Although 
primarily  for  the  purpose  of  making  studies  in  forage  and  stock- 
poisoning  plants,  concerning  which  reports  will  be  issued  later, 
much  data  here  utilized  was  also  obtained  on  the  expedition. 

GEOGRAPHIC  DISTRIBUTION. 

It  has  been  found  that  in  discussing  the  distribution  of  plants 
or  animals  over  any  considerable  area  it  is  conducive  to  clearness 
to  have  that  area  mapped  into  life  zones,  these  being  essentially 
thermal  belts  recognized  by  the  plant  growth  and  animals  which 
they  sustain.  The  following  life  zones  are  recognized  in  South- 
ern California : 

Alpine,  or  Arctic-Alpine  Zone. 

Huclsonian  Zone. 

Canadian  Zone. 

Transition  Zone. 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone. 

The  Arctic-Alpine  Zone  is  sharply  marked  and  consists  only 
of  the  Alpine  flora  above  timber  line.  The  only  Compositae  of 
our  district  restricted  to  this  zone  are : 

Erigeron  compositus  discoideus        Antennaria  media. 
Baillardella    argentea. 


10  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL-  3 

The  Hudsonian  and  Canadian  zones  cannot  be  clearly  dis- 
tinguished from  each  other  in  Southern  California,  but  together 
they  occupy  the  rather  narrow  belt  between  timber  line  and  the 
extensive  forests  of  Yellow  Pine  (Pinus  ponderosa,  including  its 
variety  Jeffrey i)  and  White  Fir  (Abies  concolor).  Their  most 
characteristic  trees  with  us  are  the  Limber  Pine  (P.  flexilis)  and 
the  Murray  Pine  (P.  Murrayana),  the  latter  frequently  occupy- 
ing boreal  islands  completely  surrounded  by  Transition  Zone 
elements.  Perhaps  none  of  our  Compositae  are  restricted  abso- 
lutely to  these  zones. 

The  Transition  Zone  is  best  marked  by  the  presence  of  Yellow 
Pine  and  White  Fir.  It  is  sometimes  convenient  to  speak  of  a 
Lower  Transition,  where  the  pine  is  dominant,  and  of  an  Upper 
Transition,  where  the  fir  is  dominant.  Many  Compositae  are 
restricted  in  their  distribution  to  this  zone,  the  list  including  the 
following : 

Haplopappus  gossypinus  Eriophyllum  lanatum  obovatum 

Aster  Fremonti  Parishii  Helenium  Bigelovii 

Aster  delectabilis  Arnica  Bernardina 

Hemizonia  Wheeleri  Crepis  acuminata 

Homizonella  minima  Hieraceum  albiflorum 

The  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  is  essentially  co-limital  with  the 
chaparral  belt,  but  also  includes  the  Piiion  belt  of  the  desert 
ranges,  Mt.  Pinos,  etc.  It  occupies  nearly  all  of  the  Cismontane 
Area,  that  is,  the  area  west  and  south  of  the  San  Gabriel,  San 
Bernardino,  San  Jacinto,  and  Cuyamaca  Mts.  Common  elements 
indicative  of  this  zone  are  Chamiso  (Adenostoma  fasciculatiim), 
Wild  Buckwheat  (Eriogonum  fasciculatum) ,  Beard-tongue 
(Pentstemon  antirrkinoides) ,  Deer-weed  (Lotus  gldber),  etc.  Of 
the  Compositae  restricted  to  this  zone  may  be  mentioned : 

Ericameria  ericoides  Artemisia  California 

Ericameria   pinifolia  Carduus  occidentalis 

Baccharis  pilularis  Perezia  microcephala 

Encelia  Calif ornica  Malacothrix  saxatilis 

Eriophyllum  Nevinii  Hieraceum  Parishii 

The  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  occupies  the  Desert  Area  with  the 
exception  of  those  ranges  which  extend  into  the  Upper  Sonoran. 
Certain  warm  areas  west  of  the  mountains  are  perhaps  also  best 
classified  as  Lower  rather  than  Upper  Sonoran,  noticeably  a 


1907]        *    Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  11 

portion  of  the  San  Bernardino  Plains,  where  are  found  desert 
immigrants  that  have  undoubtedly  come  by  way  of  Cajon  Pass ; 
and  portions  of  southwestern  San  Diego  Co.,  where  desert  species 
have  established  themselves,  coming  either  through  low  passes 
from  the  Colorado  Desert  or  northward  from  Lower  California. 
The  plants  of  this  zone  are  nearly  all  xerophytes  with  various 
adaptations  to  their  arid  habitat.  The  following  common  Com- 
positae are  characteristic  of  this  zone : 

BricTcellia  atractyloides  Baileya  pauciradiata 

Acamptopappus  sphaerocephalus  Chaenactis  carphoclinia 

Ericameria  monactis  Porophyllum  gracile 

Chrysothamnus  paniculatus  Dysodia  Cooperi 
Chrysothamnus  nauseosus  graveolens  Pectis  papposa 

Monoptilon  bellioides  Artemisia  spinescens 

Aster  Mohavensis  Peucephyllum  Schottii 

Aster  spinosus  Lepidospartum  squamatum 

Baccharis  sergiloides  Tetradymia  spinosa 

Franseria  dumosa  Malacothrix  glabrata 

Life  areas  differ  from  life  zones  in  that  they  indicate  all  of 
the  factors  influencing  the  distribution  of  life,  rather  than  only 
that  of  temperature.  Three  life  areas  may  be  distinguished  in 
Southern  California,  namely,  the  Desert  Area,  the  Nevadan  or 
Montane  Area,  and  the  Cismontane  Area,  the  last  including 
everything  southwest  of  the  principal  mountain  chain.  These 
areas  may  be  subdivided  into  subareas,  for  example,  the  Mohave 
and  Colorado  subareas,  the  Coastal  Subarea,  etc. 

Various  papers  dealing  with  plant  and  animal  distribution 
in  Southern  California  have  been  consulted  in  reference  to  this 
subject,  and  especially  the  works  of  Dr.  C.  Hart  Merriam,  of  the 
Biological  Survey,  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  who  was 
the  first  to  distinguish  and  name  the  Life  Zones  of  North  America 
according  to  our  present  system.  Such  papers  are : 

C.  HART  MERRIAM:  Life  Zones  and  Crop  Zones  of  the  United  States, 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  of  Biological  Survey,  Bull,  ix  (1898). 

C.  HART  MERRIAM  :  Eesults  of  a  Biological  Survey  of  the  San  Francisco 
Mountain  Region  and  Desert  of  the  Little  Colorado,  Arizona,  N.  A.  Fauna 

Xo.  3  (3890). 

C.  HART  MERRIAM:  Results  of  a  Biological  Survey  of  Mt.  Shasta,  Cali- 
fornia, N.  A.  Fauna  No.  16  (1899),  etc. 

S.  B.  PARISH  :  A  Sketch  of  the  Flora  of  Southern  California,  Bot,  Gaz. 
xxxvi.  203-222  and  259-279  (1903). 


1:2  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  3 

JOSEPH  GRINNELL:  Check-list  of  California  Birds,  Pacif.  Coast  Avi- 
fauna No.  3  (1902). 

H.  M.  HALL:  A  Botanical  Survey  of  San  Jacinto  Mountain,  Univ. 
Calif.  Pub.  Botany,  i.  1-140  (1902). 

H.  M.  HALL:  Some  contributions  to  the  Phytogeography  of  Southern 
California,  Bull.  So.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  19-22  (1904). 

F.  STEPHENS:  Life  Areas  of  California,  Trans.  S.  Diego  Acad.  i.  1-8 
(1905). 

F.  V.  COVILLE  and  D.  T.  MACDOUGAL:  Desert  Botanical  Laboratory  of 
the  Carnegie  Institution  (1903). 

J.  BURTT  DAVY:  The  Native  Vegetation  and  Crops  of  the  Colorado 
Delta,  Calif.  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bull.  No.  140,  suppl.  (1902). 

The  following  papers,  although  not  dealing  directly  with  dis- 
tribution in  Southern  California,  have  also  been  helpful: 

W.  L.  BRAY:  The  Ecological  Eelations  of  the  Vegetation  of  Western 
Texas,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxii.  99-123,  195-217,  and  262-291  (1901). 

VERNON  BAILEY:  Biological  Survey  of  Texas,  N.  A.  Fauna  No.  25 
(1905). 

P.  B.  KENNEDY:  Botanical  Features  around  Eeno,  Muhlenbergia  iii. 
17-32  (1907). 

C.  V.  PIPER  :  Flora  of  the  State  of  Washington,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb. 
xi.  (1906). 


COMPOSITAE.     SUNFLOWER   FAMILY. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  sometimes  trees.  Flowers  in  heads  (or 
rarely  in  spikes  or  umbels  in  certain  non-Calif ornian  genera), 
borne  on  the  enlarged  summit  of  the  common  peduncle  (re- 
ceptacle) and  surrounded  by  a  common  involucre  of  few  to  many 
bracts.  Heads  usually  many-flowered,  yet  sometimes  few- 
flowered,  or  even  only  1-flowered.  Receptacle  with  or  without 
bracts,  these  commonly  paleaceous  or  setiform  when  present  and 
each  subtending  a  flower;  the  receptacle  said  to  be  naked  when 
bearing  only  flowers  within  the  involucre,  chaffy,  paleaceous,  or 
bristly  when  bearing  bracts  among  the  flowers.  Corollas  tubular 
and  5-toothed  or  5-lobed  (rarely  4  or  3-merous),  or  the  limb 
liyulate  (strap-shaped)  and  toothed  at  apex.  When  both  kinds 
are  present,  the  flowers  with  the  ligulate  corollas  occupy  the  mar- 
gin of  the  head  and  are  called  ray -flowers ;  the  flowers  with  the 
tubular  corollas  occupy  the  center  and  are  called  disk-flowers ; 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  13 

such  heads  are  said  to  be  radiate.  Heads  without  ligulate  corol- 
las are  said  to  be  discoid.  The  term  ray  is  sometimes  used  for 
ray-corolla,  sometimes  for  only  the  ligule  of  the  ray-corolla. 
Ray-flowers  commonly  pistillate,  sometimes  perfect  or  neutral: 
disk-flowers  commonly  perfect,  often  staminate  or  pistillate. 
Heads  homogamous,  that  is,  with  all  their  flowers  alike;  or 
heterogamous,  that  is,  with  more  than  one  sort  of  flowers.  Homo- 
gamous heads  may  have  all  the  corollas  ligulate,  or  they  may  be 
discoid.  Calyx-tube  united  with  the  ovary,  the  linib  when  present 
called  a  pappus  and  greatly  varied  in  structure,  consisting  of 
awns,  hairs,  bristles,  scales,  or  paleae,  or  in  some  cases  appearing 
as  a  mere  crown  or  ring  or  wholly  obsolete.  Stamens  5  (rarely 
4  or  3)  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube  and  alternating  with  its  lobes 
or  teeth;  anthers  2-celled,  united  and  forming  a  tube,  or  nearly 
or  quite  free  in  Ambrosieae,  introrse,  from  obtuse  to  auriculate 
or  caudate  (tailed)  at  base,  usually  appendaged  above,  this  ap- 
pendage being  a  prolongation  of  the  connective  between  the 
anther-cells.  Style  divided  above  into  2  branches  which  bear 
stigmatic  lines  on  their  inner  face.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled. 
maturing  into  an  acliene,  crowned  by  the  pappus  when  that  is 
present. 

KEY  TO  THE  TRIBES, 

A.— Corollas  all  regular  (the  heads  then  discoid)   or  only  the  marginal 

ones  ligulate  (the  heads  then  radiate). 
Anthers  not  caudate  at  the  base. 

Keceptacle  naked   (without  bristles  or  chaffy  bracts,  except  nos.  83  and 

84)  ;  leaves  alternate  (except  in  nos.  3,  59,  64,  65,  82,  and  91). 
Style-branches    thickened    upward,    obtuse;    stigmatic    lines    not    ex- 
tending beyond  the  middle:  flowers  never  yellow:  rays  none... 
1.  EUPATOEIEAE,  p.  14. 

Style-branches   not    thickened    upward;     stigmatic    lines    in    perfect 

flowers  extending  to  the  summit. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  usually  imbricated :  disk-flowers  common- 
ly yellow ;  rays  of  the  same  or  different  color  or  none : 
style-branches  in  perfect  flowers  flattened  and  with  a  dis- 
tinct (but  sometimes  very  short)  terminal  appendage 

2.  ASTEREAE,  p.  15. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  few  series,  seldom  much  imbricated: 
disk  yellow;  rays  often  of  the  same  color  when  present: 
style-branches  in  perfect  flowers  with  truncate  or  variously 
appendaged  tips  7.  HELENIEAE,  p.  21. 


14  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated,  dry  and  scarious:  flowers 
white,  yellow,  or  greenish,  rays  present  or  absent:  style- 
branches  mostly  truncate:  pappus  none  or  reduced  to  a 
mere  crown  or  ring  8.  ANTHEMIDEAE,  p.  23. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  1  or  2  series,  little  or  not  at  all  im- 
bricated, nor  scarious:  both  disk  and  ray  yellow:  style- 
branches  in  perfect  flowers  truncate:  pappus  of  soft  capil- 
lary bristles  (coarse  in  no.  93). ...9.  SENECIONEAE,  p.  24. 

Receptacle  with  chaffy  bracts. 

Heads  unisexual  (except  nos.  35  and  36)  :  anthers  nearly  or  quite 
distinct:  rays  none:  corolla  of  perfect  flowers  much  reduced 
or  wanting:  pappus  none  or  a  mere  vestige:  leaves  mostly 

alternate  4.  AMBKOSIEAE,  p.  18. 

Heads  not  unisexual:   anthers  united. 

Involucre  of  1  to  several  series  of  bracts,  none  enfolding  ray- 
achenes:  receptacle  very  chaffy:  rays  present  or  wanting: 

leaves  mostly  opposite  or  basal 

5.  HELIANTHEAE,  p.   19. 

Involucre  of  1  series  of  equal  bracts,  each  embracing  or  enfolding 
a  ray-achene:  bracts  of  the  receptacle  often  in  a  single 
series  between  ray  and  disk:  rays  always  present  (some- 
times inconspicuous)  :  leaves  alternate  or  opposite 

6.  MADIEAE,  p.  20. 

Anthers  caudate  at  the  base,  unappendaged  at  the  tip:  heads  small:  rays 
none  3.  INULEAE,  p.  17. 

Anthers  long-caudate  at  the  base,  with  elongated  appendages  at  the  tip: 
receptacle  bristly:  rays  none:  leaves  alternate:  spiny  thistles  or 
thistle-like  plants  10.  CYNAEEAE,  p.  24. 

B.— Corollas  all  bilabiate  and  the  flowers  all  perfect 

11.  MUTISIEAE,  p.  25. 

C.— Corollas  all  ligulate  and  the  flowers  all  perfect:  anthers  not  caudate: 

herbage  with  milky  juice:  leaves  alternate  or  basal  

....12.  CICHOKIEAE,  p.  25. 


TRIBE  1.     EUPATORIEAE.     EUPATORY  TRIBE. 

Herbs  and  shrubs  with  opposite  or  alternate  mostly  undivided 
leaves.  Receptacle  flat  or  somewhat  convex,  rarely  spherical, 
usually  naked.  Heads  always  discoid  and  the  flowers  herma- 
phrodite-fertile. Corolla  regular,  purple  reddish  bluish  or  white, 
never  pure  yellow.  Anthers  not  tailed  at  base.  Style-branches 
semi-cylindric,  elongated,  more  or  less  clavate  or  thickened  up- 
ward, obtuse,  stigmatic  lines  only  near  the  base  and  incon- 
spicuous. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  15 

Achenes  5-angled   or   -ribbed. 

Pappus-bristles  10  to  12  1.  HOFMEISTERIA,  p.  27. 

Pappus-bristles  only  3  2.  MALPEBIA,  p.  28. 

Achenes  10-nerved  3.  BEICKELLIA,  p.  28. 

t 

TRIBE  2.    ASTEREAE.    ASTER  TRIBE. 

Ours  all  herbs  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves  and  scentless 
herbage  (but  sometimes  resinous  or  gummy).  Bracts  of  the  in- 
volucre commonly  well  imbricated  (nearly  equal  in  Erigeron  and 
Conyza).  Keceptacle  naked  in  our  genera.  Disk-flowers  mostly 
yellow,  perfect  in  all  ours  save  Baccharis.  Eays  present  or  ab- 
sent. Anthers  obtuse  at  base.  Style-branches  of  perfect  flowers 
flattened,  conspicuously  margined  by  the  stigmatic  lines,  tipped 
with  a  hispid  or  papillose  appendage  (this  sometimes  quite  ob- 
solete). Pappus  mostly  of  awns  or  bristles  (truly  paleaceous 
among  our  genera  only  in  Gutierrezia  and  Amphiachyris). 
A.— Rays  present,  yellow.  (B  on  p.  16.) 

Pappus  of  several  short  scales:   heads  very  small:   perennials 

4.  GUTIEBEEZIA,  p.  34. 

Pappus  of  2  to  8  caducous  bristles  or  awns:   heads  large:   perennial  herbs 

6.  GBINDELIA,  p.  37. 

Pappus  of  persistent  bristles  or  awns. 

Stems  herbaceous  throughout   (annual  and  perennial  herbs). 

Eay-achenes  without  pappus 9.  HETEEOTHECA,  p.  41. 

Bay-achenes  wdth  pappus. 

Pappus-bristles  3  to  8 :  annual  7.  PENTACHAETA,  p.  39. 

Pappus-bristles   more   numerous    (perennials,   except   2   species  of 
no.  13). 

Herbage  villous  or  hirsute:    pappus-bristles,  equal   or  with  a 

very  short  outer  series  10.  CHEYSOPSIS,  p.  43. 

Herbage   never   villous   or   hirsute    (glabrous   to   canescent   or 

tomentose). 
Bristles  of  the  pappus  equal   (involucre  4  to  6  mm.  high; 

bracts  obtuse  or  merely  acute) 11.  SOLIDAGO,  p.  45. 

Bristles  of  the  pappus  unequal  (involucre  6  to  12  mm.  high; 

bracts  acuminate  to  subulate  or  spinose-tipped) 

13.  HAPLOPAPPUS,  p.  49. 

Stems  suffrutescent,  at  least  below  (perennial  shrubs). 

Heads  solitary,  terminating  nearly  naked  peduncles:   pappus  perma- 
nently clear  white. 

Involucral  bracts  acute:  pappus-bristles  all  slender  

12.  STENOTUS,  p.  48. 


16  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Involucral  bracts  obtuse:   some  pappus-bristles  flattened  .. 

Acamptopappus  Shockleyi,  p.  41. 

Heads   not   solitary    (except    one   stage     of    Ericameria    pinifolia)  : 
pappus  dull  white  to  reddish. 

Pappus-bristles  not  over  20,  flattened  

5.  AMPHIACHYEIS,  p.  36. 

Pappus-bristles  more  numerous,  slender. 

Involucre  hemispheric:  leaves  spinulose-toothed  .. 

Haplopappus  junceus,  p.  50. 

Involucre  campanulate,  tomentose:  leaves  entire  or  serrate  ... 
....Hazardia  cana,  p.  65. 

Involucre  narrower:  leaves  entire 14.  EEICAMEEIA,  p.  51. 

B.— Rays  present,  not  yellow.    (C  on  p.  16.) 
Pappus  of  the  ray  much  reduced,  scanty  or  wanting. 

Perennial:  herbage  tomentose,  at  least  when  young  ... 

19.  COEETHEOGYNE,  p.  69. 

Annuals:  herbage  not  tomentose. 

Leaves  pinnatifid  or  incised:  disk-pappus  copious  .. 

20.  PSILACTIS,  p.  73. 

Leaves  entire:  pappus-bristle  solitary,  plumose  at  tip  ... 

21.  MONOPTILON,  p.   74. 

Pappus  well  developed  in  both  ray  and  disk. 

Heads  sessile,  solitary:  low  desert  annual  with  white  or  pinkish  rays  

21.  MONOPTILON,  p.  74. 

Heads  variously  clustered,  or  solitary  and  evidently  peduncled. 

Style-appendages  lanceolate  to  subulate,  acute:   involucral  bracts  in 

two  or  more  series,  unequal  22.  ASTEE,  p.  76. 

Style-appendages  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse :  involucral  bracts  imbricated 

in  several  series,  unequal  (low  perennial  with  leaves  less  than 

12  mm.  long)  23.  LEUCELENE,  p.  86. 

Style-appendages  triangular  or  oblong,  obtuse:    involucral  bracts  in 

one  or  two  series,  mostly  equal  24.  EEIGEEON,  p.  87. 

C.— Rays  none. 

Stems  suffrutescent,  at  least  below  (perennial  shrubs  or  shrubby  plants). 
Flowers  yellow,  perfect. 

Pappus-bristles  numerous,  all  slender. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  without  distinct  green  tips:  leaves  entire. 

lavolucre  turbinate  or  broader:  bracts  not  in  distinct  vertical 

ranks:    herbage   minutely   if   at   all   pubescent    (usually 

resinous-punctate)  14.  EEICAMEEIA,  p.  51. 

Involucre   narrower:    bracts  in   more   or  less   distinct  vertical 
ranks:  herbage  glabrous  to  tomentose  (resinous-punctate 

only  in  first  two  species)   

15.  CHEYSOTHAMNUS,  p.  56. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  17 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  with  distinct  green  tips. 

Leaves    terete,    resinous-punctate 

....Chrysothamnus  teretifolius,  p.  57. 

Leaves  plane,  not  punctate. 

Flowers     permanently     yellow:      inflorescence     terminally 

cymose  16.  ISOCOMA,  p.  62. 

Flowers  yellow  changing  to  brown:  inflorescence  paniculate 
17.  HAZAKDIA,  p.  64. 

Pappus-bristles  (not  over  40)  rigid,  some  with  distinctly  flattened  tips 
8.  ACAMPTOPAPPUS,  p.  41. 

Flowers  whitish:  dioecious  plants  26.  BACCHAEIS,  p.  95. 

Stems  herbaceous  throughout  (annuals  and  low  herbaceous  perennials). 

Outer  corollas  enlarged,  more  deeply  cleft  on  inner  side 

18.  LESSINGIA,  p.  66. 

Outer  corollas  not  enlarged,  very  slender  and  only  one-half  as  long  as 

style  25.  CONYZA,  p.  94, 

Outer  corollas  not  enlarged,  moderately  or  not  at  all  exceeded  by  the 
style. 

Involucral  bracts  scarcely  imbricated,  nearly  equal  

24.  EEIGEEON,  p.  87. 

Involucral  bracts  regularly  imbricated,  unequal. 
Flowers  yellow,  perfect. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  all  erect 

Chrysopsis  Wrightii,  p.  44. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  with  recurved  tips 

Aster  canescens,  p.  85. 

Flowers  whitish:  dioecious  perennials 26.  BACCHARIS,  p.  95. 


TRIBE  3.    INULEAE.    EVERLASTING  TRIBE. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  rarely  trees,  with  mostly  white-woolly  or 
glandular  herbage.  Leaves  alternate  (opposite  in  Psilocarphus), 
entire,  or  more  or  less  dentate  in  one  species  of  Pluchea  (even 
laciniate  in  some  non-Calif ornian  species  and  genera).  Heads 
rather  small  and  discoid  in  all  our  species,  homogamous  or  heter- 
ogamous,  dioecious  in  some  genera.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
commonly  white  or  scarious.  Anthers,  with  very  few  exceptions, 
caudate  at  base,  the  tails  free  or  united  in  pairs.  Style-branches 
of  various  forms  but  mostly  obtuse  or  truncate,  with  marginal 
stigmatic  lines  on  the  inner  surface,  not  appendaged.  Pappus, 
in  all  of  our  species,  capillary  or  none. 


18  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VoL-  3 

A.— Receptacle  chaffy:  involucral  bracts  several  or  none. 
Fertile  pistillate  flowers  all  destitute  of  pappus. 

Corolla  and  style  borne  laterally  upon  the  fertile  achene  which,  with  its 

enfolding  bract,  is  gibbous  28.  MICROPUS,  p.  102. 

Corolla  and  style  apical:  achene  straight  or  only  slightly  curved. 

Fruit-bearing  bracts  each  enclosing  its  achene  and  falling  away  with 
it. 

Leaves  alternate:  receptacle  slender  or  columnar 

29.  STYLOCLINE,  p.  102. 

Leaves  opposite:  receptacle  globose....30.  PSILOCARPHUS,  p.  104. 

Fruit-bearing  bracts  open,  merely  subtending  the  achenes,  persistent 

31.  EVAX,  p.  106. 

Fetile  pistillate  flowers  of  two  sorts;  the  outer  destitute  of  pappus  and 
enclosed  each  by  its  bract;  the  inner  with  abundant  pappus,  not  en- 
folded by  bracts 32.  F1LAGO  p.  107. 

B.— Receptacle  naked:  involucral  bracts  numerous. 
Herbaceous,  or  only  the  base  woody. 
Herbage  densely  woolly. 

Flowers  dioecious:  low  perennials  of  high  altitudes  

33.  ANTENNARIA,  p.  108. 

Flowers  all  fertile  but  of  two  sorts,  perfect  and  pistillate,  these  borne 

in  the  same  head 34.  GNAPHALIUM,  p.  111. 

Herbage  merely  glandular-puberulent 27.  PLUCHEA,  p.  100. 

Shrub  with  willow-like  stems,  2  to  5  m.  high  (except  when  depauperate)  : 
herbage  silvery  with  appressed  hairs 27.  PLUCHEA,  p.  100. 


TRIBE  4.    AMBROSIEAE.    RAGWEED  TRIBE. 

Coarse  homely  weeds  with  small  greenish  or  white  discoid 
heads.  Leaves  alternate  or  the  lowest  sometimes  opposite. 
Flowers  unisexual,  the  staminate  and  the  pistillate  either  in  the 
same  head  (the  heterogamous  heads  then  solitary  in  the  axils)  or 
in  separate  heads  (the  staminate  then  in  a  raceme  or  cluster 
above  the  pistillate,  which  are  few  and  axillary).  Receptacle  of 
the  staminate  or  of  the  perfect  heads  with  chaff-like  bracts. 
Corolla  of  pistillate  flowers  none  or  a  mere  rudiment.  Anthers 
distinct  or  scarcely  coherent,  not  caudate.  Pappus  either  none 
or  reduced  to  a  mere  vestige.  Fruit  commonly  a  bur. 

Heads  containing  both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers,  the  latter  at  the 
margin. 

Achenes  neither  bordered  nor  winged. 

Leaves  entire  or  nearly  so:  achenes  glabrous 35.  IV A,  p.  116. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  19 

All  but  uppermost  leaves  pinnately  parted:  aehenes  villous 

36.  OXYTENIA,  p.  117 

Aehenes  with  a  scarious  pectinate  border  or  wing....37.  DICORIA,  p.  117. 
Heads  unisexual,  staminate  and  pistillate  heads  on  the  same  plant;  involucre 
of  pistillate  heads  closed,  only  the  style-branches  exserted;  staminate 
heads  with  open  involucres. 

Involucre  of  pistillate  heads  with  broad  silvery-scarious  wings 

38.  HYMENOCLEA,  p.  118. 

Involucre  of  pistillate  heads  bur-like. 

Staminate  heads  with  united  involucral  bracts. 

Pistillate  involucre  beaked  at  apex  and  armed  near  the  beak  with 

a  single  row  of  short  prickles 39.  AMBEOSIA,  p.  119. 

Pistillate   involucre   with   1   to   4   beaks   and  armed  with   several 

rows  of  prickles 40.  FRANSEEIA,  p.  120. 

Staminate  heads  with  distinct  involucral  bracts 

- 41.  XANTHIUM,  p.  123. 


TRIBE  5.    HELIANTHEAE.    SUNFLOWER  TRIBE. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  mostly  yellow  flowers,  many  with  bal- 
samic-resinous juice.  Heads  homogamous  and  discoid  or  heter- 
ogamous  with  pistillate  or  neutral  ray-flowers  and  hermaphrodite 
disk-flowers,  the  latter  either  fertile  or  sterile.  Eeceptacle  with 
chaff-like  bracts,  each  subtending  a  flower.  Anthers  obtuse  at 
base,  not  caudate.  Pappus  various  or  wanting  but  never  of 
simple  truly  capillary  bristles.  Aehenes  thick  or  flattened  con- 
trary to  the  subtending  chaffy  bract,  never  parallel  with  it. 

A.— Involucre  either  imbricated  or  its  outer  bracts  foliaceous  and  ex- 
ceeding the  inner  ones. 

Disk-achenes  thick,  4  or  5-angled  when  mature. 
Rays  small  and  white  or  wanting. 

Pappus  of   15  to  20  plumose  bristles:    heads  discoid 

42.  BEBBIA,  p.  125. 

Pappus  paleaceous:   rays  white 43.  GALINSOGA,  p.  126. 

Pappus  of  barbed  awns:  rays  white  or  none 51.  BIDENS,  p.  143. 

Rays  conspicuous,  yellow. 
Pappus  none. 

Leaves   scattered,   narrow    (1   cm.    or   less   broad) 

GYMNOLOMIA,  p.  145. 

Leaves  mainly  basal,  ample    (8  to  15  cm.  broad) 

44.  BALSAMORHIZA,  p.  126. 


Or-  THE 

UNIVERSITY 


20  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

Pappus  present. 

Kay-flowers  maturing  achenes:   pappus  coroniform:   leaves  ample 
: 45.  WYETHIA,  p.  127. 

Bay-flowers  not  maturing  achenes. 

Pappus  of  2  slender  awns  thickened  at  base  and  4  or  more 

much  shorter  erose  paleae:  peduncles  slender 

46.  VIGUIERA,  p.   128. 

Pappus  of  2  acute  or  awned  paleae:   peduncles  often  swollen 

under  the  head 47.  HELIANTHUS,  p.  129. 

Disk-achenes  flat,  compressed,  the  2  acute  angles  either  ciliate  or  winged. 

Achenes  not  wingejd,  but  strongly  ciliate 48.  ENCELIA,  p.  133. 

Achenes  broadly  winged 49.  VEKBESINA,  p.  137. 

Disk-achenes  sterile:  ray  achenes  completely  enclosed  in  their  bracts 

52.  MELAMPODIUM,  p.  144. 

B.— Involucral  bracts  in  two  very  dissimilar  series  and  the  outer  ones 
much  narrower  than  the  inner  ones. 

Leaves  mainly  radical  or  alternate,  linear  to  filiform  or  parted  into  very 
narrow  lobes 50.  COREOPSIS,  p.  139. 

Leaves  opposite. 

Pappus  of  barbed  awns:  heads  medium-sized  or  large 

51.  BIDENS,  p.  143. 

Pappus  paleaceous:  heads  small:  rays  white 43.  GALINSOGA,  p.  126. 

Pappus  none:   marginal  achenes  completely  enclosed  in  their  bracts ., 

52.  MELAMPODIUM,  p.  144. 

TRIBE  6.    MADIEAE.    TARWEED  TRIBE. 

Ours  annual  or  biennial  herbs  (except  one  species  of  no  55). 
Herbage  often  glandular  and  viscid  or  heavy-scented.  Leaves, 
alternate  or  opposite.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  a  single  series, 
each  partly  or  completely  enclosing  an  achene.  Bracts  of  the 
receptacle  commonly  in  a  single  series  between  disk  and  ray  and 
often  united  into  a  cup,  or  sometimes  scattered  among  the  disk- 
flowers.  Rays  always  present  in  our  genera,  sometimes  incon- 
spicuous. Anthers  not  caudate.  Ray-achenes  always  fertile,, 
seldom  pappose ;  disk-achenes  either  fertile  or  sterile,  their  pappus 
paleaceous,  awn-like,  or  none. 

Ray-achenes  laterally  compressed  with  narrow  back,  each  completely  en- 
folded by  its  deeply  sulcate  involucral  bract  which  is  strongly  carin- 

ate  on  the  back....  53.  MADIA,  p.  145. 

Ray-achenes  commonly  obcompressed  with  broad  rounded  back,  each  par- 
tially or  wholly  enfolded  by  its  involucral  bract  which  is  also  rounded 
on  the  back. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  21 

Involucral  bracts  conduplicately  folded  for  their  whole  length  and  each 

completely  enclosing  its  achene 54.  HEMIZONELLA,  p.  147. 

Involucral  bracts  with  only  the  lower  portion  conduplicately  folded,  the 

upper  portion  being  flat. 
Eay-achenes  only  half -enclosed  by  the  infolded  margins  of  the  invo- 

lucral  bracts  55.  HEMIZONIA,  p.  148. 

Eay-achenes    wholly    enclosed    by   the    infolded   margins    of    the    in- 
volucral  bracts,  these  meeting  over  the  face  of  the  achene. 
*Disk-achenes  without  pappus:   heads  clustered 

56.  LAGOPHYLLA,  p.  155. 

Disk-achenes  usually  with  distinct  pappus:  heads  large,  soli- 
tary. 

Pappus  of  5  to  20  slender  awns 57.  LAYIA,  p.  156. 

Pappus  of  about  10  broad  paleae  in  2  series 

58.  ACHYKACHAENA,  p.  160. 


TRIBE  7.    HELENIEAE.    SNEEZEWEED  TRIBE. 

Herbs,  or  a  few  species  suffruticose.  Leaves  alternate  or  op- 
posite, in  one  subtribe  punctate  with  oil-glands.  Heads  radiate 
or  discoid.  Involucral  bracts  mostly  in  only  one  to  three  series, 
herbaceous  or  in  a  few  genera  with  membranous  margins.  Re- 
ceptacle not  paleaceous,  yet  sometimes  bristly  or  hairy.  Anthers 
not  caudate.  Pappus  of  paleae,  awns,  or  bristles,  or  often 
wanting. 

A.— Leaves  all  opposite:  rays  present,  yellow. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  unequal,  broad:    pappus  none:    succulent  perennial 
59.  JAUMEA,  p.  161. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  equal. 

Involucre  cup-like,  its  bracts  united 64.  LASTHENIA,  p.  167. 

Involucre  of  distinct  bracts. 

Herbage  destitute  of  oil-glands:  involucral  bracts  ovate  or  oblong 

65.  BAEEIA,  p.  168. 

Herbage  dotted  with  oil-glands:  involucral  bracts  linear 

82.   PECTIS,  p.   209. 

B.— Leaves  alternate,  at  least  above. 
Pappus  present. 

Heads  discoid,  or  the  rays  if  present  very  inconspicuous. 
Leaves  entire,  at  least  the  upper. 
Flowers  yellow. 

Herbage  gummy:  pappus  of  8  to  12  obtuse  paleae 

71.  AMBLYOPAPPUS,  p.  187. 


22  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

Herbage  not  gummy:  pappus-paleae  5  or  fewer,  subulate- 

awned 72.  EIGIOPAPPUS,  p.  187. 

Flowers  not  yellow. 

Herbage  rough-pubescent:  pappus  of  4  to  8  paleae 

69.  PALAFOXIA,  p.  179. 

Herbage  glabrous:  pappus  of  copious  capillary  bristles 

81.    POROPHYLLUM,    p.    209. 

Leaves  from  dentate  to  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted. 

Herbage  glabrous  but  dotted  with  oil-glands 

80.   DYSODIA,   p.   208. 

Herbage   pubescent    (mostly   tomentose),    at   least   when   young: 
no  oil-glands. 

Involucral  bracts  with  colored  hyaline  margins 

68.  HYMENOPAPPUS,  p.  177. 

Involucral  bracts  herbaceous. 

Pappus  of  several  paleae  (fimbriate  in  one  species). 

Stems  5  cm.  or  less  high:   involucre  3  mm.  high 

Eriophyllum  Pringlei,  p.  181. 

Stems  taller:   involucre  larger 

73.   CHAENACTIS,  p.   188. 

Pappus   apparently  of  slender   tawny  bristles:    low   desert 
annual 75.  TRICHOPTILIUM,  p.  202. 

Heads  radiate. 

Eays  white  or  purplish,  never  yellow. 

Pappus  an  obscure  crown  and  often  1  or  2  awns:  rays  white 

63.  PERITYLE,  p.  164. 

Pappus  of  both  bristles  and  awned  paleae:  rays  purple  or  flesh- 
color 79.   NICOLLETIA,  p.   207. 

Pappus  of  lacerate  paleae:  rays  purple,  linear 

Hulsea   heterochroma,   p.    202. 

Kays  yellow:  pappus  paleaceous  except  in  no.  67. 
Herbage  white-woolly,  at  least  when  young. 

Pappus  of  numerous  barbellulate  bristles,  united  at  base 

67.  SYNTEICHOPAPPUS,  p.   176. 

Pappus  paleaceous,  the  paleae  entire  to  fimbriate. 

Kays  persistent,  becoming  papery:    desert  perennial 

61.  PSILOSTROPHE,  p.  162. 

Rays  deciduous,  not  becoming  papery. 

Involucral  bracts  in  1  series 

70.  ERIOPHYLLUM,  p.  180. 

Involucral  bracts  in  2  series 74  HULSEA,  p.  200. 

Herbage  glabrous  or  pubescent  but  never  woolly. 

Involucral  bracts  erect,  in  2  series.. ..76.  HYMENOXYS,  p.  203. 
Involucral  bracts  closely  reflexed 77.  HELENIUM,  p.  205. 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  23 

Pappus  none. 

Herbage  not  white-woolly. 

Flowers  yellow:  rays  present. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear  lobes:  low  annual 

78.   BLENNOSPEBMA,   p.   206. 

Leaves  denticulate  or  entire:  tall  perennial 

60.  VENEGASIA,  p.  162. 

Flowers  white  or  purplish:   rays  wanting:  leaves  pinnately  parted.... 

Chaenactis  artemisiaefolia,  p. 

Herbage  white-woolly,  at  least  when  young. 

Kay-corollas    with    a    toothed    appendage    at    orifice    opposite    the 

ligule 66.  MONOLOPIA,  p.  175. 

Bay-corollas  without  appendage. 

Bays  yellow,  persistent,  becoming  papery.. ..62.  BAILEYA,  p.  163. 

Bays  yellow,  deciduous 70.  EBIOPHYLLUM,  p.  180. 

Bays  purple  or  flesh-colored,  deciduous 

Syntrichopappus  Lemmoni,  p.  177. 

TRIBE  8.    ANTHEMIDEAE.    MAYWEED  TRIBE. 

Mostly  strong-scented  or  aromatic  plants.  Leaves  alternate, 
all  or  some  of  them  finely  dissected,  pinnately  parted,  or  pinnati- 
fid,  except  in  a  few  species.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated, 
commonly  dry  and  scarious  or  with  scarious  margins.  Re- 
ceptacle naked,  or  pubescent,  or  with  chaff-like  bracts.  Flowers 
white,  yellow,  or  greenish,  either  all  perfect  or  the  outer  ones 
pistillate  or  neutral.  Rays  present  or  none.  Anthers  not  cau- 
date. Style-branches  of  pistillate  flowers  obtuse  or  truncate, 
destitute  of  appendage.  Pappus  none  or  a  short  scarious  crown. 
Beceptacle  chaffy:  heads  radiate. 

Heads  solitary:  rays  10  to  20 83.  ANTHEMIS,  p.  210. 

Heads  in  a  terminal  cyme:  rays  4  to  6  84.  ACHILLEA,  p.  211. 

Beceptacle  naked  (except  in  Artemisia  Palmeri) :  heads  discoid. 
All  of  the  flowers  with  corolla. 

Heads  solitary  terminating  leafy  branches  or  peduncles:    receptacle 

conical 85.   MATBICABIA,  p.   212. 

Heads  in  panicled  racemes  or  spikes:  receptacle  nearly  flat 

88.  ABTEMISIA,  p.  215. 

Marginal  flowers  destitute  of  corolla:  receptacle  nearly  flat. 

Heads  peduncled:  style  deciduous 86.  COTULA,  p.  213. 

Heads  sessile:   achenes  pointed  with  the  spine-like  persistent  style... 
87.   SOLIVA,  p.   214. 


24  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 


•   TRIBE  9.    SENECIONEAE.    GROUNDSEL  TRIBE. 

Herbs  and  shrubs,  or  a  few  species  arborescent.  Leaves 
mostly  alternate  or  radical  (opposite  in  Arnica).  Heads  either 
discoid  or  radiate.  Involucre  mostly  of  a  single  series  of  similar 
bracts,  sometimes  with  an  outer  calyculate  series,  rarely  imbri- 
cated in  several  series  (e.g.,  Lepidospartum).  Receptacle  nearly 
always  naked.  Anthers  mostly  rounded  at  base.  Style-branches 
of  hermaphrodite  flowers  usually  flat,  the  truncate  tips  pencil- 
late,  and  the  stigmatic  lines  (which  are  near  the  margins)  not 
meeting.  Pappus  of  numerous  fine  bristles,  rarely  subpaleaceous. 

Pappus  plumose:  alpine  perennial  with  leaves  all  basal 

..89.   EAILLAKDELLA,   p.   221. 

Pappus  of  slender  bristles  (or  narrow  paleae),  never  plumose. 

Involucral  bracts  in  3  or  4  series,  regularly  imbricated:    leaves  mostly 

reduced  and  scale-like 90.  LEPIDOSPARTUM,  p.  221. 

Involucral  bracts  in  1  or  2  series,  not  regularly  imbricated:   leaves  con- 
spicuous. 

Leaves  opposite:   herbs 91.  ARNICA,  p.  222. 

Leaves  alternate  (sometimes  fascicled). 
Pappus-bristles  very  unequal. 

Style-tips  not  penicillate:  narrow-leaved  shrub  

92.  PEUCEPHYLLTJM,  p.  223. 

Style-tips    penicillate:    broad-leaved    herbs 

93.  PSATHYROTES,  p.  224. 

Pappus-bristles  nearly  equal. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  4  to  6,  rigid,  overlapping ; 

94.    TETRADYMIA,   p.    226. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  more  than   10,  herbaceous,   connivont 
but  not  overlapping 95.  SENECIO,  p.  228. 

TRIBE  10.    CYNAREAE.    THISTLE  TRIBE. 

Thistles  or  thistle-like  herbs  with  alternate  mostly  prickly 
leaves.  Heads  large,  homogamous,  the  flowers  all  perfect,  or 
sometimes  heterogamous,  the  marginal  flowers  then  radiatiform 
and  commonly  neutral.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated, 
usually  prolonged  into  a  spine  or  bristle,  or  provided  with  a 
membranous  edge.  Receptacle  bristly  or  hairy,  seldom  with  true 
bracts.  Rays  none.  Corollas  tubular,  cleft  into  long  narrow 
lobes.  Anthers  with  elongated  appendage  at  the  tip,  caudate  at 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  25 

the    base.     Style-branches    short,    commonly    united  up  to  the 
obtuse  tips,  commonly  with    a    pubescent  ring  below.     Pappus 
bristly  or  plumose,  rarely  paleaceous  or  wanting. 
Achenes  inserted  on  the  receptacle  by  their  very  base. 
Filaments  distinct. 

Pappus  rough  but  not  plumose:   involucral  bracts  with  uncinate  tips 

96.  AKCTIUM,  p.  236. 

Pappus  plumose:  involucral  bracts  not  uncinate. 

Receptacle  dry:  native  species 97.  CARDUUS,  p.  236. 

Receptacle  fleshy-thickened:  garden  escapes.. ..98.  CYNARA,  p.  243. 

Filaments  united  below  into  a  tube 99.  SILYBUM,  p.  242. 

Achenes  obliquely  inserted  on  the  receptacle 100.  CENTAUREA,  p.  243. 

TRIBE  11.    MUTISIEAE.    MUTISIA  TRIBE. 

Herbs  and  shrubs  or  rarely  twining  or  arborescent  plants,  re- 
stricted almost  entirely  to  Mexico  and  South  America.  Leaves 
alternate.  Receptacle  mostly  naked.  Heads  in  our  genera 
homogamous,  the  flowers  all  perfect  and  the  corolla  bilabiate. 
Anthers  with  long  tails  at  base ;  anther-tips  also  elongated.  Style- 
branches  of  perfect  flowers  not  appendaged,  usually  short  and 
blunt,  without  node  below. 

Flowers  rose-color  or  white:  receptacle  naked 101.  PEREZIA,  p.  245. 

Flowers  yellow:   receptacle  villous..' 102.  TRIXIS,  p.  245. 

TRIBE  12.     CICHOR1EAE.     CHICORY  TRIBE. 

Herbs  and  low  shrubs  (except  two  austral  genera  of  trees) 
with  milky  juice  and  alternate  or  radical  leaves.  Receptacle 
naked  or  with  chaff-like  bracts,  nearly  always  plane.  Heads 
homogamous.  Flowers  hermaphrodite  and  with  ligulate  corolla ; 
ligule  5-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex;  corollas,  after  flowering, 
twisted  into  a  cap-like  mass  which  remains  on  the  achenes  or  in- 
volucre for  some  time.  Anthers  sagittate  or  auricled  at  base, 
commonly  with  thin  rather  short  appendages  at  summit.  Pollen- 
grains  usually  12-sided.  Style-branches  semi-cylindric,  narrowed 
towards  the  ends,  stigmatic  on  their  inner  side  for  their  whole 
length.  Achenes  often  excavated  at  base,  the  border  surrounding 
a  short  stipe. 


26  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

A.— Pappus  either  none  or  paleaceous,  never  plumose. 

Achenes  destitute  of  pappus 104.  ATEICHOSEEIS,  p.  246. 

Achenes  with  paleaceous  pappus. 

Flowers  blue;  paleae  truncate,  destitute  of  awn.... 

103.  CICHOEIUM,  p.  246. 

Flowers  yellow. 

Involucral  bracts  plane;  paleae  all  awn-tipped 

105.  MICEOSEEIS,  p.  247. 

Involucral    bracts    concave,    enfolding    marginal    achenes;    alternate 

paleae  of  central  achenes  awn-tipped 

106.  KHAGADIOLUS,  p.  252. 

B.— Pappus  of  plumose  bristles. 

Keceptacle  paleaceous  or  with  soft  slender  bristles  among  the  flowers: 

leaves  all  radical. 
Involucral  bracts  with  broad  membranous  margins,  the  outermost  ones 

orbicular 107.  ANISOCOMA,  p.  253. 

Involucral  bracts  herbaceous,  all  narrow 108.  HYPCHOEEIS,  p.  254. 

Eeceptacle  naked:  leaves  radical  or  cauline. 

Achenes  truncate  at  apex,  not  beaked.. ..109.  STEPHANOMEEIA,  p.  255. 
Achenes  beaked. 

Leaves  pinnatifid 110.  EAFINESQUIA,  p.  261. 

Leaves  narrow,  entire 111.  TEAGOPOGON,  p.  262. 

C.— Pappus  of  capillary  bristles,  never  plumose  or  paleaceous. 

Achenes  not  flattened. 

Plants  caulescent,   the   more   or  less   leafy   stems  branching   above   and 

bearing  several  to  numerous  heads. 

Pappus  promptly  deciduous  (1  or  2  persistent  bristles  in  some 
species),  some  or  all  of  the  bristles  united  at  base  an|d  falling 
away  in  a  ring. 

Achenes  beakless,  truncate:  no  tack-shaped  glands - 

112.   MALACOTHEIX,  p.   262. 

Achenes  beaked. 

Inflorescence  with  tack-shaped  glands:  achenes  gradually  nar- 
rowed above 113.  CALYCOSEEIS,  p.  269. 

Inflorescence    not    glandular:    achenes    truncate,    short-beaked 

114.  GLYPTOPLEUEA,  p.  271. 

Pappus  tardily  deciduous,  the  bristles  falling  separately,  or  persistent. 
Achenes  truncate  at  the  broad  summit. 

Flowers  rose-colored:   involucral  bracts  4  or  5 

118.  LYGODESMIA,  p.  275. 

Flowers  yellow  or  white:  involucral  bracts  10  or  more 

121.   HIEEACIUM,   p.   283. 

Achenes  narrowed  to  the  summit 120.  CEEPIS,  p.  280. 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  27 

Plants  acaulescent,  with  simple  scapes,  the  heads  therefore  solitary  and 
leaves  radical. 

Achenes  beakless,  broad  and  truncate  at  summit 

Malocothrix  Calif ornica,  p.  264. 

Achenes  beaked. 

Achenes  muricate-roughened  above 115.  TARAXACUM,  p.  272. 

Achenes  smooth  or  10-ribbed ;  the  ribs  either  straight  or  wavy,  but 
not  muricate 119.  TEOXIMON,  p.  275. 

Achenes  flattened:   leafy-stemmed  plants. 

Achenes  beaked 117.  LACTUCA,  p.  274. 

Achenes  truncate,  not  beaked 116.  SONCHUS,  p.  272. 

TRIBE  1.     EUPATORIEAE.    EUPATORY  TRIBE. 
1.  HOFMEISTERIA  Walp. 

Suffrutescent  desert  plants.  Lower  leaves  opposite,  the  upper 
alternate.  Heads  medium-sized,  long-pedunculate  or  nearly 
sessile,  many-flowered.  Involucre  campanulate;  bracts  narrow, 
striate,  the  outer  ones  successively  shorter.  Receptacle  naked. 
Achenes  5-angled  by  the  strong  nerves,  callous-thickened  at  base. 
Pappus  of  2  to  12  (in  ours  10  to  12)  scabrous  bristles  and  in 
addition  a  series  of  shorter  thin  paleae. 

1.  H.  pluriseta  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Kept.  iv.  pt.  5,  96,  t.  9  (1857). 

Stems  decidedly  woody,  intricately  much  branched,  forming 
bush-like  plants  usually  3  to  6  dm.  high:  herbage  glandular- 
puberulent :  leaves  1  to  usually  3  cm.  long ;  petiole  flat  or  canalic- 
ulate at  least  toward  the  base,  1  to  4  cm.  long;  blade  less  than  7 
mm.  long,  deltoid  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  acute  at  apex,  tapering 
at  base,  entire  or  with  1  or  2  small  teeth,  the  whole  blade  often  so 
small  as  to  appear  merely  as  the  dilated  and  flattened  tip  of  the 
petiole:  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  linear-subulate:  involucre  7 
to  9  mm.  high,  about  20-flowered;  bracts  conspicuously  3-striate, 
with  acuminate  often  recurved  tip:  pappus  of  10  to  12  bristles 
equalling  or  somewhat  exceeding  the  corolla  and  about  as  many 
narrow  acute  squamellae,  the  latter  sometimes  bristle-tipped. 

Rather  common  in  canons  of  the  desert  ranges,  especially  on 
rocky  cliffs  and  in  crevices  of  rocks :  Inyo  Mts. ;  Palm  Canon ; 
Palm  Springs ;  Newberry ;  Inyo  Mts. ;  Panamint  Mts. ;  to  Utah 
and  Arizona. 


28  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

H.  VISCOSA  A.  Nelson,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxvii.  263  (1904),  of 
Southern  Nevada,  is  described  as  differing  from  our  species 
mainly  in  having  its  heads  congested  in  capitate  clusters. 

2.  MALPERIA  Wats. 

An  erect  desert  annual  with  the  aspect  of  Chaenactis.  Leaves 
alternate,  sessile  except  the  lowermost,  narrow.  Heads  on  short 
peduncles,  loosely  cymose,  several  to  many-flowered.  Involucre 
turbinate;  the  narrow  bracts  thin  and  very  unequal,  several- 
nerved.  Receptacle  naked,  flat.  Corolla  narrow-cylindric  with 
short  erect  lobes.  Anther-tips  ovate,  obtuse.  Style-branches 
filiform,  obtuse,  thickened  and  exserted  at  maturity.  Achenes 
pentagonal,  slender.  Pappus  of  3  hispidulous  setae  as  long  as 
the  corolla  alternating  with  minute  truncate  erose  paleae. 

1.  M.  tenuis  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxiv.  54  (1889). 

Slender,  cymosely  branching,  1.5  to  4  dm.  high:  herbage 
minutely  scabrous:  leaves  linear,  acuminate,  2  to  5  cm.  long, 
entire  (or  with  a  few  teeth,  ace.  to  Watson)  :  involucre  8  to  10 
mm.  high;  bracts  linear,  the  inner  acuminate,  all  scarious-mar- 
gined,  pubescent  on  the  back:  achenes  slightly  hispid  on  the 
angles. 

Los  Angeles  Bay,  Lower  California  Palmer,  ace.  to  Watson; 
San  Jose  de  Gracia,  Lower  California,  Apr.,  1889,  Brandegee; 
Santa  Gertrudis,  Lower  California,  Mar.,  1898,  Orcutt;  Signal 
Mt.,  near  U.  S.  and  Mexican  boundary  line,  1901,  Brandegee; 
Split  Mt.,  San  Diego  Co.,  California,  Apr.,  1905,  Brandegee. 

3.  BRICKELLIA  Ell. 

Herbs  or  undershrubs  (all  the  California  species  woody- 
stemmed  perennials)  with  opposite  or  alternate  veiny  leaves. 
Heads  small  or  medium-sized.  Involucre  cylindric  to  campan- 
ulate,  5  to  50-flowered;  bracts  chartaceous  or  membranous, 
striate,  the  outer  ones  successively  shorter  in  most  species.  Re- 
ceptacle naked.  Corollas  white  or  whitish,  slender,  5-toothed  at 
summit,  the  teeth  mostly  glandular  externally.  Achenes  10- 
costate.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  scabrous  or  plumose  capillary 
bristles. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  29 

Heads  solitary,  terminating  corymbose  branchlets,   campanulate,  30  to   50- 

flowered. 
Leaves  ovate,  mostly  with  broad  base. 

Herbage  green:  leaves  sharp-pointed  1.  B.  atractyloides. 

Herbage  white-tomentose :  leaves  not  pointed  2.  B.  incana. 

Leaves  linear  to  oblong  or  obovate,  with  narrow  base. 

Inner  involucral  bracts  with  acuminate  tips:   leaves  acute,  mostly  15 
to  30  mm.  long 3.  B.  linifolia. 

Inner  involucral  bracts  acute:  leaves  obtuse,  mostly  5  to  15  mm.  long 
4.   B.   frutescens. 

Heads  loosely  paniculate  or  glomerate,  turbinate,  5  to  25-flowerd  (or  perhaps 
more  in  no.  5). 

Involucral  bracts  acute,  loose:  herbage  tomentose 5.  B.  Nevinii* 

Involucral  bracts  obtuse,  erect:  herbage  lightly  if  at  all  tomentose. 

Heads  10  to  15-flowered:  leaves  ovate 6.  B.  Calif  ornica^ 

Heads  about  5-flowered:   leaves  lanceolate 7.   B.  Knappiana* 

1.  B.  atractyloides  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  290  (1870). 
Coleosanthus  atractyloides  Kuntze,  Rev.  i.  328  (1891).  C.  venu- 
losus  A.  Nelson,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxvii.  262  (1904). 

About  3  dm.  or  less  high :  stems  woody,  rigid,  with  numerous- 
short  twiggy  branches:  herbage  minutely  pubescent  and  usually 
also  glandular,  the  foliage  green  and  scabrous-atomif erous : 
leaves  rigid-coriaceous,  3-nerved  and  reticulate-veined,  all  alter- 
nate, subsessile,  ovate-acuminate,  rounded  or  truncate  at  base, 
either  entire  or  with  a  few  spinulose  teeth,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  7  to 
20  mm.  broad:  heads  solitary  terminating  the  branchlets;  pe- 
duncle commonly  naked  and  exceeding  the  leaves,  sometimes 
bracteate  near  the  summit:  involucre  campanulate,  35  to  50- 
flowered,  10  to  13  mm.  high ;  outer  bracts  green,  ovate-acuminate, 
sometimes  broad  and  toothed  like  the  leaves,  scarcely  or  not 
shorter  than  the  inner  ones ;  inner  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acum- 
inate. 

Among  rocks  in  the  desert  ranges:  southwestern  part  of  the 
Colorado  Desert,  San  Diego  Co.,  Apr.,  1889,  Orcutt;  Vallecito, 
ace.  to  Parish;  San  Felipe,  San  Diego  Co.,  May,  1899,  Brande- 
gee;  Palm  Springs,  Parish,  no.  210;  Warren's,  May,  1902, 
Brandegee;  Cottonwood  Springs,  Hall,  no.  6016 ;  northern  slope 
San  Bernardino  Mts.  (borders  of  Mohave  Desert),  Parish,  no. 
3710 ;  Ord  Mts.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  6775 ;  Providence  Mts.,  May,. 


30  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

1902,  Brandegee;  Inyo  Mts.,  Austin,  no.  565;  a  frequent  and 
characteristic  plant  in  the  clefts  of  rocks  within  the  Lower  Son- 
oran  Zone  from  the  Inyo  Mts.  east  into  Nevada,  ace.  to  Coville; 
Fort  Mohave,  Arizona,  Lemmon;  Nevada,  Purpus,  no.  6022;  St. 
George,  Utah,  Goodding,  no.  803;  Southern  Nevada,  Goodding, 
no.  678,  ace.  to  Nelson  (as  Coleosanthus  venulosus,  the  identity 
of  which  with  B.  atractyloides  has  been  pointed  out  by  Robin- 
son).4 

2.  B.  incana  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  350  (1868).  Coleo- 
santhus incanus  Kuntze,  1.  c. 

Three  to  6  dm.  or  more  high,  loosely  branched  from  a  suffru- 
tescent  base:  herbage  white  with  a  close  tomentum  which  is  de- 
ciduous from  the  stems,  exposing  the  white  bark :  leaves  alternate, 
sessile,  ovate  or  broader  with  roundish  or  subcordate  base, 
obtuse  to  acute  but  not  pointed,  entire  or  the  margins  sinuate, 
1  to  3  cm.  long :  heads  40  to  50-flowered,  campanulate,  solitary  and 
terminal  on  the  branchlets :  involucre  broadly  campanulate,  15  to 
20  mm.  high ;  bracts  firm-chartaceous,  regularly  imbricated ;  short 
outer  ones  ovate,  obtuse;  inner  ones  linear-lanceolate,  acute: 
achenes  9  or  10  mm.  long,  cinereous-pubescent. 

Dry  gravelly  soil  of  the  Mohave  Desert,  especially  in  sand- 
washes  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone :  Cushenberry  Springs,  Parish, 
nos.  1248,  2388;  Providence  Mts.,  Cooper,  ace.  to  Gray,  also 
Brandegee ;  near  the  Needles,  Brandegee ;  Ash  Meadows,  Nevada, 
Purpus,  no.  6041 ;  reported  from  Chuckawalla  Bench,  Colorado 
Desert,  California,  by  the  Riverside  Botanical  Club. 

3.  B.  linifolia  Eaton,  Bot.  King  Exped.  137,  t.  15,  ff.  1  to  6 
(1871).  B.  Mohavemis  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  104  (1884). 
Coleosanthus  linifolius  Kuntze,  1.  c. 

Stems  numerous,  leafy,  ascending  or  erect,  forming  round- 
topped  clumps  2  to  4  dm.  high :  herbage  cinereous-pubescent  and 
also  somewhat  glandular  at  least  above :  leaves  from  broadly  ob- 
long with  narrow  base  to  linear  or  spatulate,  acute,  entire  or  with 
1  or  2  short  teeth,  1.5  to  3.0  cm.  long,  only  the  midnerve  promi- 
nent: heads  30  to  50-flowered,  scattered,  the  peduncles  exceed- 
ing the  leaves :  involucre  campanulate,  12  to  14  mm.  high ;  bracts 


Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xlii.  47  (1906). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  31 

2  to  4-nerved,  linear,  acute  to  attenuate,  the  inner  with  very 
slender  tips :  aehenes  cinereous-hispidulous  on  the  ribs. 

Western  borders  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  in  Riverside  Co., 
Hall,  nos.  1888,  2142;  southern  borders  of  the  Mohave  Desert, 
May,  1882,  no.  1247,  Parish  (type  of  B.  Mohavensis  Gray),  also 
Jun.  17,  1894  and  no.  3711,  Parish;  Providence  Mts.,  Brandegee; 
Inyo  Co.,  Purpus;  thence  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

B.  Mohavensis  is  described  by  Gray  as  having  "  bracts  of  the 
involucre  obtuse."  Through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  Robinson  I 
have  had  the  opportunity  of  examining  a  head  from  the  type 
sheet  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  and  although  the  bracts  (especially 
the  outer  ones)  are  somewhat  broader  and  less  acute  than  in 
typical  B.  Urn folia,  the  difference  is  not  sufficiently  great  to  be 
of  specific  value.  Moreover,  specimens  collected  by  Parish  (Rose 
Mine,  Jun.  17,  1894;  and  north  slope  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  no. 
3711)  near  the  type  locality  of  B.  Mohavensis  have  the  slender 
bracts  of  B.  lini folia,  and  this  character  is  somewhat  variable 
even  in  collections  from  Utah,  whence  came  the  original  B. 
linifolia.  The  pubescence,  pappus,  and  aehenes,  likewise  fail  to 
yield  constant  characters  for  the  separation  of  B.  Mohavensis. 

4.  B.  frutescens  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  207    (1882). 
Coleosanthus  frutescens  Kuntze,  1.  c. 

A  rigid  shrub  with  divaricate  often  spinose  branches :  herbage 
cinereous-pubescent:  leaves  all  alternate,  linear-spatulate  to 
obovate,  obtuse,  entire,  .5  to  1.5  cm.  long :  heads  scattered,  about 
35-flowered  (about  20-flowered,  ace.  to  Gray)  :  involucre  cam- 
panulate,  9  to  12  mm.  high ;  bracts  2  to  4-nerved,  acute  or  rather 
obtuse,  the  short  and  oblong  outer  ones  somewhat  greenish- 
tipped:  aehenes  hispidulous-scabrous :  pappus-bristles  minutely 
serrulate. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone:  San  Felipe,  western  borders  of  the 
Colorado  Desert,  Parish,  Purpus,  etc.;  Mountain  Springs,  San 
Diego  Co.,  Vasey,  ace.  to  Gray;  Lower  California. 

5.  B.  Nevinii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  297  (1885).    Coleo- 
santhus  Nevinii  Heller,  Cat.  N.  Am.  PL  ed.  1,  8  (1898). 

Stems  slender,  long,  loosely  branched:  herbage  white-tomen- 
tose,  the  tomentum  becoming  loose  and  scurfy,  especially  on  the 


32  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

stems:  leaves  alternate,  ovate,  subcordate  and  closely  sessile,  or 
cuneate  at  base,  acutish,  coarsely  few-toothed  or  entire,  1.5  cm.  or 
less  long:  heads  about  25-flowered  (30  to  40-flowered,  ace.  to 
Gray),  solitary,  terminating  short  branchlets  of  an  open  panicle, 
the  upper  ones  loosely  glomerate:  involucre  narrowly  turbinate, 
10  to  12  mm.  high,  green  after  the  fall  of  the  tomentum ;  bracts 
linear,  acute,  the  outer  regularly  shorter  and  with  spreading  or 
recurved  tips;  the  inner  with  erect  acuminate  tips:  achenes 
minutely  pubescent. 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone  on  the  coastal  slope :  first  collected  ne;ir 
Newhall  by  Nevin;  crevices  of  cliffs,  San  Francisquito  Canon, 
ace.  to  Parish;  Santa  Monica  Range,  above  Sherman,  Braunton, 
no.  517,  and  Greata,  no.  331 ;  near  Pasadena,  ace.  to  McClatchie ; 
San  Antonio  Canon,  near  Claremont,  Baker,  no.  3731  ("in  low 
dense  tufts  on  a  woody  base,  occasional  along  stony  bottom  of 
wash"). 

Writing  of  the  station  above  Sherman  Mr.  Braunton  says: 
"It  must  have  been  introduced  at  this  station  within  the  past 
few  years.  In  1901  there  were  but  few  large  plants  and  many 
small  ones.  Now  (1902)  it  is  common  for  a  mile  square  and 
bids  fair  to  extend  everywhere  in  the  hills. ' ' 

6.  B.  Californica  (T.  &  G.)  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  64  (1849). 
Bulbostylis  Californica  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  79  (1841).  Coleosanthus 
Calif ornicus  Kuntze,  1.  c. 

A  straggling  moderately  branched  bush,  5  to  10  dm.  high: 
herbage  minutely  puberulent  to  thinly  tomentose:  leaves  alter- 
nate, ovate,  crenate-dentate,  mostly  2  to  4  cm.  long,  short-petio- 
late,  usually  with  broad  truncate  or  subcordate  base  but  the  small 
upper  ones  narrowed  to  the  petiole :  heads  in  small  clusters  ter- 
minating lateral  branchlets  of  the  leafy  panicle,  or  the  branchlets 
very  short,  the  inflorescence  then  an  interrupted  strict  thyrsus: 
involucre  9  to  11  mm.  high,  10  to  15-flowered ;  outer  bracts  round- 
ish, very  obtuse ;  inner  bracts  narrower,  the  innermost  linear  and 
somewhat  acute. 

Common  in  gravelly  stream  beds  and  on  chaparral  slopes  of 
the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  west  of  the  mountains  from  San  Diego 
Co.  and  Lower  California  north  to  Mendocino  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada  foothills.  Also  in  Arizona  and  Nevada,  ace.  to  Gray, 
Aug.-Nov. 


Hall — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  33 

Var.  desertorum  (Coville)  Parish,  in  MS.,  comb.  nov.  B 
desertorum  Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  vii.  68  (1892).  Coleo- 
santhus  desertorum  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  119 
Q893).  Smaller  in  all  its  parts:  branches  slender,  becoming 
glabrous  in  the  second  or  third  year,  but  still  with  a  white  epider- 
mis, afterward  gray :  leaves  only  16  mm.  or  less  long  even  on  vig- 
orous shoots  (mostly  less  than  1  cm.)  :  heads  in  glomerules  ter- 
minating short  lateral  branchlets :  involucre  7  to  9  mm.  high. — 
Between  Banning  and  Seven  Palms  (Colorado  Desert),  Orcutt. 
ace.  to  Coville;  Inyo  Co.,  ace.  to  Coville;  Dos  Cabesas,  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  Orcutt,  no.  1464 ;  Riv- 
erside, Zumbro,  no.  362.  Although  from  the  coast  side  of  the 
mountains,  Mr.  Zumbro 's  specimens  answer  very  well  for  var. 
desertorum  except  that  the  stems  are  of  a  dull  white ;  the  heads 
are  in  loose  glomerules  terminating  lateral  branchlets  1  to  3  cm. 
long. 

B.  MICROPHYLLA  SCABRA  Gray  may  reach  our  northeastern  bor- 
der. Certain  specimens  collected  by  Brandegee  in  the  Providence 
Mountains  are  probably  of  this  species  but  they  lack  flowers. 
Much  like  B.C.  desertorum  but  outer  bracts  with  greenish  some- 
what spreading  tips,  the  outermost  ones  wholly  herbaceous. 

7.  B.  Knappiana  Drew,  Pitt.  i.  260  (1888).  Coleosanthus 
Knappianus  Greene,  Eryth.  i.  54  (1893). 

A  slender  willow-like  shrub,  2.5  m.  or  less  high  the  ascending 
branches  with  a  smooth  white  bark  which  has  a  tendency  to  split 
and  become  shreddy :  branchlets  and  upper  leaves  hispidulous- 
scabrous,  somewhat  glutinous :  leaves  alternate,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  narrowed  to  a  distinct  petiole,  sharply  and  saliently  toothed 
or  some  of  the  upper  ones  entire,  3  to  4  cm.  long :  heads  about  5- 
flowered,  in  glomerules  terminating  lateral  branchlets  of  the  open 
leafy  panicle:  involucre  turbinate,  about  7  mm.  high;  bracts 
linear  to  oblong,  obtuse,  regularly  imbricated,  the  quter  success- 
ively shorter,  3-nerved :  achenes  rather  densely  but  minutely 
appressed-setulose,  indistinctly  nerved. 

"In  the  neighborhood  of  the  Mohave  River, "  Sept.,  1888, 
M.  A.  Knapp;  Pleasant  Canon,  Panamint  Mts.,  H all  &  Chand- 
ler, no.  6919.  Further  collections  may  show  that  this  is  only  a 


34  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

form  of  B.  mnlti flora  Kell.  (and  both  of  these  are  too  near  to  B. 
longifolia  Wats.),  differing  only  in  its  serrate  leaves,  scabrous 
herbage,  and  more  densely  pubescent  achenes. 

EUPATORIUM  GLANDULOSUM  HBK.  was  gathered  from  the  wet 
bank  of  a  pool  in  a  canon  south  of  Pasadena  in  1896  by  Mc- 
Clatchie.  Since  it  has  not  been  found  elsewhere  in  Southern 
California  it  is  probably  an  introduction  from  Mexico.  E.  Pasa- 
denense  Parish,  Zoe  v.  75  (1900),  was  founded  on  McClatchie's 
specimens,  but  one  of  these  has  been  submitted  to  Dr.  B.  L.  Rob- 
inson, who  identifies  it  with  E.  glandulosum,  and  writes:  "I 
have  compared  it  very  carefully  with  material  from  the  uplands 
of  Mexico,  from  Jamaica,  and  with  a  photograph  which  I  took 
of  the  type  in  the  Paris  Herbarium ;  also  with  cultivated  speci- 
mens of  E.  trapezoideum  Kunth,  a  species  which  I  cannot  dis- 
tinguish from  the  earlier  E.  glandulosum.  There  is  a  moderate 
amount  of  variation  in  the  size,  thinness,  and  degree  of  glandu- 
larity  of  the  leaves  but  the  form  of  the  leaves,  nature  of  the 
pubescence,  character  of  the  involucre,  corollas,  achenes,  pappus, 
etc.,  are  in  all  respects  constant  and  identical  between  E.  Pasa- 
denense  and  E.  glandulosum." 

E.  SAGGITTATUM  Gray,  although  in  Coulter's  "California" 
collection,  is  not  a  member  of  our  flora.  According  to  Gray  it  is 
Mexican,  probably  reaching  into  Arizona. 

TRIBE  2.     ASTEREAE.    ASTER  TRIBE. 

4.  GUTIERREZIA  Lag. 

Low  suffrutescent  or  herbaceous  plants  with  nearly  glabrous 
but  resinous  herbage.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  entire,  alternate. 
Heads  radiate,  very  small,  numerous,  cymose  or  paniculate  at  the 
summit  of  the  stems.  Involucre  imbricated ;  the  bracts  coriaceous, 
with  green  tips.  Receptacle  in  our  species  flat.  Flowers  yellow. 
Achenes  angled  or  striate,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  4  to  15  oblong 
or  narrower  commonly  erose  paleae. 

Heads  clavate-oblong :  flowers  of  disk  and  ray  1  or  2  each 1.  G.  lucida. 

Heads  clavate-oblong:  flowers  of  disk  and  ray  3  to  7  each 2.  G.  Sorothrae. 

Heads  obovate-turbinate :  flowers  of  disk  and  ray  7  to  12  each  

3.    G.   Calif  ornica. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  35 

1.  G.  lucida  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  361   (1897).     Xanthocephalum 
lucidum  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.    282    (1892).     Gutierrezia   Euthamiae 
microcephala  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  115  (1884),  in  part. 

Straggling  bush,  3  dm.  or  more  high:  herbage  very  resinous 
and  of  a  clear  yellowish-green  color:  foliage  sparse  and  lax: 
inflorescence  cymose-paniculate ;  the  numerous  heads  glomerate 
at  the  ends  of  the  slender  twigs :  involucre  narrow,  3  mm.  high ; 
bracts  closely  appressed,  with  obscure  greenish  tips. 

Confined  chiefly  to  dry  hills  of  the  Mohave  Desert  (and  south- 
ward?) :  Indian  Wells,  Kern  Co.,  M.  A.  Knapp;  Cottonwood 
Creek,  Inyo  Co.,  Purpus,  no.  3025;  Santa  Monica  Range,  Hasse. 
ace.  to  Parish. 

2.  G.  Sarothrae  (Pursh)  Britton  &  Rusby,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acad. 
vii.  10  (1887).     Solidago  Sarothrae    Pursh,     Fl.     540     (1814). 
Brachyris  Euthamiae  Nutt.,   Gen.   ii.   163    (1818).     Gutierrezia 
Euthamiae  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  193    (1841).     G.  divergens  Greene, 
Pitt.  iv.  58  (1889),  in  part. 

Bushy  plant  with  numerous  erect  stems  from  a  woody  base, 
3  to  6  dm.  high:  inflorescence  cymose-paniculate;  heads  short- 
peduncled  or  sometimes  in  terminal  glomerules  of  3  to  5 :  invo- 
lucre clavate-oblong,  3  or  4  mm.  high ;  bracts  with  minute  green 
tips :  disk  and  ray-flowers  each  3  to  7  :  achenes  sericeous-pubescent. 

Arid  plains  and  rocky  hills  of  the  Upper  (and  Lower?) 
Sonoran  Zone  almost  throughout  western  North  America  and  by 
far  the  most  abundant  species  in  our  district:  San  Fernando 
Valley,  Barber,  no.  170 ;  San  Jacinto  Mts.,  Vandeventer,  no.  10 ; 
Jamul  Valley,  San  Diego  Co.,  Palmer,  no.  127;  Mission  Valley. 
San  Diego,  Oct.  1,  1883,  Orcutt,  no.  991. 

3.  G.  Californica  (DC.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  193  (1842).    Brachy- 
ris California  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  313  (1836).     G.  divergens  Greene, 
Pitt.  iv.  58  (1899),  in  part. 

Stems  more  loosely  branched  above  than  in  G.  Sarothrae: 
heads  larger  and  broader,  hence  obovate-turbinate,  mostly  scat- 
tered in  the  panicles  or  in  an  open  cyme  (rarely  somewhat  glom- 
erate) :  involucre  4  or  5  mm.  high  and  fully  as  broad  at  the 
summit :  bracts  with  conspicuous  green  tips,  the  inner  ones  very 
obtuse :  achenes  densely  silky. 


36  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

Dry  hills  from  Arizona  and  the  Colorado  Desert  north  to  San 
Francisco  Bay,  mostly  in  the  Sonoran  zones:  Coyote  Canon. 
Riverside  Co.,  Hall,  no.  2871 ;  Griffith  Park,  Los  Angeles,  Braun- 
ton,  no.  570;  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Parish,  no. 
1455 ;  etc. 

Var.  bracteata  (Abrams)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  G.  bract eata 
Abrams,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxxiv.  265  (1907).  Branchlets  strong- 
ly divaricate  or  even  geniculate,  with  numerous  bract-like  leaves, 
or  these  deciduous :  heads  few  and  large,  solitary. — '  *  Southwest- 
ern part  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  Nov.  1889"  (between  Banning 
and  Seven  Palms,  ace.  to  Abrams),  Orcutt. 

5.  AMPHIACHYRIS  Nutt. 

Ours  a  low  desert  shrub  with  alternate  entire  leaves  and 
glabrous  herbage.  Heads  heterogamous ;  ray-flowers  yellow,  pis- 
tillate, fertile ;  disk-flowers  yellow,  hermaphrodite-sterile.  Invo- 
lucre imbricated ;  bracts  thin,  only  the  medial  portion  herbaceous. 
Style-appendages  lanceolate.  Fertile  achenes  pubescent.  Pappus 
of  ray-flowers,  in  our  species,  of  few  and  short  squamellae  coales- 
cent  at  base ;  of  disk-flowers  of  5  to  20  weak  bristles,  more  or  less 
dilated  and  united  at  base,  nearly  equalling  the  corolla. 

1.  A.  Fremontii  (T.  &  G.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  633 
(1873).  Amphipappus  Fremontii  T.  &  G.,  Jour.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat. 
Hist,  v.  108  (1845)  ;  Gray,  PL  Fremont.  17,  t.  9  (1853). 

Decidedly  shrubby,  3  to  6  dm.  high,  with  rigid  divaricate 
branches;  bark  white  after  the  first  season:  leaves  obovate  or 
elliptic,  acute,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base  or  short  petiole,  5  to 
12  mm.  long:  heads  glomerate,  the  glomerules  terminating  short 
branches  of  a  compound  terminal  leafy-bracted  cyme:  involucre 
ovoid,  4  mm.  high;  outer  bracts  narrow;  inner  bracts  broadly 
oblong,  very  obtuse,  thin,  appressed  and  more  or  less  cohering: 
rays  1  or  2,  about  2  mm.  long :  disk-flowers  3  to  6. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone,  from  near  our  northern  borders  into 
Inyo  Co.,  east  to  Nevada  and  Utah:  "on  the  Mohave  River  and 
other  tributaries  of  the  Colorado, ' '  Fremont,  ace.  to  Gray ;  eastern 
Inyo  Co.  and  Nevada,  ace.  to  Coville ;  Slate  Range  and  Panamint 
Mts.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  nos.  6908,  7046 ;  Argus  Mts.,  Purpus,  no. 
5326. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  37 

6.  GRINDELIA  Willd.    GUM  PLANT. 

Coarse  herbs  or  suffrutescent  plants,  the  California  species  all 
perennials.  Basal  leaves  commonly  petioled;  the  cauline  sessile 
by  a  broad  base.  Herbage  in  ours  glabrous  or  nearly  so  but 
balsamic-viscid.  Heads  gummy,  medium-sized  or  large,  in  pan- 
icles or  cymes,  rarely  solitary  or  sessile,  ours  with  conspicuous 
yellow  rays.  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispheric ;  the  bracts 
many-ranked,  firm-herbaceous,  often  with  attenuate  squarrose 
points.  Style-appendages  lanceolate  or  linear.  Achenes  short, 
truncate,  compressed  or  turgid,  glabrous.  Pappus  of  2  to  8  awns 
or  small  scales,  very  readily  deciduous.  Involucral  cups  of  the 
budding  heads  often  completely  filled  with  the  white  or  cream-like 
gummy  exudation,  and  it  is  probably  this  gum,  also  present  in 
the  leaves,  that  gives  to  the  genus  its  reputed  medicinal  value. 

Leaves  2  to  8  cm.  wide:  insular  species 1.  G.  latifolia. 

Leaves  narrower,  sometimes  linear,  rarely  over  2  or  3  cm.  wide. 

Stems  woody   below:    leaves   linear-oblanceolate   or   cuneate:    salt-marsh 

species 2.  G.  cuneifolia. 

Stems  herbaceous  throughout. 

Involucre  20  to  25  mm.  broad:  cauline  leaves  1  to  3  cm.  wide  

3.  G.  robusta. 

Involucre  10  to  15  (rarely  20)  mm.  broad:  cauline  leaves  .5  to  1.5  cm. 
wide 4.   G.   camporum. 

1.  G.  latifolia  Kell.,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  36  (1873)  ;  Greene; 
Pitt.  i.  89  (1887). 

Stout  but  herbaceous  throughout,  4  dm.  or  more  high :  basal 
leaves  elliptic  or  obovate,  5  to  15  cm.  long  in  addition  to  the 
winged  petiole  of  equal  length ;  cauline  leaves  broadly  ovate  or 
oblong,  very  obtuse,  the  base  broad  and  clasping,  4  to  8  cm.  long, 
1.5  to  5  cm.  broad,  closely  and  regularly  serrate :  heads  in  leafy- 
bracteate  cymes :  involucre  broadly  hemispheric,  10  to  15  mm. 
high,  about  20  mm.  broad;  outer  bracts  with  slender  recurved 
tips;  inner  bracts  erect:  rays  about  1.5  cm.  long:  pappus-awns 
5  to  8. 

Santa  Rosa  Island,  1872  or  1873,  Harford  (type)  ;  Santa 
Rosa  Island,  Jun.,  1888,  Brandegee;  San  Miguel  Island,  Sept.. 
1886,  Greene.  These  specimens  were  examined  at  the  Herbarium 


38  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  a 

of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences,  where  they  have  since 
been  destroyed  by  fire,  but  there  is  a  duplicate  of  Kellogg 's  type 
and  a  sheet  of  Brandegee  's  material  from  the  type  locality  pre- 
served in  the  Brandegee  Herbarium  at  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

2.  G.  cuneifolia  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  315 
(1841)  ;  Perredes,  Wellcome  Research  Lab.  Bull.  65,  t.  i,  f.  6 
(1907). 

Plant  6  to  12  dm.  high,  commonly  with  several  dm.  woody  at 
base,  ending  in  a  cymose  panicle  of  several  heads  or  the  simple 
sterile  shoots  densely  leafy  at  summit :  leaves  thick,  spatulate  to 
narrowly  oblong,  usually  obtuse  but  the  upper  sometimes  broadest 
at  base  and  acute  (especially  the  much  reduced  ones  of  the  flower- 
ing branches), entire  or  serrulate:  involucre  12  to  18  mm.  broad; 
bracts  with  tips  erect  to  recurved :  rays  golden-yellow :  mature 
achenes  mostly  with  a  1  or  2-dentate  border  at  summit :  pappus- 
awns  5  to  8. 

Salt-marshes  from  Los  Angeles  Co.  (ace.  to  Abrams)  and 
Santa  Barbara  (ace.  to  Gray)  northward.  I  have  seen  no  speci- 
mens from  Southern  California.  Autumn. 

3.  G.  robusta  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  ser.  2,  vii.  314 
(1841)  ;  Perredes,  1.  c.  f.  1.     GUM  PLANT. 

Stems  mostly  erect,  3  to  6  dm.  high :  leaves  usually  oblong  to 
ovate  or  lanceolate  and  acute,  in  a  few  cases  wider  above  and 
obtuse,  sharply  serrate  or  denticulate  or  the  uppermost  entire; 
the  middle  cauline  3  to  5  cm.  long,  1  to  3  cm.  wide :  heads  few,  in 
a  terminal  cyme,  sessile  and  leafy-bracted,  or  pedunculate  and 
the  bracts  less  obvious:  involucre  20  to  25  mm.  broad;  bracts  with 
attenuate  squarrose  or  recurved  tips :  mature  achenes  mostly  with 
a  1  or  2-dentate,  often  oblique  border  at  summit:  pappus-awns 
2  to  8. 

Along  the  seaboard  from  Los  Angeles  to  San  Francisco,  not 
plentiful;  first  collected  by  Nuttall  at  San  Pedro;  Summerdale, 
Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Hall,  no.  3175 ;  Suey  River,  near  the  northern 
boundary  of  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  May  9,  1896,  Miss  Eastwood. 
Summer. 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  39 

4.  G.  camporum  Greene,  Man.  Bot.    Reg.    S.    F.    Bay    171 

(1894)  ;  Fl.  Fr.  361  (1897)  ;  Perredes,  1.  c.  ff.  2,  4. 

Stems  several,  erect,  3  to  6  dm.  high,  herbaceous  throughout : 
basal  leaves  commonly  numerous,  oblanceolate-spatulate,  obtuse, 
serrate,  10  cm.  or  less  long,  1  to  1.5  cm.  broad;  cauline  leaves 
oblanceolate  or  oblong,  mostly  acute,  5  cm.  or  less  long,  .5  to  1.5 
cm.  wide :  heads  rather  numerous  in  an  open  leafy  panicle :  invo- 
lucre 10  to  15  or  20  mm.  broad ;  the  short  outer  bracts  linear- 
subulate,  squarrose-deflexed ;  inner  bracts  lanceolate-subulate, 
with  spreading  tips  or  erect :  mature  disk-achenes  compressed, 
minutely  biauriculate  or  unidentate  at  summit :  pappus-awns  2 
or  3  or  more. 

In  heavy  clay  soil,  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  middle  California : 
National  City,  San  Diego  Co.,  Jul.  3,  1885,  Cleveland;  mesa 
north  of  San  Diego,  Chandler,  no.  5358;  Ramona,  Jul.  10,  1903. 
Brandegee;  Cuyamaca  Mts.,  Jul.  8  and  Oct.  15,  1894,  Brandegee. 
also  (at  Julian)  Chandler,  no.  5460;  Inglewood,  Los  Angeles  Co.. 
Hall,  no.  6726 ;  Elizabeth  Lake,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6719. 
Abundant  on  adobe  mesas  from  University  Station,  Los  Angeles, 
.south  and  west,  whence  gathered  for  the  wholesale  drug  trade. 
Summer. 

7.  PENTACHAETA  Nutt. 

Low  and  very  slender  annuals  with  narrowly  linear  and  entire 
alternate  leaves.  Heads  small,  solitary  or  somewhat  clustered  at 
the  ends  of  more  or  less  naked  branches,  nodding  in  the  bud. 
Receptacle  convex.  Involucre  turbinate-campanulate,  its  bracts 
IE  2  series,  narrowly  oblong,  thin  or  membranous,  scarious- 
margined,  mucronulate,  appressed.  Disk-corollas  yellow  or  rose- 
red,  very  slender;  rays  white,  pink,  yellow,  or  none.  Achenes 
oblong,  flattened,  hirsute-pubescent.  Pappus  of  5  to  12  slender 
bristles,  often  much  reduced,  or  all  obsolete. 

Involucre  glabrous,  its  bracts  very  unequal 1.  P.  aurea. 

Involucre  pubescent,  its  bracts  nearly  equal 2.  P.  Lyoni. 

1.  P.  aurea  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  336 
(1841). 

Diffusely  branched,  1  to  3  dm.  or  more  high  (6  dm.  high  and 

•t  5 


40  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

leaves  5  cm.  long  in  exceptional  cases5)  :  herbage  minutely  and 
sparsely  pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous :  involucre  5  to  7  mm.  high, 
glabrous;  bracts  imbricated,  broadly  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate,  with  green  middle  portion  and  scarious  margins: 
rays  commonly  10  to  40,  linear  to  oblong,  golden-yellow,  5  to  10 
mm.  long;  disk-corollas  irregular,  the  lobe  nearest  the  ray-flowers 
being  more  acute  than  the  others  and  more  spreading,  the  sinus 
on  each  side  of  it  continued  further  down :  pappus-bristles  5  to  8. 
Upper  Sonoran  and  Lower  Transition  zones,  from  San  Diego 
(the  type  locality,  where  first  gathered  by  Nuttall)  to  the  San 
Jacinto  Mts.  and  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.  (ace.  to  Greene)  ;  Mohave 
Desert  near  Cajon  Pass,  ace.  to  Parish:  frequent  in  some  parts 
of  its  range,  especially  throughout  the  coastal  slope  of  San  Diego 
Co.  Mrs.  Brandegee  has  gathered  dwarf  forms  at  San  Diego 
with  the  flowers  reduced  to  3  or  4  in  the  solitary  head,  which  is 
then  either  discoid  or  with  one  or  two  ray-flowers ;  also  florif  erous 
forms  with  rays  as  high  as  60  in  number. 

.2.  P.  Lyoni  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  446  (1886). 

Erect,  simple  below  or  branched  throughout,  1  to  5  dm.  high : 
herbage  lightly  pubescent,  at  least  the  stems  glabrate :  leaves  2  to 
5  cm.  long:  involucre  about  5  mm.  high,  conspicuously  hirsute 
with  slender  hairs ;  bracts  nearly  equal,  linear,  acute  to  subulate- 
acuminate,  with  green  midrib  and  scarious  margins:  flowers 
golden-yellow :  pappus-bristles  varying  from  8  to  12  in  number, 
somewhat  dilated  at  base. 

At  San  Pedro  and  on  Santa  Catalina  Island,  Lyon,  ace.  to 
Gray;  San  Pedro,  Mrs.  Brandegee;  Wilmington,  Lyon;  Santa 
Catalina  Island,  Brandegee;  all  of  these  localities  being  in  the 
Coastal  Subarea  of  Los  Angeles  Co. 

P.  PALEACEA  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  189  (1885).  Prob- 
ably not  distinct  from  P.  Lyoni,  but  smaller  and  more  slender  in 
all  its  parts :  involucre  3  mm.  high,  minutely  and  sparsely  pubes- 
cent; bracts  nearly  equal:  pappus-bristles  about  5,  very  slender 
but  paleaceous-dilated  at  base.— Lower  California :  Santo  Tomas, 
Orcutt,  Purpus;  Chocolate  Creek,  Brandegee. 

P.  ORCUTTII  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  309  (1887).  Also 
near  P.  Lyoni :  heads  small :  involucre  villous-pubescent :  ligules 
Univ.  Calif.  Pub.  Botany  i.  130  (1902). 


]<)07]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  41 

short :  pappus-bristles  8  to  10,  capillary,  not  dilated  at  base,  cadu- 
cous.— Vallecito,  northern  Lower  California,  Orcutt,  ace.  to  Gray. 
Both  of  these  species  to  be  expected  in  San  Diego  Co. 

8.  ACAMPTOPAPPUS  Gray. 

Low  round-topped  desert  shrubs  with  slender  rigid  stems  and 
entire  alternate  leaves.  Heads  spherical,  12  to  36-flowered,  dis- 
coid or  radiate.  Involucral  bracts  closely  imbricated  in  about  3 
series,  very  broad  and  obtuse,  pale,  the  margins  thin-scarious  and 
erose-fimbriate.  Tube  of  disk-corollas  funnelform;  the  lobes 
lanceolate,  acute.  Style-tips  thick,  subulate.  Achenes  short- 
turbinate,  densely  villous.  Pappus  of  about  30  to  40  silvery  awns, 
some  of  them  flattened  especially  above  and  equalling  the  corolla, 
others  setiform  and  shorter,  all  persistent. 

1.  A.  sphaerocephalus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  634 
(1873).  Haplopappus  sphaerocephalus  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  76 
(1849)  ;  Torr.,  Pacif.  R.  Kept.  vii.  pt.3,  12,  t.vi.  (1856). 

Herbage  pale  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  stems  striate: 
leaves  linear  or  linear-spatulate,  acute,  .5  to  2  cm.  long,  some- 
times fascicled:  heads  solitary  terminating  the  branches,  or  in 
loose  terminal  clusters :  involucre  6  to  8  mm.  high,  its  bracts  com- 
monly with  a  faint  greenish  subapical  spot :  rays  none. 

An  exceedingly  interesting  plant,  by  no  means  rare  in  the 
Larrea  and  Yucca  belts  of  the  Desert  Area  (San  Felipe,  Chucka- 
walla,  Palm  Cafion,  Antelope  Valley,  Owens  Valley,  etc.),  ex- 
tending eastward  to  Arizona  and  Utah. 

A.  SHOCKLEYI  Gray,  the  only  other  species,  occurs  in  south- 
western Nevada  (Shockley,  ace.  to  Gray)  and  in  the  Inyo  Mts.. 
California  (Austin,  no.  501).  It  is  easily  distinguished  by  its 
simpler  monocephalous  branches  and  larger  heads  with  conspic- 
uous yellow  rays. 

9.  HETEROTHECA  Cass. 

Tall  hairy  herbs  with  alternate  toothed  leaves  and  radiate 
heads  of  yellow  flowers  in  a  terminal  cymose  panicle.  Involucre 
hemispheric  or  broadly  campanulate,  its  narrow  bracts  closely 
imbricated  in  many  series.  Both  ray  and  disk-flowers  numerous 
and  fertile.  Ray-achenes  triangular-compressed  with  flat  sides 


42  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

and  narrow  back ;  their  pappus  none  or  caducous.  Disk-achenes 
compressed,  silky-hirsute ;  their  pappus  double,  the  copious  inner 
bristles  long,  capillary,  and  scabrous,  the  outer  of  short  and  stout 
bristles  or  scales. 

1.  H.  grandiflora  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
315  (18-41).  H.  floribunda  Benth.,  Bot.  Sulph.  24  (1844). 
Diplopappus  scaber  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  ii.  22  (1829),  excl.  syn. 

Usually  simple  below,  5  to  20  dm.  high :  herbage  villous-hispid 
or  hirsute,  the  inflorescence  viscid-glandular  and  strong-scented : 
leaves  ovate,  varying  to  elliptic  or  oblong,  serrate;  the  radical 
and  lower  cauline  long-petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  commonly  with 
a  pair  of  stipule-like  lobes  at  base:  heads  numerous  and  in  an 
open  panicle  when  flowering  in  the  autumn,  few  and  scattered  at 
other  seasons :  involucre  7  to  9  mm.  high :  rays  about  30 :  pappus 
of  disk-flowers  as  long  or  longer  than  the  achene,  in  age  brick-red, 
its  outer  series  inconspicuous. 

A  common  weed  along  ditches  and  in  waste  places,  throughout 
Southern  California  except  in  the  mountains. 

It  seems  inadvisable  to  take  up  the  name  Heterotheca  scabra 
for  this  species  for,  although  Hooker's  Diplopappus  scaber  ante- 
dates Xuttall's  H.  grandiflora  by  twelve  years,  it  was  assigned  by 
Hooker  in  the  belief  that  his  plant  was  Pursh's  Inula  scabra  (H. 
subaxillaris  Britt.  &  Rusby),6  a  mere  transferral  of  the  specific 
name  being  all  that  was  intended.  Moreover,  De  Candolle  has 
used  the  name  HeterotJieca  scabra  for  what  now  passes  as  H. 
subaxillaris,  his  description  plainly  applying  only  to  that  species, 
and  since  our  plant  has  been  known  as  H.  grandiflora  for  some 
sixty-six  years  it  is  perhaps  wise  to  interpret  the  rules  somewhat 
loosely  here  in  order  to  retain  this  name. 

H.  SUBAXILLARIS  (Lam.)  Britton  &  Rusby  is  to  be  expected 
along  our  eastern  borders.  Its  stems  are  densely  clothed  above 
with  broadly  oblong  subcordate-clasping  leaves,  these  mostly  with- 
out lobes  at  base :  involucre  somewhat  canescent :  outer  pappus  of 
disk-flowers  conspicuous. 

off.  subaxillaris  Britton  &  Kusby,  Trans.  N.  Y.  Acacl.  vii.  10  (1887). 
Inula  subaxillaris  Lam.,  Diet.  iii.  259  (1789).  I.  scabra  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  531 
(1814).  Clirysopsis  scabra  Nutt.,  Gen.  ii.  15  (1818);  Ell.,  Sketch  ii.  339 
(1824).  H.  Lamarcliii  Cass.,  Diet.  Sci.  Nat.  xxi.  131  (1821).  H.  scabra 
DC.,  Prodr.  v.  317  (1836). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  43 


10.  CHRYSOPSIS  Nutt. 

Perennial  herbs,  sometimes  suffrutescent  at  base,  with  alter- 
nate entire  leaves  and  either  discoid  or  radiate  heads  of  yellow 
flowers.  Involucre  campanulate  to  hemispheric,  its  bracts  nar- 
row and  regularly  imbricated.  Style-appendages  linear-filiform 
to  subulate.  Achenes  compressed  or  turgid.  Pappus  brownish 
or  ferruginous,  of  numerous  capillary  bristles  with  or  without 
an  outer  row  of  short  bristles  or  squamellae. 

Kays  present:   pubescence  hirsute  or  villous,  canescent 1.  C.  villosa. 

Kays  wanting:  pubescence  fine  and  soft,  not  canescent 2.  C.  Wrightii. 

1.  C.  villosa  (Pursh.)  Nutt.,  Gen.  ii.  150  (1818).  Amellus 
villosus  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  564  (1814). 

Rigid,  erect,  3  to  9  dm.  high:  herbage  canescently  strigose 
or  hirsute  or  hispid:  spring  leaves  3  to  5  cm.  long,  oblong,  nar- 
rowed to  a  margined  petiole,  early  withering  or  deciduous;  ra- 
meal  leaves  rigidulous,  oblong,  closely  sessile,  acute,  mostly  2  cm. 
or  less  long:  heads  variously  paniculate  or  cymose,  often  nearly 
sessile,  radiate :  involucre  about  8  mm.  high ;  bracts  linear,  acute, 
hirsutulous  or  almost  smooth:  achenes  oblong-ovate,  villous. 

A  northern  species,  represented  in  Southern  California  by 
the  following  varieties : 

Var.  echioides  (Benth.)  Gray,  Syn.  FL,  i.  pt.  2,  123  (1884). 
C.  echioides  Benth.,  Bot.  Sulph.  25  (1844).  C.  fastigiata  Parish, 
Eryth.  vii.  97  (1899),  not  Greene.  A  branching  form  as  orig- 
inally described,  but  commonly  simple-stemmed  up  to  the  in- 
florescence :  herbage  canescently  hispid :  outer  pappus  con- 
spicuous, white,  squamellate ;  the  squamellae  very  narrow,  toothed 
at  summit. — The  common  form  in  Southern  California,  extending 
north  to  the  Sacramento  Valley,  plentiful  in  the  Upper  Sonoran 
Zone,  occasionally  also  in  the  neighboring  zones :  Ramona,  San 
Diego  Co.,  Oct.,  1903,  Mrs.  Brandegee;  Witch  Creek,  San  Diego 
Co.,  1893,  Alderson,  also  no.  721;  Murietta,  Parish,  no.  2245; 
San  Jacinto  Mt.,  in  the  Transition  Zone,  Hall,  no.  2607 ;  Antelope 
Valley,  Hall,  no.  6713 ;  Mt.  Pinos,  Hall,  no.  6700. 

Var.  fastigiata  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  fastigiata 
Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  296  (1898).  Stems  rather  densely  clothed  (ex- 


44  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  3 

cept  toward  the  base)  with  small  ascending  or  suberect  sessile 
leaves;  these  oblong  to  linear-spatulate,  shortly  acute  or  obtuse 
and  mucronate,  white  (especially  on  the  back)  with  a  soft  ap- 
pressed-silky  tomentum :  no  outer  squamellate  pappus  but  some 
of  the  outer  bristles  occasionally  short. — Upper  Sonoran  Zone, 
apparently  rare  but  perhaps  overlooked  by  collectors,  mistaking 
it  for  the  common  var.  echioides:  vicinity  of  San  Bernardino, 
300  to  450  m.  (1000  to  1500  ft.)  alt.,  Oct.  15,  1895,  Parish,  no. 
3815;  San  Bernardino  Valley,  Sept.,  1892,  Parish;  near  Clare- 
mont,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Baker,  no.  3669. 

Var.  sessiliflora  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt  2,  123  (1884). 
C.  sessiliflora  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  317 
(1841).  C.  California  Elmer,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxix.  48  (1905). 
Herbage  sparsely  hirsute  and  greenish  to  villous-canescent : 
leaves  oblong  or  spatulate:  heads  mostly  large  and  solitary  or  2 
or  3  together  at  the  ends  of  cymose  branchlets,  closely  subtended 
by  1  to  several  foliose  bracts :  outer  pappus  present,  squamellate, 
often  concealed  by  the  densely  villous  hairs  clothing  the  achene.— 
Mendocino  Co.  to  San  Diego  and  Arizona,  ace.  to  Gray;  Santa 
Monica,  Davidson,  ace.  to  Abrams;  San  Bernardino,  Parish,  no. 
570;  Gaviota,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Elmer,  no.  4148  (type  of  C. 
California,  outer  pappus  of  disk-flowers  present,  consisting  of 
many  linear  toothed  paleas  about  .7  mm.  long.) 

2.  C.  Wrightii  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt  2,  445  (1886). 

Herbage  pubescent  with  fine  soft  hairs :  leaves  probably  ovate 
to  lanceolate  and  2  to  5  cm.  long:  involucral  bracts  all  partly 
herbaceous  and  the  inner  ones  nearly  equalling  the  flowers :  heads 
discoid:  corolla-limb  slightly  hairy  outside:  style-appendages 
subulate-linear,  several  times  longer  than  the  stigmatic  portion, 
which  is  not  much  longer  than  broad:  outer  pappus  obscure; 
inner  pappus  extremely  copious. 

San  Bernardino  Mts.,  at  3,500  m.  alt.  (11,400  ft.,  and  there- 
fore on  Mt.  Grayback,  since  no  other  is  so  high),  Jul.,  1882, 
Wright,  ace.  to  Gray;  apparently  not  since  collected.  In  the 
absence  of  specimens  the  description  is  taken  from  the  original 
diagnosis. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  45 


11.  SOLIDAGO  L.  GOLDENROD. 

Perennial  herbs  with  alternate  leaves.  Heads  small,  the 
raceme-like  clusters  aggregated  into  a  pyramidal  or  spike-like 
panicle,  or  in  one  of  our  species  the  heads  cymose.  Bracts  of 
the  involucre  narrow,  thin  or  chartaceous,  mostly  destitute  of 
herbaceous  tips,  imbricated  in  two  or  more  series.  Rays  short, 
yellow,  as  also  are  the  disk-flowers.  Pappus-bristles  slender, 
numerous,  in  one  or  two  series,  equal  and  dull  white  in  our 
species.  Achenes  terete,  5  to  12-nerved. 

Heads  in  paniculate  racemes:  rays  fewer  in  number  than  the  disk-flowers. 
Herbage  very  smooth,  glabrous. 

Involucre  5  or  6  mm.  high:  lower  leaves  broadly  spatulate  or  obovate 

1.  S.    spathuliita. 

Involucre  3  or  4  mm.  high:  leaves  lanceolate  or  oblong  

2.  8.  con-finis. 

Herbage  rough  or  cinereous-pubescent 3.  S.   Californica. 

Heads  more  or  less  distinctly  cymose:  rays  minute,  more  numerous  than  the 
disk-flowers:  herbage  glabrous 4.  S.  occidentalis. 

1.  S.  spathulata  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  339   (1836).     S.  limonifolia 
Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.    328    (1841)  ?     COAST 
GOLDENROD. 

Three  to  6  dm.  high :  stems  several  from  the  strong  root,  de- 
cumbent or  erect,  clothed  below  with  broad  leaf-bases,  simple 
up  to  the  narrow  compact  often  spike-like  thyrsus:  herbage 
glabrous,  slightly  glutinous:  leaves  mostly  basal,  spatulate, 
rounded  at  apex,  narrowed  to  a  margined  petiole;  lower  ones  5 
to  12  cm.  long  by  2  or  3  cm.  broad,  serrate  above  the  middle: 
involucre  5  or  6  mm.  high  and  about  as  broad,  its  bracts  linear- 
oblong  to  oblong:  rays  about  7  or  8,  short  and  inconspicuous; 
disk-flowers  twice  as  many :  achenes  silky-pubescent. 

Near  Santa  Barbara,  "between  Hatch's  wharf  and  Monti- 
cello,"  1888,  Mrs.  Brandegee;  common  near  the  coast  from  mid- 
dle California  to  Humboldt  Bay. 

2.  S.  confinis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  191  (1882). 
Stems  simple  and  leafy  up  to  the  terminal  panicle :  herbage 

pale  green,  completely  glabrous  or  rarely  with  a  sparse  minute 
pubescence  above :  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  acuminate  but  not 


46  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL-  3 

cuspidate,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base ;  the  radical  ones  petioled, 
rather  thin ;  the  middle  cauline  8  to  16  cm.  long  by  .5  to  1  cm. 
broad,  either  all  entire  or  the  lower  obscurely  serrate:  panicle 
dense,  oblong,  or  sometimes  more  compound  and  pyramidal,  the 
heads  not  secund :  involucre  3  or  4  jnm.  high,  its  bracts  scabrous- 
ciliolate  or  entire:  rays  scarcely  surpassing  the  disk:  achenes 
minutely  to  canescently  pubescent. 

In  moist  places  from  Lower  California  to  Los  Angeles :  Jamul 
Valley,  San  Diego  Co.,  Palmer,  no.  136 ;  San  Bernardino  Mts.  at 
2200  m.  alt.,  Geo.  E.  Hall,  no.  4;  San  Bernardino  Valley  at  300 
to  450  m.  alt.,  Parish,  nos.  4197,  5887;  Oak  Knoll,  near  Los 
Angeles,  Braunton,  no.  658 ;  etc.  The  altitudinal  range  covered 
by  this  species  without  undergoing  a  change  in  its  characters  is 
remarkable,  even  for  a  Solidago.  The  common  form  of  the  San 
Bernardino  Valley,  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  is  exactly  repro- 
duced at  many  places  in  the  neighboring  mountains,  even  to  2300 
m.  altitude  at  the  upper  edge  of  the  Transition  Zone. 

f.  luxurians  Hall,  form.  nov.  More  robust  and  the  herbage 
succulent :  leaves  thickish,  broadly  lanceolate  or  oblong,  the  mid- 
dle cauline  often  15  cm.  long  by  2  or  2.5  broad:  inflorescence 
oblong  or  pyramidal,  1  to  3  dm.  long :  heads  larger,  the  involucre 
about  4  mm.  high. — Swampy  ground,  often  in  alkaline  soil  in  the 
vicinity  of  hot  springs,  and  therefore  an  ecologic  form :  Arrow- 
head Hot  Springs,  near  San  Bernardino,  altitude  600  m..  Parish, 
no.  1101 ;  same  locality,  Nov.  1,  1890,  Parish;  same  locality,  Sept.. 
1903,  Dr.  R.  J.  Smith;  vicinity  of  San  Bernardino,  altitude  300 
to  450  m.,  Parish,  no.  3809;  Ventura,  Mar.,  1861,  Brewer,  no. 
247.  Both  this  and  the  typical  form  were  probably  considered 
by  Dr.  Gray  while  drawing  up  his  original  description  of  S.  con- 
finis;  they  certainly  were  considered  while  preparing  the  Synop- 
tical Flora,  since  not  only  does  the  description  include  them  both, 
but  mention  is  made  of  Parish's  material  from  the  hot  springs, 
as  well  as  of  Palmer's  San  Diego  Co.  collection.  Dr.  Robinson 
informs  me  that  it  was  G.  R.  Vasey's  specimen  from  San  Diego 
Co.  that  Dr.  Gray  himself  marked  S.  confin's,  n.  sp.  I  have  not 
seen  Vasey's  plant. 

3.  S.  Californica  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.    ser.  2,  vii. 
328  (1841).     COMMON  GOLDENROD. 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  47 

Stems  rigid,  simple  below  the  terminal  panicle,  the  whole 
plant  6  to  12  dm.  high  or  in  the  mountains  sometimes  only  1.5 
dm :  herbage  green  and  scabrous  or  grayish  with  a  minute  rough 
pubescence :  leaves  oblong,  acute  at  apex,  tapering  below  to  a  nar- 
row base  or  short  petiole;  the  lower  varying  to  oblong-obovate 
and  serrate,  obtuse,  sometimes  1  dm.  long;  the  upper  smaller, 
narrow  and  entire :  panicle  usually  compact  and  5  to  20  cm.  long, 
composed  of  raceme-like  clusters  (reduced  to  a  simple  raceme 
in  dwarf  plants,  the  branches  numerous,  elongated,  and  some- 
what secund  in  well  developed  forms)  :  involucre  4  mm.  high; 
its  bracts  oblong-linear  or  lanceolate,  rather  obtuse,  somewhat 
pubescent:  rays  7  to  12,  light  yellow,  2  mm.  long:  disk-flowers 
rather  more  numerous:  achenes  pubescent. 

In  dry  open  places,  from  the  lower  foothills  to  3000  m.  altitude 
in  the  mountains ;  Mexico  to  Oregon  and  Nevada.  In  the  Sono- 
ran  Zone  the  plants  are  commonly  grayish  with  a  close  pubes- 
cence (the  typical  form,  first  gathered  at  Santa  Barbara  by 
Nuttall)  ;  at  high  altitudes  they  are  green  and  sparsely  scabrous- 
pubescent,  sometimes  dwarf  and  the  inflorescence  either  simply 
racemose  (Bluff  Lake,  2250  m.  alt.,  Grinnell,  no.  86)  or  branch- 
ing below  (Bluff  Lake,  Grinnell,  no.  95).  Normally  flowering 
from  Aug.  to  Dec.,  but  Mr.  Parish  notes  a  vernal-flowering  form, 
not  otherwise  distinguishable,  that  grows  around  springs  in 
Reche  Canon,  near  San  Bernardino. 

4.  S.  occidentalis  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  226  (1842).  Euth- 
amia  occidentalis,  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  326 
(1841).  WP:STERN  GOLDENROD. 

Stems  from  creeping  rootstocks,  very  leafy,  freely  and  pani- 
culately  branching  above,  the  branches  terminated  by  cymose 
clusters  of  small  heads  (whole  plant  1  or  2  m.  high)  :  herbage 
green,  glabrous :  leaves  linear,  entire  but  with  faintly  scabrous 
margins,  acute,  5  to  10  cm.  long  and  3  to  10  mm.  broad  except 
the  small  upper  ones,  sprinkled  with  pellucid  dots:  involucre  4 
or  5  mm.  high ;  its  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  obscurely  pubescent : 
receptacle  with  erose  or  laciniate  scales  or  bristles  among  the 
disk-flowers:  rays  16  to  20;  disk-flowers  8  to  14:  achenes  tur- 
binate,  villous-pubescent. 

Common  along  streams,  in  wet  meadow-land,  etc.,  at  lower  al- 
titudes throughout  our  district  and  northward.  Aug.-Nov. 


48  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

12.  STENOTUS  Nutt. 

Suffruticose  or  shrubby  evergreen  plants  with  narrow  entire 
leaves.  Herbage  glabrous,  resinous-punctate.  Heads  large  and 
broad,  terminating  the  branchlets.  Involucre  hemispheric,  its 
bracts  little  imbricated  (in  2  or  3  series),  membranous,  with 
scarious  margins.  Flowers  yellow;  rays  several  to  many;  disk- 
flowers  numerous.  Achenes  oblong,  somewhat  compressed, 
densely  villous.  Pappus  of  slender  bristles,  permanently  white. 

1.  S.  linearifolius  (DC.)  T.  &  G,  Fl.  ii.  238  (1842).  Haplo- 
pappus  linearifolius  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  347  (1836). 

Shrub  6  to  15  dm.  high  (sometimes  depauperate),  with  resin- 
ous herbage  and  stout  woody  branches :  branchlets  more  or  less 
fastigiate,  leafy  below,  terminating  in  simple  nearly  naked  pe- 
duncles :  leaves  much  crowded,  linear,  acute,  narrowed  toward 
the  base,  2  to  4  cm.  long,  1  to  2  mm.  wide:  involucre  10  to  13 
mm.  high;  its  bracts  oblong,  acuminate,  greenish,  the  inner  ones 
with  broad  scarious  fimbriolate  margins:  rays  13  to  18,  oblong- 
bnceolate,  1  to  2  cm.  long:  achenes  white-silky:  pappus  white, 
soft,  deciduous. 

Zapato  Chino,  Lower  California,  Brandegee;  common  at  a 
/few  places  along  the  cismontane  (western)  base  of  the  San  Ja- 
cinto  and  San  Bernardino  Mts.  at  about  900  m.  alt. ;  reappearing 
on  Mono  Creek,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  where  rare;  again  common  in 
the  Mt.  Diablo  Range  of  middle  California;  to  be  looked  for  at 
intermediate  stations. 

Var.  interior  (Coville)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Haplopappus  in- 
terior Coville,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  vii.  65  (1892).  H.  lineari- 
folius interior,  M.  E.  Jones,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ser.  2,  v.  697 
(1895).  Leaves  shorter,  commonly  1  or  2  cm.  long:  bracts  of 
the  peduncle  commonly  linear-subulate:  heads  not  so  large,  the 
rays  .5  to  1  cm.  long :  involucre  8  to  10  mm.  high,  its  bracts  some- 
times only  acute. — A  form  inhabiting  arid  places,  especially 
within  the  Desert  Area:  Darwin  Mesa,  Inyo  Co.,  Coville  &  Fun- 
ston,  no.  794  (duplicate-type  of  A.  interior)  ;  Providence  Mts., 
Brandegee;  eastern  slope  of  Greenhorn  Mts.,  Kern  Co.  Hall  & 
Babcock,  no.  5088 ;  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6498 ;  com- 
mon in  Antelope  Valley  from  Mohave,  etc.,  to  north  slope  Cajon 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  49 

Pass ;  Ken  worthy,  San  Jacinto  Mts. ;  Coyote  Canon ;  San  Felipe 
and  "Witch  Creek,  San  Diego  Co. ;  San  Pedro  Martir,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Brandegee;  Arizona  to  Utah.  Along  the  western  limits  of 
its  range  the  variety  passes  directly  into  the  species,  and  certain 
specimens  from  Mt.  Diablo,  which  is  presumably  near  the  type 
locality  of  8.  linearifolius,  have  the  short  leaves  and  small  heads 
of  the  variety,  these  characters  apparently  varying  from  year 
to  year  with  climatic  conditions.  The  bracts  of  the  peduncle  are 
often  subulate  in  otherwise  typical  linearifolius,  and  the  in- 
volucral  bracts  are  seldom  less  than  acuminate  in  the  variety. 

13.  HAPLOPAPPUS  Cass. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  low  shrubs.  Heads  mostly 
rather  large,  hemispheric,  in  terminal  cymose  or  paniculate 
clusters  or  solitary,  rarely  sessile.  Involucre  imbricated,  its 
bracts  mostly  with  green  or  herbaceous  tips.  Rays  present,  yel- 
low. 'Disk-flowers  permanently  yellow.  Style-branches  various. 
Achenes  of  the  ray  usually  fertile,  both  these  and  the  disk-achenes 
slightly  or  not  at  all  compressed.  Pappus  of  numerous  unequal 
dull-white  or  reddish  bristles. 

Herbage  loosely  tomentose:  Transition  Zone  species  1.  H.  gossypinus. 

Herbage  glabrous  or  canescent:  Sonoran  species. 

Annual:   stems  leafy 2.  H.  gracilis. 

Perennial:    stems   reedy,    leaves   reduced 3.  H.   junceus. 

1.  H.  gossypinus  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Pyrrocoma 
gossypina  Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  23  (1896). 

Stems  several,  from  a  thick  often  fusiform  perennial  caudex, 
decumbent  or  erect.  1.5  to  2  dm.  high :  herbage  tomentose  when 
young,  the  tomentum  deciduous  except  from  the  axils  of  the 
lower  leaves :  basal  leaves  numerous,  oblanceolate  or  linear- 
oblanceolate,  entire  or  serrate,  acute,  2  to  12  cm.  long  includ- 
ing the  petiole ;  cauline  leaves  narrow,  3  cm.  or  less  long,  entire : 
heads  racemose  or  solitary  terminating  the  simple  stems:  in- 
volucre hemispheric,  10  to  12  mm.  high,  loosely  imbricated; 
bracts  linear-acuminate,  without  distinct  green  tips:  rays  about 
20,  clear  yellow,  7  mm.  long:  achenes  (nearly  mature)  oblong, 
very  canescent. 


50  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL-  3 

Bear  Valley,  in  the  Transition  Zone  of  the  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  apparently  very  local :  Parish,  Aug.  1882,  no.  1558 ;  Abrams, 
Aug.,  1902,  no.  2917.  A  segregate  from  H.  lanceolatus  (Hook.) 
T.  &  G.,  distinguished  by  its  slender  involucral  bracts  destitute 
of  green  tips  and  by  its  loose  cottony  pubescence. 

H.  APARGIOIDES  has  the  general  appearance  of  H.  gossypinus, 
but  the  leaves  are  laciniate  and  the  linear  achenes  are  glabrous 
or  nearly  so.  Ace.  to  Gray7,  it  was  collected  in  the  San  Bernar- 
dino Mts.  by  Parry,  but  there  is  probably  an  error  in  the  label, 
since  diligent  search  has  failed  to  rediscover  the  species  south  of 
Tulare  Co. 

2.  H.  gracilis   (Nutt.)  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  76  (1849).    Dieteria 
gracilis  Nutt.,  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  n.  ser.  i.  177   (1848).     Erio- 
carpum  gracile  Greene,  Eryth.  ii.  109  (1894). 

Plant  annual,  erect,  a  few  cm.  to  2  dm.  high ;  the  solitary  stem 
simple  or  branched:  herbage  canescent,  rarely  glabrate  or 
scabrous:  principal  leaves  oblanceolate  or  narrower,  1  to  3  cm. 
long,  pinnatifid,  each  lobe  ending  in  a  slender  bristle;  upper 
leaves  linear,  entire  or  only  toothed,  bristle-tipped:  involucre 
broadly  hemispheric,  6  or  7  mm.  high,  imbricated;  bracts  linear, 
tapering  above  into  a  bristle :  rays  20  to  25,  yellow,  nearly  1  cm. 
long :  achenes  canescent :  pappus  sordid  or  yellowish,  of  numer- 
ous rigid  bristles  thickened  at  base,  the  longer  ones  equalling  the 
corollas. 

Providence  Mts.,  eastern  part  of  the  Mohave  Desert,  Jun.  6? 
1902,  Brandegee;  Lower  California,  Arizona,  Utah,  etc. 

H.  SPINULOSUS  (Pursh.)  DC.  ranges  from  the  Saskatchewan 
to  Lower  California  and  may  be  expected  in  our  district.  It 
is  a  perennial  with  broader  leaves  than  H.  gracilis. 

3.  H.  junceus  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  190  (1885).    Erio- 
carpum  junceum  Greene,  Eryth.  ii.  108  (1894). 

Commonly  5  to  10  dm.  high,  the  slender  wiry  stems  tufted 
from  a  woody  base  and  sparsely  leafy :  herbage  nearly  or  quite 
glabrous,  the  involucres  viscid  and  scabrous:  leaves  .5  to  2  cm. 
long,  linear,  pinnatifid  and  the  lobes  spinulose-tipped,  or  the 
upper  ones  entire  and  tipped  with  a  white  mucro:  involucre 
7Bot.  Calif,  ii.  464  (1880). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  51 

finally  hemispheric,  8  mm.  high,  its  well  imbricated  green  bracts 
ending  in  a  rigid  setaceous  tip :  rays  pale  yellow :  achenes  pubes- 
cent, slightly  flattened,  either  with  or  without  a  strong  nerve  on 
each  face. 

Southwestern  San  Diego  Co.  and  southward  into  Lower 
California. 

14.  ERICAMERIA  Nutt. 

Evergreen  shrubs,  with  linear  or  terete  leaves  except  in  our 
first  species.  Foliage  commonly  punctuate  and  resiniferous. 
Inflorescence  various  but  usually  paniculate  or  cymose.  Heads 
either  heterogamous  or  homogamous,  even  on  the  same  plant. 
Involucre  narrowly  to  broadly  turbinate  (hemispheric  in  vernal 
heads  of  E.  pinifolia)  the  chartaceous  or  coriaceous  bracts  rigidly 
imbricated  but  not  in  distinct  vertical  rows,  the  outer  ones 
passing  into  small  bracts  of  the  peduncle.  Ray-flowers  either 
present  or  lacking;  disk-corollas  ampliate  upward,  5-toothed. 
Style-appendages  exserted  (scarcely  so  in  some  species),  filiform 
or  subulate  in  all  but  E.  monactis.  Achenes  slender.  Pappus- 
bristles  slender,  scabrous,  dull  white  or  yellowish,  in  age  reddish. 

The  genus  as  here  defined  corresponds  to  Haplopappus  § 
Ericameria  of  Gray's  Synoptical  Flora,  so  amplified  as  to  include 
Bigelovia  §  Euthamiopsis  of  the  same  work.  Its  small  narrow 
involucres  with  chartaceous  bracts  are  the  only  marks  to  dis- 
tinguish it  from  Haplopappus ;  but  to  one  familiar  with  its  species 
it  forms  a  definite  group.  The  style-appendages  are  always 
slender  and  exserted  except  in  E.  monactis,  which  also  in  other 
respects  connects  Ericameria  to  Haplopappus.  It  would  be  easy 
to  follow  Greene  in  extending  Ericameria  (which  he  would  now 
merge  into  Chrysoma)  to  include  certain  species  of  Chrysotham- 
nus  which  have  a  similar  general  aspect  (C.  teretifolius,  panicu- 
latus,  etc.).  These,  however,  are  apparently  not  derived  from 
the  same  immediate  stock  and  may  well  remain  in  Chrysotham- 
nus,  mainly  because  of  their  narrow  involucres  with  bracts  in 
distinct  vertical  series. 

Leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  spatulate:  var.  spatulata  of 

1.  E.    cuneata. 

Leaves  linear  or  filiform  (or  lanceolate  in  no.  G). 

Style-appendages  oblong-ovate,  acute:  involucral  bracts  8  to  10:   rays  1 
or  2  or  wanting 2.  E.  monactis. 


52  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    tv°L-  3 

Style-appendages  filiform-subulate:  involucral  bracts  more  numerous. 
Kays  present. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  obtuse:  achenes  appressed-pubescent 
3.  E.  Palmeri. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  acuminate :  achenes  lightly  pubescent, 
glabrate:  leaves  mostly  over  1  cm.  long.. ..4.  E.  pinifolia. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  acute:  achenes  glabrous:  leaves 
mostly  .5  to  1  cm.  long 5.  E.  ericoides. 

Eays  wanting. 

Heads  in  close  rounded  terminal  cymes. 

Leaves  flat,  broadly  linear  to  lanceolate   (3  to  10  mm.  wide) 


6.   E.   Parishii. 

Leaves  filiform  or  very  narrowly  linear   (2  mm.  or  less  wide) 
7.  E.  arbor  escens. 

Heads  in  loose  oblong  panicles  or  racemes:  leaves  filiform. 

Leaves  12  mm.  or  less  long:  heads  6  to  8-flowered  

8.  E.  Cooperi. 

Leaves  12  to  24  mm.  long:  heads  8  to  12-flowered  

9.  E.   brachylepis. 

1.  E.  cuneata  spathulata  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Bigelovia 
spathulata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  74  (1876).  B.  rupestris 
Greene,  Bot.  Gaz.  vi.  183  (1881).  Chrysoma  cuneata  spathulata 
Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  11  (1895).  C.  Merriami  Eastw.,  Bull.  Torr. 
Club  xxxii.  214  (1905). 

Plant  spreading,  woody  at  base,  1  to  3  dm.  high,  freely 
branching :  herbage  glabrous  but  resinous-punctate :  leaves  thick, 
entire  or  merely  undulate-margined,  obovate  to  oblanceolate, 
spatulate  at  base,  obtuse,  often  retuse  and  usually  mucronate  at 
summit,  6  to  15  mm.  long,  3  to  10  mm.  broad:  heads  in  small 
compact  cymes  or  sometimes  solitary:  involucre  turbinate,  6  to 
8  mm.  high ;  bracts  lanceolate  to  linear,  chartaceous,  marked  with 
a  brown  or  greenish  medial  line  and  bordered  with  a  silvery-sca- 
rious  margin,  somewhat  obtuse  but  usually  cuspidate-tipped,  the 
outermost  passing  into  minute  bracts  of  the  peduncle:  rays  (al- 
ways?) lacking:  achenes  densely  silky-pubescent  with  appressed 
hairs:  pappus-bristles  copious,  about  equal  and  as  long  as  the 
corolla,  brown. 

Most  plentiful  on  rocky  ledges  of  mountains  on  or  near  the 
desert,  extending  into  Lower  California;  but  also  found  on  the 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  53 

coastal  slope  of  the  San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mts.  at  a 
few  stations.  The  var.  differs  from  E.  cuneata  in  its  more  com- 
pact habit,  broader  leaves,  and  absence  of  rays. 

2.  E.  monactis    (Gray)    McClatchie,  Eryth.  ii.  124   (1894). 
Haplopappus  monactis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  1    (1883). 
Acamptopappus  microcephalus  Jones,  Contr.     W.  Bot.  viii.  33 
(1898).     Tumionella  monactis  Greene,  Leaflets,  i.  173    (1906). 
Chrysothamnus  corymbosus  Elmer,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxix.  50  (1905). 

Shrub,  4  to  10  dm.  high,  the  numerous  branchlets  leafy: 
herbage  minutely  pubescent  on  all  but  the  older  parts,  the  foliage 
sometimes  resinous-punctate:  principal  leaves  flat,  linear,  acute, 
.5  to  2  cm.  long,  especially  the  lower  commonly  with  minute  fas- 
cicled ones  in  their  axils :  inflorescence  cymose ;  the  cymes  round- 
topped,  terminating  the  branchlets :  involucre  narrowly  campanu- 
late,  4  or  5  mm.  high ;  bracts  loosely  imbricated,  chartaceous  with 
dull-green  midrib,  rather  obtuse  but  the  small  outer  ones  often 
acute :  rays  one  or  two  or  entirely  lacking  in  some  heads,  occa- 
sional plants  with  all  the  heads  discoid :  disk-flowers  5  to  8 : 
style-appendages  flat,  ovate  or  narrower,  acute :  achenes  white- 
villous. 

Upper  portion  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone:  Mohave  Desert 
from  the  Providence  Mts.  on  the  east  to  Tejon  Pass  on  the  west, 
north  to  Owens  Valley  and  south  through  Cajon  Pass  as  far  as 
West  Riverside;  also  in  Rubio  Canon,  back  of  Los  Angeles,  ace. 
to  McClatchie.8  Most  plentiful  from  the  Mohave  River  westward 
through  Antelope  Valley.  Apr.-Jun.  Perhaps  not  distinct  from 
E.  larici folia  of  Arizona,  etc.,  but  that  has  narrower  more  acute 
bracts  and  more  slender  style-appendages. 

3.  E.  Palmeri  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Haplopappus  Palmeri 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.     74      (1876).     Chrysoma     Palmeri 
Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  12  (1895). 

Low  shrub,  usually  3  to  6  dm.  high,  much  branched  and  of 
bushy  habit :  growing  parts  minutely  puberulent :  principal 
leaves  narrowly  linear,  1  to  2  (or  4)  cm.  long,  mostly  with 
shorter  ones  fascicled  in  their  axils,  resinous  and  punctate :  in- 
florescence an  elongated  panicle:  involucre  narrow,  6  or  7  mm. 


Eryth.  ii.  124   (1894). 


54  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL-  3 

high;  bracts  obtuse,  the  tips  greenish,  the  narrow  white  margins 
shortly  ciliate:  rays  several,  short:  achenes  silky-pubescent. 

Very  common  in  the  foothills  and  on  the  plains  west  of  the 
mountains  extending  south  into  Lower  California  and  east  to  the 
Colorado  Kiver. 

4.  E.  pinifolia  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Haplopappus  pinifol- 
ius  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  636  (1873).     Chrysoma  pinifolia 
Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  12  (1895). 

Stout  spreading  shrub  6  to  16  dm.  high:  herbage  nearly 
glabrous,  resinous  but  not  noticeably  punctate:  leaves  narrowly 
linear  to  filiform,  mucronate,  1  cm.  or  more  long,  the  fascicled 
ones  shorter  as  also  are  the  numerous  crowded  ones  of  the  branch- 
lets:  vernal  heads  solitary,  hemispheric,  about  12  mm.  broad, 
surrounded  by  long  slender  acuminate  leaves  simulating  an  outer 
involucre :  autumnal  heads  paniculate  or  racemose,  often  con- 
gested, less  leafy-bracted,  turbinate,  about  6  mm.  broad :  in- 
volucre of  the  autumnal  heads  about  7  mm.  high;  bracts  acumi- 
nate or  the  inner  only  acute,  greenish-tipped,  with  membranous 
woolly-ciliolate  margins;  the  outermost  passing  into  small  leaves 
of  the  flowering  branchlets:  rays  of  the  vernal  heads  20  to  30, 
of  the  autumnal  heads  6  to  10,  short:  pappus  sordid:  achenes 
lightly  pubescent,  glabrate. 

Along  the  foothills  from  Western  Los  Angeles  Co.  (Newhall) 
to  the  Cuyamaca  and  Laguna  Mts.  of  San  Diego  Co.  A  common 
element  of  the  chaparral  belt.  Solitary  heads  Apr.-Jun. :  panic- 
ulate heads  Aug.-Nov. 

5.  E.  ericoides  (Less.)  Jepson,  Fl.  W.  Mid.  Calif.  559  (1901). 
Diplopappus  ericoides  Less.,  Linnaea,  vi.  117   (1831).     Haplo- 
pappus ericoides  H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  146  (1833).     Ericameria 
microphylla  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  319  (1841). 
Chrysoma  ericoides  Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  11  (1895). 

Heather-like  shrub,  3  to  8  dm.  high,  decidedly  shrubby  at 
base,  with  decumbent  or  ascending  main  stems  and  numerous 
erect  branchlets:  herbage  resinous,  inconspicuously  punctate, 
the  growing  parts  puberulent  but  green :  leaves  filiform,  .5  to  1. 
cm.  long,  in  numerous  close  fascicles,  or  the  lower  ones  longer 
and  not  fascicled :  heads  cymose-paniculate ;  involucre  5  or  6  mm. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  55 

high;  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate,  acute,  greenish-yellow  with 
dark  tips,  tomentose-ciliolate :  rays  several,  4  to  6  mm.  long: 
achenes  glabrous:  pappus  copious,  dull  white,  becoming  brown. 
Common  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  along  the  coast  from 
Los  Angeles  Co.  (and  further  south?)  to  beyond  San  Francisco; 
San  Miguel  Island,  ace.  to  Greene,  Pitt.  i.  89  (1887). 

6.  E.  Parishii  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Bigelovia  Parishii 
Greene,   Bull.    Torr.    Club   ix.    62    (1882).      Chrysoma  Parishii 
Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  10  (1895). 

Arborescent  shrub,  2  to  5  dm.  high :  branchlets  very  leafy  up 
to  the  inflorescence:  herbage  resinous-punctate:  leaves  "lanceo- 
late" or  linear,  entire,  narrowed  at  base,  acute,  traversed  by  3 
nerves,  only  the  medial  of  which  is  prominent,  2  to  6  cm.  long, 
3  to  10  mm.  wide:  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  linear-subulate: 
heads  discoid,  in  terminal  rounded  cymes,  10  to  12-flowered :  in- 
volucre 5  mm.  high :  its  bracts  lanceolate,  very  acute,  with  a  dis- 
tinct green  or  brownish  midrib,  no  green  tip :  achenes  turbinate, 
minutely  silky. 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  nowhere  common :  south  slope  of  San 
Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  east  at  least  to  Waterman 
Canon,  the  type  locality ;  Santa  Ana  Mts. ;  Cuyamaca  Mts. ;  San 
Pedro  Martir,  Lower  California  (Robertson,  no.  48). 

7.  E.  arborescens  (Gray)  Greene,  Man.  Bot.  Reg.  S.  F.  Bay. 
175   (1894).     Linosyris  arborescens  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  79 
(1859).     Chrysoma  arborescens  Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  10  (1895). 

Stem  erect,  with  fastigiate  branches,  the  whole  shrub,  1  to  2 
m.  high:  branchlets  leafy:  herbage  resinous-punctate:  leaves 
narrowly  linear  or  closely  revolute  and  thus  becoming  filiform, 
3  to  6  cm.  long,  2  mm.  or  less  wide :  heads  in  terminal  rounded 
cymes,  20  to  25-flowered:  involucre  5  mm.  high  or  rather  less; 
its  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  traversed  by  a  brown  midrib:  rays 
none  ("seldom  present,"  ace.  to  Greene9)  :  achenes  canescent. 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone:  Santa  Barbara,  Mrs.  Bingham;  Santa 
Lucia  Mts. ;  northward  in  the  Coast  Ranges.  Also  sparingly  in 
the  Sierra  Nevadas.  Sept.-Nov. 


9  Mar.  Bot.  Keg.  S.  F.  Bay,  175  (1894), 


56  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

8.  E.  Cooperi  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.    Bigelovia    Cooperi 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.     640     (1873).     Chrysoma  Cooperi 
Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  12  (1895). 

Stems  slender,  probably  less  than  1  m.  high :  herbage  minute- 
ly tomentose,  resinous:  leaves  filiform  (or  narrowly  linear?), 
acute,  2  cm.  or  less  long :  inflorescence  paniculate :  heads  6  to  8- 
flowered;  rays  none:  involucral  bracts  narrowly  oblong  (the 
inner  ones  lanceolate,  attenuate,  7  or  8  mm.  long;  outer  ones 
ovate,  obtuse0?),  chartaceous,  pale  to  the  apex:  style-appendages 
ovate-subulate. 

Known  only  from  the  Providence  Mts.  in  the  Mohave  Desert 
of  eastern  San  Bernardino  Co.  First  found  by  Cooper,  ace.  to 
Gray;  rediscovered  by  Brandegee,  if  certain  specimens  gathered 
by  him  Jun.  6,  1902  with  only  vestiges  of  the  previous  years' 
heads  belong  to  this  species. 

9.  E.  brachylepis  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Bigelovia  brachy- 
lepis  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  614     (1876).       Chrysoma    brachylepis 
Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  12   (1895). 

Shrubs  1  to  2  m.  high,  branched  from  the  base :  leaves  of  the 
branches  crowded,  viscid  and  resinous-punctate,  glabrous,  filiform 
or  slightly  flattened,  1  or  2  cm.  long :  heads  racemose  among  the 
upper  leaves  or  narrowly  paniculate :  involucre  4  to  6  mm.  high ; 
bracts  oblong,  obtuse  or  only  acutish,  with  a  brown  resinous- 
thickened  medial  line  and  ciliate  margins,  outermost  passing  into 
minute  bracts  of  the  peduncle :  heads  8  to  12-flowered ;  rays 
none:  style-appendages  subulate-filiform:  achenes  linp^  canes- 
cent. 

Southwestern  San  Diego  Co. :  Larkins  Station,  Palmer,  ace. 
to  Gray;  Potrero,  Cleveland;  Campo,  Orcutt.  Also  at  El  Rosario, 
Lower  California,  Brandegee. 

15.  CHRYSOTHAMNUS  Nutt. 

West  American  shrubby  or  suft'rutescent  plants  with  hard 
wood  and  narrow  or  terete  entire  leaves.  Herbage  white-tomen- 
tose  or  glabrous,  often  viscidulous  or  resinous.  Inflorescence 
paniculate,  cymose,  or  rarely  racemose.  Heads  homogamous. 
Involucre  narrow;  its  bracts  well  imbricated  usually  in  more  or 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  57 

less  distinct  vertical  ranks,  chartaceous  or  coriaceous,  mostly  des- 
titute of  herbaceous  tips.  Ray-flowers  uniformly  lacking;  disk- 
flowers  5  to  30.  Style-branches  subulate  or  filiform,  in  all  our 
species  long-exserted.  Achenes  narrow,  terete  or  slightly 
angled,  pubescent.  Pappus  copious,  soft,  commonly  dull  white  or 
reddish. 

Chrysothamnus  is  connected  by  our  first  two  species  with 
Ericameria ;  by  our  last  species  with  Haplopappus  (§Macronema). 
From  Bigelovia  (Chondrophora,  Chrysocomanudata)  it  differs  in 
habit  and  geographic  distribution,  that  being  a  perennial  herb  of 
the  Atlantic  seaboard,  extending  west  to  Texas.  Bigelovia  has, 
moreover,  shorter  and  thicker  style-appendages,  short  somewhat 
turbinate  and  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  achenes,  and  a  rigidulous 
pappus.10 

Branches  glabrous. 

Herbage  resinous-punctate:  leaves  terete. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  with  a  distinct  greenish  subapical  spot  

1.  C.  teretifolius. 

Involucral  bracts  pale,  wholly  naked 2.  C.  paniculate. 

Herbage  not  resinous-punctate:  leaves  narrow  but  plane 'or  canaliculate. 

Stems  leafy:  involucre  5  to  8  mm.  high. 3.  C.  viscidiflorus. 

Stems  nearly  leafless:  involucre  about  1  cm.  high:   glabrate  state  of 
4.  C.  Mohavensis. 

Branches  clothed  with  a  dense  white  tomentum. 

Leaves  sparse:  involucral  bracts  obtuse,  the  vertical  ranks  very  distinct 

4.  C.  Mohavensis. 

Leaves  numerous. 
Heads  5-flowered. 

Involucral  bracts  abruptly  contracted  to  a  spreading  setiform  tip 

or  short  awn... 5.  C.  ceruminosus. 

Involucral  bracts  not  abruptly  tipper ...~6.  C.  nauseosus. 

Heads  about  9-flowered:    involucral  bracts  acuminate,  a  few  of  the 
outer  ones  foliaceous 7.  C.  Parryi. 

1.  C.  teretifolius  (Dur.  &  Hilg.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Linosyris 
teretifolia  Dur.  &  Hilg,  Pacif.  R.  Kept.  v.  9,  pt.  3,  t.  7.  (1856). 
Bigelovia  teretifolia  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  644  (1873). 
Chrysoma  teretifolia  Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  12  (1895). 


10  Cf.  Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  91,  92  (1895). 


58  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    (TOL-  3 

Plant  woody  at  base,  with  rigid  fastigiate  very  leafy  branches 
and  small  heads  in  terminal  cymes  or  panicles :  herbage  glabrous 
but  resinous-punctate,  becoming  balsamic-viscid:  leaves  thick, 
terete,  deep  green,  .7  to  2  cm.  long:  involucre  narrow,  6  mm. 
high :  bracts  obtuse,  carinate,  the  outer  successively  shorter  and 
bearing  near  the  apex  a  distinct  green  or  brownish  glandular 
thickening:  achenes  linear,  silky-pubescent. 

Arid  plains  and  hills  of  the  Desert  Area,  east  into  Nevada 
and  Arizona:  mountains  around  Tejon  Valley,  Heermann,  ace. 
to  Gray;  Antelope  Valley,  Pringle,  ace.  to  Parish;  Inyo  Co., 
Austin,  no.  414,  also  Purpus,  no.  3060;  Whitewater  and  Palm 
Springs,  Colorado  Desert,  ace.  to  Parish;  Cuyamaca  Mts.,  Palmer, 
ace.  to  Gray;  east  to  Arizona  (?)  and  Nevada.  Aug.-Oct. 

2.  C.  paniculatus  (Gray)   Hall,  comb.  nov.  Bigelovia  panic- 
ulata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  644  (1873).     Chrysoma  panic- 
ulata  Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  12  (1895). 

Much  like  no.  1  but  more  slender  in  all  its  parts  and  the 
foliage  and  involucres  paler :  plant  2  m.  or  less  high :  inflorescence 
a  profusely  branched  panicle :  involucral  bracts  straw-color,  thin, 
obtuse,  destitute  of  the  subapical  glandular  spot,  the  inner  ones 
6  or  7  mm.  long. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone,  on  both  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  des- 
erts, east  into  Arizona :  near  Cabazon,  Scliellenger,  no.  43,  also 
Parish,  no.  655 ;  Chuckawalla  Bench,  Schellenger,  no.  19 ;  near 
Bagdad,  Brandegee.  On  gravelly  plains  between  Cabazon  and 
Whitewater  it  grows  to  a  height  of  2  m.  or  more  (6  to  8  ft.) 
ace.  to  Parish.  Oct. -Nov. 

3.  C.  viscidiflorus  (Hook.)  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser. 
2,  vii.  323  (1841).    Crinitaria  viscidiflora  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  ii. 
24  (1834).    Bigelovia  Douglasii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  645 
(1873). 

Branching  shrub,  1  dm.  to  2  m.  or  more  high:  stems  with  a 
grayish  fibrous  bark,  the  twigs  smooth  and  commonly  white: 
herbage  destitute  of  all  tomentum,  smooth  and  glabrous  or  mere- 
ly scabrid:  leaves  narrow,  acute,  mostly  3-nerved:  inflorescence 
cymose:  involucre  5  to  8  mm.  high;  bracts  only  3  or  4  in  each 
vertical  rank  (these  ranks  therefore  indistinct),  oblong  or  lanceol- 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  59 

ate,  obtuse,  chartaeeous,  sometimes  with  an  indistinctly  green- 
ish thickened  tip :  style-appendages  thickish,  shorter  than  the 
stigmatic  portion. — A  polymorphous  species,  of  which  only  the 
following  varieties  reach  our  district : 

Var.  tortifolius  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Bigelovia  Douglasii 
tortifolia  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  646  (1873).  Leaves  linear 
or  narrowly  lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  2  to  4  cm.  long,  more  or 
less  twisted,  the  margins  serrulate-ciliolate. — Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura 
Co.,  common  on  the  summit ;  Tejon  Pass ;  Bear  Valley,  San  Ber- 
nardino Mts. ;  "San  Jacinto  Mt.,"  Nevin;  more  plentiful  in 
the  Sierra  Nevadas  and  eastward.  Aug.-Oct. 

Var.  stenophyllus  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Bigelovia  Doug- 
lasii stenophylla  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  646  (1873).  Leaves 
2  mm.  or  less  wide,  mostly  2  to  4  cm.  long,  not  twisted,  the  mar- 
gins serrulate-ciliolate  or  smooth. — S.E.  California,  ace.  to  Gray ; 
near  Acton,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Hasse,  ace.  to  Parish.  The  Bear 
Valley  specimens  mentioned  under  var.  tortifolia  might  be  con- 
sidered as  belonging  here,  the  leaves  being  very  narrow  and  only 
some  of  them  twisted. 

4.  C.  Mohavensis  Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  113  (1895).    Bigelovia 
Mohavensis  Greene,  in  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  138  (1884). 

About  1  m.  high;  the  loose  branches  erect  or  ascending, 
yellowish-green  and  nearly  destitute  of  foliage:  herbage  canes- 
cent  with  a  fine  pannose  tomentum  when  young,  giabrate  and 
somewhat  viscid  in  age :  leaves  few,  ascending  or  appressed, 
linear,  5  cm.  or  less  long:  heads  in  narrow  terminal  panicles: 
involucre  cylindric-turbinate,  10  mm.  high,  5  mm.  broad  at  sum- 
mit ;  its  bracts  about  5  in  each  of  the  5  conspicuous  vertical  ranks, 
obtuse  and  short-muticous,  the  midnerve  thickened  and  brown, 
especially  above :  achenes  appressed-villous. 

Mohave  Desert ;  apparently  rare. 

5.  C.   ceruminosus    (Dur.   &  Hilg.)    Greene,   Eryth.   iii.   94 
(1895).     Linosyris  ceruminosa  Dur.  &  Hilg.,  Pacif.  E.  Kept.  v. 
pt.  3,  9,  t.  6  (1856) .    Bigelovia  ceruminosa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
viii.  643  (1873). 

Shrub  erect,  6  to  9  dm.  high,  fastigiately  branched:  herbage 
densely  tomentose,  resinous:  leaves  linear  or  nearly  filiform, 


60  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     CVOL-  3 

about  2.5  cm.  long  on  the  stems,  less  than  half  as  long  and  re- 
curving on  the  branches,  puberulent:  heads  cymose-fascicled, 
crowded :  bracts  of  the  viscidly  lucid  involucre  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, abruptly  produced  into  a  spreading  setiform  tip  or  short 
awn,  or  the  much  shorter  outermost  ones  muticous. 

Collected  only  by  Dr.  Heermann,  somewhere  near  Tejon  Pass. 
In  the  absence  of  specimens  the  above  description  is  as  given  by 
Gray. 

6.  C.  nauseosus  (Pall.)  Britton,  in  Britt.  &  Br.,  111.  Fl.  iii.  326 
(1898).  Chrysocoma  nauseosa  Pall.,  in  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  517  (1814). 
Bigelovia  graveolens  albicaulis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  645 
(1873). 

Low  shrub  with  the  branches  densely  and  permanently  white- 
tomentose  and  the  leaves  loosely  white-tomentose  in  the  typical 
form:  leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear  (very  narrowly  linear  in  the 
typical  form),  entire,  strongly  1-nerved :  inflorescence  cymose: 
heads  5-flowered :  involucre  10  or  12  mm.  high ;  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute,  keeled  by  the  strong  nerve,  imbricated  in  indistinctly  ver- 
tical ranks :  corolla  with  rather  short  ovate  or  lanceolate  teeth, 
the  tube  arachnoid-pubescent :  style-appendages  subulate-filiform, 
longer  than  the  stigmatic  portion :  pappus  soft. 

Alberta  and  Washington,  south  to  Wyoming  and  Southern 
California.  As  here  drawn  the  description  includes  a  rare  plant 
of  the  San  Bernardino  Mts.  which,  while  certainly  unlike  the 
original  form,  cannot  now  be  satisfactorily  separated :  Straw- 
berry Peak,  Parish,  no.  1868;  Bear  Valley,  1896,  Davidson, 

Var.  occidentalis  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  Calif ornicus 
occidentalis  Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  112  (1895).  C.  occidentalis 
Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  369  (1897).  Bigelovia  graveolens  glabrata 
Hall,  Univ.  Calif.  Pub.  Botany,  i.  125  (1902)  ;  not  Gray.  Plant 
low  and  bushy :  stems  ascending  or  erect,  permanently  clothed 
with  a  close  white  tomentum :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute,  2  to  3 
cm.  long,  less  than  2  mm.  broad,  green  and  devoid  of  tomentum : 
inflorescence  tomentulose,  at  least  the  peduncles  and  small  outer 
involucral  bracts  very  minutely  glandular:  heads  in  rounded 
terminal  cymes,  5-flowered:  involucre  narrowly  turbinate,  10  or 
11  mm.  high;  bracts  about  4  in  each  vertical  rank,  thin-charta- 
ceous,  lanceolate,  acuminate  or  acute,  keeled  by  the  strong  mid- 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  61 

nerve :  corolla-teeth  lanceolate,  rather  long ;  throat  tapering 
gradually  to  the  tube  which  is  only  minutely  and  sparsely  pubes- 
cent: achenes  villous:  style-branches  subulate-filiform,  long- 
exserted. — Common  in  the  Transition  and  Canadian  zones,  1800 
to  3000  m.  alt. :  Little  Green  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  alti- 
tude 2200  m.,  Jul.,  1904,  George  R.  Hall,  no.  34;  Bluff  Lake,  San 
Bernardino  Mts.,  Grinnell,  no.  94;  Barton  Flats,  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  Mrs.  Wilder,  no.  597;  Round  Valley,  San  Jacinto  Mt. 
(where  abundant  on  hillsides),  Hall,  no.  341;  in  Kern  and  Santa 
Barbara  counties,  ace.  to  Greene.11  Jul.-Sept. 

Var.  graveolens  (Nutt.)  Piper,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  xi. 
559  (1906).  Chrysocoma  graveolens  Nutt.,  Gen.  ii.  136  (1818). 
Bigelovia  graveolens  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  644  (1873). 
RABBIT-BRUSH.  Robust  shrub,  commonly  1  to  3  m.  high :  branch- 
lets  white-tomentose  when  young,  commonly  glabrate  and  yel- 
lowish-green in  age :  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long,  linear  or  lanceolate- 
linear  to  almost  filiform,  flocculent-tomentose,  sometimes  glabrate 
and  green  in  age:  involucral  bracts  oblong  to  linear-lanceolate, 
obtuse  to  acute:  corolla-teeth  short;  tube  nearly  glabrous. — A 
common  shrub  in  the  arid  Upper  Sonoran  of  Western  North 
America :  abundant  in  Owens  Valley,  Inyo  Co.,  whence  it  extends 
southward,  but  less  plentifully,  across  Antelope  Valley  to  Eliza- 
beth Lake  and  through  So&dad  Carion  to  Saugus,  Los  Angeles 
Co. ;  also  on  sandy  plains  near  Colton,  San  Bernardino  Co., 
coming  perhaps  through  Cajon  Pass.  In  Owens  Valley  the 
Rabbit-brush  grows  in  the  Sagebrush  belt  and  completely  replaces 
that  shrub  if  the  land  is  cleared  and  then  allowed  to  lie  fallow. 
It  is  here  indicative  of  good  soil  without  excess  of  alkali,  the 
Rabbit-brush  lands  being  especially  suitable  for  such  crops  as 
alfalfa,  corn,  and  potatoes,  where  irrigation  can  be  practiced. 
Gray 's  statement  that  it  grows  in  * '  sterile  and  especially  alkaline 
soil ' '  is  therefore  misleading,  at  least  in  so  far  as  it  concerns  our 
California  plant. 

7.  C.  Parryi  (Gray)  Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  113  (1895).  Linosyris 
Parryi  Gray,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  for  1863,  p.  66.  Bigelovia  Parryi 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  642  (1873). 


11  Fl.  Fr.  369  (1*97). 


62  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Freely  branching  leafy  shrub,  6  dm.  or  less  high:  stems 
densely  white-tomentose,  the  foliage  very  minutely  glandular,  the 
involucres  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  linear,  acute,  2  to  5  cm.  long, 
2  or  3  mm.  wide,  1-nerved :  heads  few,  in  a  narrow  terminal  leafy 
raceme,  about  9-flowered:  involucre  narrowly  campanulate; 
bracts  about  12,  loosely  imbricated  in  very  indistinct  vertical 
ranks,  thin-chartaceous,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  the  principal  ones 
11  or  12  mm.  long,  several  of  the  outermost  ones  with  elongated 
green  tips  overtopping  the  proper  involucre  and  resembling  the 
uppermost  leaves:  throat  and  teeth  of  the  corolla  sparsely 
arachnoid-pubescent:  style-branches  filiform,  long-exserted : 
achenes  sericeous-pubescent. 

Mainly  of  the  Rocky  Mts.,  but  this  description  from  specimens 
gathered  at  2100  m.  altitude  in  the  arid  Transition  Zone  of 
Alamo  Mt.,  eastern  Ventura  Co.  (Hall,  no.  6701). 

16.  ISOCOMA  Nutt. 

Somewhat  woody  plants  with  elongated  rigid  stems  and  thick- 
ish  closely  sessile  leaves.  Herbage  never  resinous-punctate. 
Heads  rayless,  collected  into  glomerules  which  are  either  terminal 
on  short  lateral  branchlets  or  disposed  in  a  terminal  cymose 
cluster.  Involucral  bracts  coriaceous,  closely  imbricated,  the  tips 
herbaceous  but  appressed.  Flowers  permanently  yellow.  Corolla- 
tube  slender,  the  throat  ventricose  or  obliquely  dilated,  its  seg- 
ments erect  or  more  or  less  connivent  about  the  style.  Style- 
appendages  subulate-lanceolate  or  broader.  Achenes  longitudi- 
nally striate  or  ribbed,  silky-pubescent  or  hirsute.  Pappus  of 
numerous  sordid  bristles,  the  innermost  longest  and  often  dis- 
tinctly flattened. 

1.  I.  veneta  vernonioides  (Nutt.)  Jepson,  Fl.  W.  Mid.  Calif. 
560  (1901).  I.  vernonioides  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser. 
2.  vii.  320  (1841).  Bigelovia  Menziesii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad. 
viii.  638  (1873).  Isocoma  microdonta,  latifolia,  villosa,  sedoides, 
&  decumbens  Greene,  Leaflets  i.  171-2  (1906). 

Plant  4  to  12  dm.  high,  half-woody  at  the  branched  base 
above  which  the  stems  are  commonly  simple  up  to  the  cymose  or 
paniculate  inflorescence:  herbage  from  minutely  scabrous  to 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  63 

villous-arachnoid,  rarely  glabrous;  leaves  oblanceolate,  spatulate, 
01-  cuneate-oblong,  1  to  3  cm.  long  or  the  lower  twice  this  length 
and  the  numerous  fascicled  ones  much  shorter,  acutely  toothed  or 
the  upper  narrow  ones  often  entire :  involucre  narrowly  to 
broadly  turbinate,  7  or  8  mm.  high,  15  to  35-flowered ;  its  bracts 
with  distinct  green  tips,  commonly  granulose  on  the  back  and 
with  ciliate  or  erose  white  margins,  varying  from  obtuse  to  acute 
and  cuspidate  in  the  same  head,  sometimes  bearing  an  indistinct 
resinous  gland :  achenes  linear-turbinate. 

Common  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  west  of  the  mountains 
throughout  Southern  California.  Quite  variable  in  foliage,  in- 
florescence, and  involucre :  when  the  branches  are  very  leafy, 
villous-arachnoid,  and  branched  above,  it  is  7.  villosa  Greene 
( Santa  Monica,  Hall,  no.  3276,  etc. ) .  When  this  form  has  a  more 
compactly  cymose  inflorescence,  obtusish  bracts,  and  short  broad 
leaves,  it  is  /.  latifolia  Greene  (Santa  Cruz  and  Santa  Kosa  isl- 
ands, ace.  to  Greene;  San  Miguel  Island,  Greene;  San  Luis  Obis- 
po,  Mrs.  Summers,  no.  394;  etc.).  A  more  marked  form  is  /.  se- 
doides  Greene,  which  has  prostrate  stems,  obovate  succulent 
leaves,  a  nearly  glabrous  herbage,  and  crowded  heads  ( Santa  Cruz 
Island,  Greene),  yet  this  differs  from  7.  latifolia  only  in  pubes- 
cence and  habit;  and  specimens  gathered  at  San  Luis  Rey,  San 
Diego  Co.,  by  Mrs.  Brandegee  vary  from  almost  exact  duplicates 
of  Greene's  Santa  Cruz  specimens  (duplicate  types!)  to  good 
"latifolia."  Material  from  San  Clemente  Island,  Aug.  25,  1894, 
Brandegee,  has  the  smooth  succulent  herbage  of  sedoides  but 
the  leaves  are  narrow  and  inflorescence  various.  All  of  these 
are  of  course  mere  forms  due  to  varying  edaphic  conditions, 
proximity  of  salt  water,  winds,  etc. 

7.  decumbens  Greene  is  a  slender,  decumbent  form  with  nar- 
row, entire  or  toothed,  scattered  leaves  and  pedicellate  heads; 
the  type  was  from  clay  depressions  on  the  mesas  near  San  Diego, 
but  on  nearby  hillsides  it  is  replaced  by  a  form  exactly  its  coun- 
terpart except  that  the  stems  are  erect.  When  the  herbage  is 
scabrous  and  the  inflorescence  leafy,  we  have  7.  microdonta 
Greene.  Specimens  gathered  in  somewhat  saline  soil,  San  Ber- 
nardino Co.,  Oct.,  1887,  by  Parish,  although  plainly  of  var. 
vernonioides,  have  narrow  mostly  entire  leaves;  and  other  inter- 


64  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

mediates  connect  this  variety  directly  with  the  next.  One  of 
these  is  7.  oxyphylla  Greene  (near  San  Diego,  Palmer,  no.  134), 
which  has  thin,  narrow,  entire,  very  acute  leaves  and  large,  tur- 
binate  heads :  both  involucre  and  leaves  are  slightly  pubescent  in 
Palmer's  no.  134  as  represented  by  a  specimen  in  the  Brandegee 
Herbarium,  and  the  corolla-limb  is  not  "remarkably  short"  as 
described  by  Greene.  Mission  Valley,  near  San  Diego,  1883, 
Cleveland,  is  the  same,  but  with  many  of  the  leaves  remotely 
toothed. 

Var.  acradenia  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Bigelovia  acradenia 
Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  x.  126  (1883).  Isocoma  acradenia 
Greene,  Eryth.  ii.  Ill  (1894).  7.  bracteosa,  leucanthemifolia,  & 
eremophila  Greene,  Leaflets  i.  170-171  (1906).  Herbage  very 
light-colored,  often  glabrous ;  the  bark  of  the  stems  becoming 
white  and  shining :  leaves  entire  or  toothed,  the  fascicled  ones  not 
numerous :  inflorescence  commonly  a  loose  panicle  of  close  few- 
headed  cymes. — A  form  of  the  arid  Lower  Sonoran  Zone :  Ante- 
lope Valley,  Mohave  Desert,  Davy,  no.  2949 ;  common  on  the 
Colorado  Desert ;  Upper  San  Joaquin  Valley.  The  common  form 
of  this  variety  has  entire  leaves  and  glabrous  herbage.  When 
the  herbage  is  hispidulous  and  the  inflorescence  marked  with 
small  bract-like  leaves,  it  is  7.  bracteosa  Greene  (Tulare  Co.,  ace. 
to  Greene;  Bakersfield,  Davy,  no.  1919,  probably).  When  the 
leaves  are  toothed  and  the  herbage  pubescent,  it  is  7.  leucanthemi- 
folia Greene  (desert  side  San  Jacinto  Mts.,  Vandeventer,  no.  11). 
When  this  form  loses  its  pubescence,  it  is  7.  eremophila  Greene 
(Colorado  Desert,  Wales,  no.  17). 

Endless  forms,  other  than  those  mentioned,  might  be  described 
from  the  abundant  material  at  hand,  but  they  could  be  charac- 
terized only  by  various  combinations  of  characters  well  known  to 
be  inconstant.  They  are  therefore  best  referred  to  one  or  the 
other  of  the  above  two  varieties. 

17.  HAZARDIA  Greene. 

Shrubs  of  suffrutescent  plants  with  brittle  ascending  stems. 
Herbage  tomentose,  or  glandular,  or  quite  glabrous,  never  resin- 
ous-punctate. Leaves  alternate,  coriaceous,  entire  to  spinulose- 
serrate.  Heads  chiefly  paniculate,  20  to  40-flowered,  turbinate 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  65 

or  broader,  arranged  in  spikes,  racemes,  or  panicles.  Involucral 
bracts  numerous,  closely  imbricated.  Rays  yellow,  changing  to 
purple,  or  wanting.  Disk-corollas  yellow,  changing  to  brownish- 
purple.  Style-appendages  very  slender,  almost  terete,  minutely 
pubescent  but  neither  comose  nor  with  a  bearded  tuft  at  sum- 
mit. Achenes  linear,  4  to  6-nerved.  Pappus  reddish. 

Herbage  white-tomentose :   tips  of  involucral  bracts  erect 1.  H.  cana. 

Herbage  green:  outer  involucral  bracts  with  spreading  or  recurved  tips  

2.  H.  squarrosa. 

1.  H.  cana  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  i.  29  (1887).    H.  detonsa  & 
serrata  Greene,   1.   c.     Diplostephium  canum   Gray,   Proc.   Am. 
Acad.  xi.  75    (1876).     Corethrogyne  cana  Greene,  Bull.   Calif. 
Acad.  i.  223  (1885). 

Large  shrub  ' '  of  rather  loose  habit ' ' :  herbage  densely  lanate- 
tomentose,  the  tomentum  sometimes  deciduous  from  the  foliage: 
leaves  obovate  to  oblanceolate,  the  larger  ones  sometimes  10  cm. 
long  by  3  cm.  wide,  entire  to  sharply  serrate :  inflorescence  panic- 
ulate: involucre  campanulate,  12  mm.  high;  bracts  erect,  the 
outer  ones  with  thick  tips :  rays  inconspicuous,  yellow,  turning 
to  purple  (sometimes  wanting?)  :  achenes  canescent,  prominently 
nerved. 

Guadalupe,  San  Clemente,  Santa  Cruz,  Santa  Rosa,  and  prob- 
ably other  of  the  coast  islands ;  often  in  rocky,  inaccessible  places. 
The  characters  originally  assigned  to  //.  detonsa  and  //.  serrata 
are  far  from  constant.  For  example,  specimens  from  the  type 
locality  of  H.  cana  exhibit  both  entire  and  sharply  serrate  leaves 
on  the  same  branchlet  (Guadalupe  Isl.,  Anthony,  no.  257)  ;  while 
the  persistence  of  tomentum  and  thickness  of  leaves  may  be  ex- 
pected to  vary  with  climatic  changes. 

2.  H.  squarrosa   (H.  &  A.)   Greene,  Eryth.  ii.  112   (1891). 
Haplopappus  squarrosus  H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  146  (1833). 

Suffruticose  at  base,  6  to  10  dm.  high,  the  erect  stems  some- 
what branching  and  leafy:  herbage  finely  pubescent  and  some- 
what glutinous:  leaves  oblanceolate  to  obovate,  obtuse  but  the 
strong  midrib  usually  ending  in  a  sharp  point,  somewhat  clasping 
at  the  closely  sessile  brse,  sharply  serrate :  heads  racemose  or 
paniculate,  often  2  or  3  together  in  a  close  cluster:  involucre  tur- 
binate,  10  to  12  mm.  high ;  bracts  imbricated  in  many  series,  the 


66  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VoL-  3 

acutish  tips  of  at  least  the  outer  ones  recurved  or  squarrose- 
spreading :  rays  none :  achenes  glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent. 

Occasional  in  the  chaparral  belt  (Upper  Sonoran  Zone),  west 
of  the  mountains,  from  San  Diego  and  San  Bernardino  north- 
ward to  Monterey;  also  on  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands.  Aug.- 
Nov.  Ace.  to  Mr.  Parish  the  vernal  leaves  are  5  cm.  long,  thin, 
deciduous  before  the  flowering  season,  leaving  the  stems  bare 
below:  later  leaves  (2  to  4  cm.  long)  coriaceous  and  glutinous  in 
plants  of  the  interior;  glutinous,  somewhat  pubescent,  and  less 
rigid  in  coast  plants. 

H.  OBTUSA  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  375  (1897).  Stouter  than  the  last 
preceding:  heads  in  almost  sessile  glomerules  along  the  stem  or 
simply  spicate :  involucre  over  12  mm.  high,  its  bracts  almost 
truncate  but  with  a  short  cusp :  achenes  glabrous. — Known  only 
from  San  Emigdio  Canon,  Kern  Co.,  but  to  be  expected  along  our 
northern  borders. 

H.  ORCUTTII  (Gray)  Greene,  Eryth.  ii.  112  (1894),  occurs  in 
Lower  California,  reaching  nearly  to  our  borders.  It  is  much 
like  H.  squarrosa  in  habit  and  involucres  but  is  nearly  glabrous, 
has  entire  acute  punctate  leaves,  and  short  yellow  rays. 

H.  BERBERIDIS  (Gray)  Greene,  1.  c.,  likewise  occurs  just  over 
our  southern  border.  It  has  oval  obtuse  spinulose  leaves,  half- 
clasping  at  base,  obtuse  involucral  bracts,  and  numerous  showy 
rays  6  to  12  mm.  long. 

18.  LESSINGIA  Cham. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  alternate  leaves,  branching  stems,  and 
commonly  scattered  heads  of  yellow,  purplish,  or  white  flowers. 
Heads  rather  small,  campanulate  to  turbinate,  5  to  25-flowered. 
Involucral  bracts  mostly  with  distinct  green  tips,  imbricated  in 
several  appressed  ranks.  Receptacle  flat,  alveolate.  Flowers 
perfect.  Corollas  with  linear  lobes,  either  all  regular  or  some  of 
the  outer  ones  enlarged  and  more  deeply  cleft  on  the  inner  side, 
the  ligule-like  limb  irregularly  5-lobed.  Style-branches  tipped 
with  a  very  short  obtuse  appendage  which  bears  a  more  or  less 
conspicuous  cusp  or  subulate  prolongation  among  apical  bristles. 
Achenes  all  fertile,  turbinate  or  cuneate,  more  or  less  flattened, 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  67 

silky-villous.     Pappus  commonly  of  numerous  unequal  scabrous 
bristles,  usually  turning  reddish-brown. 

Lessingia  finds  its  nearest  relative  in  Corethrogyne,  which  it 
closely  resembles  in  habit  and  technical  characters  of  the  invo- 
lucre, anther-tips,  and  style-appendages.  And  this  is  true,  not- 
withstanding the  fact  that  Corethrogyne  belongs  to  the  Hetero- 
chromeae  while  Lessingia  is  classed  with  the  Homochromeae ;  for 
in  the  recently  discovered  L.  heterochroma  we  have  a  Lessingia 
in  which  the  color  of  the  ray-corollas  is  strikingly  different  from 
that  of  the  disk-flowers,  thus  tending  to  break  down  the  distinc- 
tion between  these  subtribes. 

Outer  corollas  enlarged  and  irregularly  cleft. 

Stems  branching  from  the  base:   outer  flowers  pink  

1.    L.    heterochroma. 

Stems  erect,  branching  only  above  the  base:  flowers  all  yellow  

2.   L.   glandulifera. 

Corollas  all  regular  (or  nearly  so)  and  alike,  yellow:  var.  tennis  of  

3.   L.   ramulosa. 

(See  also  extra-iimital  species,  p.  69.) 

1.  L.  heterochroma  Hall,  sp.  nov. 

Koot  annual :  stem  much  branched  from  the  base,  the  branches 
decumbent  and  .5  to  2  dm.  long:  herbage  white  with  a  dense 
tomentum  deciduous  at  time  of  flowering  only  from  the  branch- 
lets,  which  are  then  minutely  but  densely  glandular;  no  tack- 
shaped  glands  on  leaves  or  involucre:  basal  leaves  numerous, 
mostly  entire,  rarely  with  an  obscure  lobe,  spatulate,  obtuse,  1  to 
2  cm.  long;  rameal  leaves  scattered,  entire,  spatulate-oblong  to 
linear,  obtuse,  .5  to  1.5  cm.  long:  involucre  hemispheric,  5  mm. 
high,  18  to  22-flowered;  outer  bracts  white  with  persistent  wool, 
loose,  mostly  obtuse;  inner  bracts  purple,  granular,  erect  or  ap- 
pressed,  imbricated,  acute :  flowers  of  two  sorts,  the  2  or  3  outer 
series  with  pink  corollas  more  deeply  cleft  on  the  inner  side,  thus 
forming  an  irregularly  5-lobed  ligule;  inner  corollas  yellow, 
regular:  style-branches  obtuse,  short-bristly,  the  apical  prolonga- 
tion minute  or  obscure :  achenes  compressed,  canescent  with  long 
hairs:  pappus-bristles  about  20,  slightly  longer  than  the  disk- 
corollas,  dull  white  to  fuscous. 

Dry  soil  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  Lockwood  Valley,  Mt. 
Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  California,  Jim.  28,  1905,  Hall,  no.  6440 


68  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

(type)  ;  Cuddy  Valley,  in  the  same  district,  Hall,  no.  6315.  Much 
like  L.  Germanorum  Cham.,  of  the  seaboard,  but  differing  in  its 
more  persistent  tomentum,  entire  leaves,  glandular  peduncles, 
and  pink  marginal  corollas.  Also  near  L.  Lemmoni  Gray,  of 
Arizona  and  eastern  California,  from  which  it  is  distinguished 
by  the  color  of  the  flowers  and  the  shape  of  the  style-branches. 

2.  L.  glandulifera  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  207  (1882). 
Stem  erect,  stoutish,  paniculately  much  branched  above  the 

base,  the  whole  plant  1.5  to  10  dm.  high :  lower  part  of  stem  and 
lower  leaves  permanently  white-tomentose ;  upper  leaves  and  in- 
volucral  bracts  green,  bearing  few  to  numerous  yellow  tack- 
shaped  glands  on  their  margins :  lower  leaves  ovate  to  oblanceo- 
late,  toothed  or  cleft ;  those  of  the  branchlets  numerous  or  even 
crowded,  lanceolate  or  linear,  minute:  involucre  about  5  mm. 
high,  turbinate,  18  to  38-flowered :  flowers  all  yellow ;  marginal 
corollas  or  some  of  them  enlarged,  more  deeply  cleft  on  the  inner 
side  and  simulating  a  palmately-lobed  ligule :  achenes  flattened, 
2  or  3-nerved :  ray-pappus  shorter  than  corolla ;  disk-pappus  as 
long  as  corolla,  fuscous,  of  about  35  bristles. 

Lower  to  middle  California :  common  on  plains  of  the  Upper 
Sonoran  Zone,  where  the  plants  are  conspicuously  glandular  and 
heavy-scented;  less  plentiful  in  the  lower  part  of  the  pine  belt 
(Transition  Zone)  in  the  mountains  (San  Jacinto  Mts.,  Hall,  no. 
2626;  and  Grant,  no.  687),  where  the  glands  are  minute  or  quite 
obsolete  and  the  odor  wanting. 

3.  L.  ramulosa  tennis  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  307  (1876)  ;  Syn. 
PLi.  pt.  2,  162  (1884). 

Stems  slender,  erect  but  diffuse,  the  glabrate  branches  mi- 
nutely granulose :  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  narrowed  at  base,  den- 
ticulate or  entire,  woolly  when  young,  the  upper  much  reduced 
and  entire,  some  of  them  clasping:  involucre  very  narrow,  5  to 
15-flowered;  bracts  granular,  rarely  bearing  a  few  tack-shaped 
glands:  flowers  purple,  all  regular  or  nearly  so  and  alike:  style- 
appendages  with  minute  setiform  tip :  achenes  scarcely  flattened, 
4  or  5-nerved. 

Ace.  to  Gray  this  variety  was  gathered  by  Rothrock  at  1550 
in.  alt.,  "head  of  Peru  Creek,"  by  which  is  probably  meant  Piru 
Creek,  a  stream  of  northeastern  Ventura  County. 


1907]  Hall, — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  69 

L.  GERMANORUM  Cham,  grows  near  the  coast  of  San  Luis 
Obispo  Co.  and  may  be  expected  further  southward.  It  is  a  low- 
branching  species,  destitute  of  glands,  with  yellow  flowers,  the 
outermost  of  which  have  irregularly  cleft  corollas. 

L.  ALBIFLORA  Eastwood,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxxii.  217  (1905), 
comes  from  Rose  Station,  Kern  Co.  Its  sharp-pointed  leaves, 
numerous  glands,  and  white  flowers  should  distinguish  it  if  found 
within  our  borders. 

L.  LEMMONI  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxi.  412  (1886),  first  de- 
scribed from  Arizona  specimens,  has  been  collected  at  Indian 
Wells,  Kern  Co.,  by  M.  A.  Knapp,  also  by  Hall  &  Chandler,  no. 
7373,  and  at  Little  Owens  Lake,  Inyo  Co.,  by  Purpus,  no.  3055, 
both  localities  being  in  the  Desert  Area  just  north  of  our  borders. 
It  has  a  lower  habit  than  L.  glandulifera,  the  numerous  branches 
low  and  spreading,  but  can  scarcely  be  distinguished  from  that 
species  except  by  the  style-branches,  which  are  prolonged  into 
conspicuous  subulate  tips. 

19.  CORETHROGYNE  Nutt. 

Perennial  herbs,  some  suffrutescent  at  base,  resembling  Aster 
and  flowering  mostly  in  summer  and  autumn.  Herbage  whitened 
when  young  with  a  cottony  tomentum,  which  is  often  deciduous 
in  age.  Heads  solitary,  or  cymose,  or  paniculate.  Involucre 
hemispheric  to  turbinate,  the  bracts  with  green  or  herbaceous  tips. 
Rays  violet-blue  or  purple;  disk  yellow.  Anthers  tipped  with 
subulate  appendages.  Style-appendages  flat,  truncate,  comose  or 
with  a  bearded  tuft  at  summit.  Achenes  pubescent,  those  of  the 
ray  sterile.  Disk-pappus  reddish-brown,  of  rigid  capillary  bris- 
tles ;  ray-pappus  reduced  or  wanting. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  VAEIETIES  OF  C.  FILAGINIFOLIA. 

Tomentum  deciduous  from  thexinflorescence  at  time  of  flowering. 

Inflorescence  minutely  if  at  all  glandular:  typical C.  filaginifolia. 

Inflorescence  densely  glandular  and  viscid. 
Heads  small:  involucre  about  8  mm.  high. 

Stems  tall  and  slender:  heads  in  loose  panicles  or  racemes. 

Seacoast  form  with  numerous  heads var.   virgata. 

Interior  form  with  few  long-pedunculate  heads  

....var.  Bernardino,. 


70  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Stems  low  and  stout. 

Inflorescence  paniculate. 

Montane  form  with  erect  stems var.  rigida. 

Insular  form  with  depressed  or  ascending  stems 

var.   robusta. 

Inflorescence    virgate,   scarcely    branched,    foliaceous    with 

broad   leaves   var.  glomerata. 

Heads  large:  involucre  10  to  12  mm.  high var.  Pacified. 

Tomentum  persistent,  even  the  involucre  white  at  time  of  flowering. 

Leaves  broadly  oblong,  rigid var.  latifolia. 

Leaves  linear,  flaccid var.   linifolia. 

1.  C.  filaginifolia  (H.  &  A.)  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc. 
ser.  2,  vii.  290  (1841).  Aster f  filaginifolius  H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech. 
146  (1833). 

Slender,  erect,  5  to  10  dm.  high,  woody  below :  herbage  arach- 
noidly  tomentose,  the  tomentum  sometimes  deciduous,  the  inflores- 
cence then  glabrous  or  minutely  glandular :  leaves  oblong-spatu- 
late  or  oblanceolate ;  the  lower  ones  narrowed  to  a  petiole  and 
sparingly  serrate  toward  the  apex ;  the  upper  sessile  and  inclined 
to  be  entire;  those  of  the  inflorescence  reduced  to  bracts:  heads 
solitary  and  terminal  on  the  branchlets  or  more  numerous  and 
loosely  panicled:  involucre  campanulate  or  broadly  turbinate,  7 
or  8  mm.  high;  its  bracts  imbricated  in  4  or  5  series,  narrowly 
lanceolate,  erect :  rays  15  to  25,  violet. 

Near  the  coast  from  Monterey  southward,  the  typical  form 
rare  south  of  Santa  Barbara.  In  Monterey  Co.  the  specimens 
have  a  merely  granular  inflorescence;  proceeding  southward 
along  the  coast  we  find  forms  in  which  the  glandular  pubescence 
is  more  and  more  pronounced,  until  in  Southern  California  a 
majority  of  the  plants  have  viscid  stalked  glands  on  the  inflores- 
cence (var.  virgata).  In  the  type  specimens  (of  which  I  have 
seen  a  sketch)  the  solitary  heads  terminate  widely  spreading 
branchlets,  but  this  form  passes  directly  into  one  with  numerous 
paniculate  heads.  The  following  are  only  the  extreme  forms  of 
this  very  polymorphic  species. 

Var.  latifolia  Hall,  var.  nov.  Five  dm.  or  more  high;  the 
stems  stout,  woody  below:  herbage  densely  white-tomentose,  the 
tomentum  not  deciduous  even  from  the  involucres  at  time  of 
flowering:  lower  leaves  narrowed  to  the  base;  principal  cauline 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  71 

leaves  broadly  oblong  or  slightly  narrowed  to  the  closely  sessile 
base,  shallowly  toothed  at  the  very  obtuse  summit,  3  or  4  cm.  long, 
8  to  12  mm.  broad  :  inflorescence  paniculate,  with  numerous  bract- 
like  leaves:  involucre  turbinate,  8  or  9  mm.  high;  bracts  imbri- 
cated in  about  5  series,  their  tips  slightly  spreading:  rays  20  to 
25 :  style-appendages  flat,  obtuse,  tipped  with  a  brush-like  tuft  of 
bristles.— Oxnard,  Ventura  Co.,  Davy,  nos.  7815  (type),  7814, 
7813. 

Var.  virgata  (Benth.)  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  320  (1876).  C. 
virgata  Benth.,  Bot.  Sulph.  23  (1844).  Six  to  10  dm.  high,  the 
stems  slender :  tomentum  early  deciduous,  especially  above,  leav- 
ing the  herbage  green ;  inflorescence  viscid-glandular,  the  numer- 
ous glands  usually  short-stipitate :  heads  numerous,  in  a  diffuse 
panicle. — The  common  form  along  the  coast  from  western  San 
Diego  Co.  north  to  Monterey. 

Var.  Bernardina  (Abrams)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  virgata  Ber- 
nardina  Abrams,  Fl.  L.  A.  and  Vic.  401  (1904).  Commonly  6  to 
8  dm.  high;  the  stems  slender:  tomentum  deciduous  from  the 
involucres  and  uppermost  portion  of  the  peduncles,  the  exposed 
parts  then  glandular :  heads  few,  terminating  the  long  divaricate 
branches  of  a  very  loose  panicle  or  raceme. — The  common  form 
of  the  foothills  and  plains  back  from  the  seacoast,  especially  in 
the  San  Bernardino  Valley. 

Var.  linifolia  Hall,  var.  nov.  Herbaceous  throughout,  4  dm. 
or  less  high;  stems  numerous,  erect,  widely  branched  above,  the 
slender  branches  terminated  by  solitary  heads:  herbage  densely 
and  permanently  white-tomentose,  even  to  the  involucres :  leaves 
crowded  below,  more  scattered  above,  all  narrowly  linear,  2  to  5 
cm.  long,  mostly  1  mm.  (some  3  mm.)  broad;  not  at  all  rigid: 
involucre  broadly  turbinate,  8  or  9  mm.  high;  bracts  closely  im- 
bricated in  about  5  ranks,  the  tips  slightly  spreading :  rays  about 
20,  violet,  6  mm.  long. — About  one  kilometer  south  of  Del  Mar, 
San  Diego  Co.,  Aug.  5,  1906,  Mrs.  K.  Brandegee.  The  type  of  the 
variety  is  Univ.  Calif,  sheet  no.  73319.  The  specimens  grew  in 
hard  siliceous  soil  on  an  exposed  wind-swept  bluff  overlooking 
the  sea.  The  surrounded  vegetation  was  all  stunted  in  growth, 
and  this  variety  exhibits  in  its  narrow  often  revolute  leaves,  dense 
tomentum,  and  low  stature,  the  xerophytic  characters  to  be  ex- 


72  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

pected  in  such  situations.  It  is  to  be  noted,  however,  that  Mrs. 
Brandegee  also  gathered  near  this  same  station  specimens  with 
narrowly  lanceolate  leaves  up  to  6  mm.  in  breadth  and  stems  up 
to  7  dm.  in  height,  and  that  this  botanist  is  of  the  opinion  that 
gradations  into  the  var.  virgata  may  be  found  by  careful  search. 

Var.  rigida  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  170  (1884).  C.  incana 
var.?  Benth.,  PI.  Hartweg.  316  (1849).  C.  rigida  Heller,  Muhl- 
enbergia  ii.  256  (1906).  Stout  and  rigid,  from  a  woody  base, 
commonly  less  than  5  dm.  high :  tomentum  dense,  only  tardily 
deciduous,  the  whole  inflorescence  then  glandular  and  viscid: 
leaves  spatulate-lanceolate  to  oval  or  obovate :  heads  in  an  open 
panicle :  involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  with  distinct  green 
tips. — In  dry  soil  in  the  mountains  from  San  Jacinto  Mt.  (Hall, 
No.  2530)  to  the  Sierras  of  Tulare  Co.  (Mrs.  Brandegee). 

Var.  robusta  Greene,  Pitt.  i.  89  (1887).  "  Suff rutescent  and 
low,  the  thick  somewhat  depressed  or  ascending  branches  only  a 
foot  [3  dm.]  high:  panicle  green  and  glandular- viscid,  other  parts 
whitish  with  an  appressed  tomentum."- — San  Miguel  Island, 
among  high  rocks,  and  also  on  the  top  of  Prince's  Island,  both 
ace.  to  Greene. 

Var.  glomerata  Hall,  var.  nov.  Plant  somewhat  woody  at 
base,  about  3  dm.  high,  the  stout  stems  erect  and  very  rigid :  herb- 
age clothed  with  a  dense  white  wool  which  is  tardily  or  not  at  all 
deciduous  except  from  the  involucres,  which  are  glandular- 
viscidulous:  leaves  numerous,  appressed,  oblong  to  obovate, 
entire,  all  but  the  lower  ones  sessile  by  a  broad  (sometimes  clasp- 
ing) base,  the  larger  ones  4  cm.  long  by  1.5  cm.  wide :  inflores- 
cence virgate,  the  heads  appearing  singly  or  2  to  4  together  in 
the  axils  of  the  upper  scarcely  reduced  leaves  along  the  simple 
erect  stems :  involucre  turbinate,  8  or  9  mm.  high ;  its  bracts  close- 
ly imbricated  in  about  4  series,  the  slender  tips  green  and  spread- 
ing or  recurved:  rays  about  15,  violet,  about  8  mm.  long:  style- 
appendages  with  a  rather  conspicuous  tuft  of  bristles. — Oak  Glen, 
Yucaipe  Ranch,  near  Redlands,  at  1500  m.  alt.,  Nov.,  1903,  Rev. 
Geo.  Robertson,  no.  117.  -The  same  botanist  has  gathered  a  very 
similar  form  at  Forest  Home,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  but  this  has 
some  of  the  glomerules  on  distinct  lateral  shoots.  Specimens  col- 
lected at  Tehachapi,  Kern  Co.,  by  Miss  Alice  Eastwood,  Sept.  29, 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  73 

1894,  are  similar  except  that  the  inflorescence  is  less  leafy  and  the 
glomerules  of  somewhat  smaller  sessile  heads  are  sometimes  on 
peduncles  1  cm.  long.  The  variety  as  described  is  much  like  var. 
rigida  save  in  the  inflorescence  and  upper  leaves. 

Var.  Pacifica  Hall,  var.  nov.  Plant  stout,  erect,  6  dm.  or 
more  high :  tomentum  floccose,  deciduous  from  the  branchlets  and 
involucres  at  time  of  flowering,  the  inflorescence  then  conspicu- 
ously glandular  and  viscid:  cauline  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acute,  entire  or  few-toothed,  mostly  3  to  5  cm.  long  and  8  mm.  or 
less  broad :  heads  large,  numerous,  in  an  open  panicle :  involucre 
hemispheric,  10  to  12  mm.  high :  bracts  imbricated,  linear,  acumi- 
nate, greenish  except  at  the  chartaceous  and  strongly  nerved  base 
but  without  distinct  green  tips :  rays  about  30,  violet  or  purple : 
pappus  varying  from  nearly  white  to  purplish  brown. — Pacific 
Beach,  near  San  Diego,  summer  of  1899,  Purpus.  The  type  of 
the  variety  is  Univ.  Calif,  sheet  no.  31267.  It  was  gathered  on 
slopes  just  back  from  the  beach  and  grew  in  rich,  loose  soil  along 
a  railroad  embankment.  Exactly  the  same  form,  except  for  the 
more  distinctly  green-tipped  involucral  bracts,  has  been  collected 
by  Mrs.  Brandegee  in  a  similar  situation  near  Del  Mar,  Aug.  5, 
1906. 

20.  PSILACTIS  Gray. 

Ours  a  leafy-stemmed  desert  annual.  Heads  rather  small, 
solitary  or  loosely  racemose,  heterogamous.  Involucre  hemis- 
pheric; its  bracts  unequal,  closely  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series. 
Ray-flowers  pistillate,  often  infertile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fer- 
ti]?.  Achenes  compressed,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  ray-flowers 
none  or  an  obscure  ring,  of  disk-flowers  a  row  of  slender  bristles. 

1.  P.  Coulter!  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  71  (1849). 

Loosely  branched  throughout,  2  or  3  dm.  high :  herbage  rough- 
pubescent  and  glandular  (varying  to  glabrous,  ace.  to  Gray)  : 
leaves  lanceolate  or  narrowly  oblong  (the  lower  tapering  to  a 
petiole,  the  upper  closely  sessile  and  appressed),  coarsely  and 
sharply  toothed  or  pinnatifid,  1  to  3  cm.  long,  2  to  6  mm.  broad, 
those  of  the  branchlets  much  reduced  and  rarely  entire :  involucre 
about  4  mm.  high;  bracts  oblong,  very  acute,  green  and  herba- 


74  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL-  3 

ceous  save  at  the  white-scarious  base:  rays  25  to  35  (60  to  80, 
ace.  to  Gray),  lavender,  about  5  mm.  long:  disk-flowers  yellow: 
achenes  1'near ;  those  of  the  disk  with  20  to  40  unequal  pappus- 
bristles. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone :  Warm  Springs,  near  Newberry,  Mohave 
Desert,  Parish,  no.  1252 ;  sand  hills  near  Hector  and  near  Bars- 
tow,  in  the  same  district,  Hall,  nos.  6118,  6833 ;  southern  Arizona 
and  adjacent  Mexico. 

21.  MONOPTILON  T.  &  G. 

Depressed  desert  annuals  with  short  radiating  or  ascending 
branches  and  upturned  heads  of  daisy-like  flowers.  Involucre 
campanulate,  of  equal  linear  bracts.  Keceptacle  naked,  flat. 
Rays  conspicuous,  normally  white  but  often  tinged  with  rose. 
Disk  yellow.  Achenes  narrowly  obovate,  compressed,  nerved 
along  the  margins,  pubescent  with  emarginate  hairs.  Pappus 
alike  in  ray  and  disk. 

As  here  treated,  Monoptilon  consists  of  but  two  species  here- 
tofore considered  as  constituting  two  distinct  genera,  mainly 
because  of  a  difference  in  their  pappus  characters.  But  these 
characters  are  more  variable  than  was  formerly  supposed,  the 
only  constant  differences  being  a  minute  coroniform  toothed 
pappus  with  a  single  plumose  awn,  in  the  one  case,  and  a  palea- 
ceous pappus  with  1  to  12  scabrous  awns,  in  the  other.  The  disk- 
flowers  are  also  more  conspicuously  villous  in  the  first  species 
than  in  the  second.  But  in  all  other  characters,  in  general  aspect, 
and  in  distribution,  the  two  are  very  similar,  and  may  therefore 
be  received  into  a  single  genus. 

Pappus-awn  solitary,  short-plumose 1.  M.  bellidiforme. 

Pappus-awns  1  to  12,  not  plumose,  alternating  with  paleae  

2.  M.  bellioides. 

1.  M.  bellidiforme  T.  &  G.,  Journ.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  v. 
106,  t.  13  (1847). 

Stem  much  branched,  the  branches  commonly  spreading  and 
seldom  over  5  cm.  long:  herbage  villous-hirsute :  leaves  spatulate 
or  linear-spatulate,  5  to  20  mm.  long,  alternate:  involucre  5  mm. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  75 

high:  rays  numerous,  the  obovate  or  oblong  ligule  about  5  mm. 
long:  corolla-tube  in  both  ray  and  disk-flowers  sparsely  long- 
villous  with  jointed  hairs;  pappus  a  minute  barely  denticulate 
crown  and  a  single  setiform  awn  which  is  short-plumose  toward 
the  tip. 

On  dry  plains. within  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Mohave 
Desert  (Hesperia,  Warren's  Well,  Rabbit  Springs,  Cushenberry 
Springs,  Kramer,  Yucca),  east  to  Utah;  much  less  common  than 
no.  2. 

2.  M.  bellioides  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Eremiastrum  bel- 
lioides  Gray,  PL  Thurb.  321  (1854)  ;  Torr.  Pacif.  R.  Rept.  v.  361, 
t.  6  (1857).  E.  Orcuttii  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxv.  132  (1890). 
E.  bellioides  Orcuttii  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  125 
(1893).  DESERT  ASTER. 

Characters  the  same  as  for  E.  bellidiforme  except  as  follows: 
ray-corollas  with  sparsely  villous  tube ;  disk-corollas  with  either 
glabrous  or  very  sparsely  pubescent  tube:  pappus  of  3  to  12 
oblong  or  cuneate  more  or  less  setose-pinnatifid  paleae  and  1  to 
12  slender  nonplumose  bristles. 

Very  common  in  sandy  soil,  springing  up  after  the  rains, 
throughout  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Desert  Area,  from 
our  southern  boundary  to  Inyo  Co. ;  east  into  Arizona,  Utah,  etc. 

The  type  of  this  species  was  gathered  by  George  Thurber  in 
southeastern  Imperial  Co.,  from  which  district  also  came  the 
type  of  Dr.  Watson's  Eremiastrum  Orcuttii.  This  latter  species 
was  distinguished  from  E.  bellioides  by  the  pappus  of  5  paleae 
alternating  with  as  many  bristles  twice  as  long.  Dr.  Coville  has 
already  pointed  out  (1.  c.)  the  intergradation  between  thse  forms, 
especially  as  regards  the  number  of  pappus-bristles,  and  recent 
collections  indicate  that  the  number  of  paleae  are  also  variable. 
In  specimens  from  the  east  base  of  San  Jacinto  Mt.,  Hall,  no. 
1836,  the  awns  and  paleae  are  8  each.  In  plants  from  Rhyolite, 
Nevada,  Slwcldey,  no.  62,  the  pappus  consists  almost  uniformly 
of  3  lacerate  paleae  and  1  bristle ;  rarely  a  second  shorter  bristle 
arises  from  the  margin  of  a  palea. 


76  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL- 


22.  ASTER  L.  ASTER. 

Late-aestival  or  autumnal  herbs  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  alter- 
nate leaves  and  commonly  showy  heads.  Inflorescence  various. 
Heads  heterogamous  with  usually  fertile  ray-flowers,  or  homo- 
gamous  through  the  deficiency  of  rays.  Involucre  turbinate  or 
campanulate  to  hemispheric,  the  bracts  imbricated  in  several 
ranks.  Disk-corollas  yellow,  changing  to  purple  or  brown,  tubu- 
lar, the  limb  shortly  5-toothed.  Receptacle  plane  or  convex, 
pitted.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  appendages  subulate  or 
lanceolate  and  acute.  Achenes  compressed.  Pappus  copious,  of 
simple  capillary  bristles. 

A.— Perennials:  tips  of  involucral  bracts  erect:  herbage  pubescent  except 
in  nos.  2,  12,  13,  and  14. 

Pappus  of  coarse  rigid  bristles:  desert  species  with  woody  stems  and  large 
solitary  heads. 

Leaves   acuminate:    peduncles  elongated 1.  A.   tortifolius. 

Leaves  obtuse:   peduncles  short 2.  A.   Orcuttii. 

Pappus  fine  and  soft. 

Eays  conspicuous:  stems  herbaceous. 

Stems  leafy   (leaves  early  deciduous  in  no.  5)  :  polycephalous  except 

in  forms  of  no.  11. 
Involucral  bracts  with  broad  green  tips,  closely  imbricated. 

Inflorescence  distinctly  cymose:  insular  species  with  coriaceous 

leaves 3.  A.  radulinus. 

Inflorescence  .racemose  or  paniculate. 

Plants  over  35  cm.  high:  foothills  and  valleys. 

Herbage  rough-pubescent   or  almost  glabrous:    inflores- 
cence mostly  condensed:   leaves  rigid  

4.  A.  Menziesii. 

Herbage  soft-pubescent  or  glabrous :  inflorescence  mostly 

rather  loose. 
Eameal  leaves  linear,  6  mm.  or  less  wide. 

Inflorescence  with  minute  rigid  bracts    (these   5 

mm.  long) 5.  A.  defoliatus. 

Inflorescence  leafy-bracteate  ...6.  A.  Bernardinus. 

Eameal  leaves  lanceolate,  mostly  8  to  20  mm.  wide 

7.   A.   CMlensis. 

Plant  15  to  30  cm.  high:   mountains  above  1200  m. :   var. 
Parishii  of....  ....10.  A.  Fremonti. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  11 

Involucral  bracts  narrowed  above  to  a  point,  not  closely  imbri- 
cated. 
Principal  leaves  broadly  lanceolate  or  wider:  plant  4  to  7  dm. 

high:    foothill    canons 8.  A.   Greatai. 

Principal  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate  to  linear. 

Plant  6  to  20  dm.  high:  heads  numerous  ...9.   A.   hesperius. 
Plants   1.5   to   6   dm.   high:    heads   rather   few:    mountains 
above  1200  m. 

Leaves  not  sheathing:   var.  Parishii  of 

10.    A.    Fremonti. 

Lower  leaves  sheathing  the  stem,  elongated 

11.  A.  delectabilis. 

Stems  leafless  except  at  base,  monocephalous :   high-mountain  species 
12.  A.  Andersonii. 

Kays  small  and  white  or  none :  desert  species  with  rush-like  nearly  leafless 
stems  (often  woody  at  base). 

Achenes  sericeous-pubescent:  rays  none 13.  A.  carnosus. 

Achenes  glabrous:  rays  white,  3  mm.  long 14.  A.  spinosus. 

B.— Annuals    and   biennials:    tips    of   involucral    bracts    erect:    herbage 
glabrous  except  in  no.  16. 

Leaves  entire  or  merely  toothed 15.  A.  exilis. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted  or  cleft 16.  A.  tanacetifolius. 

C.— Biennial  or  perennial:  at  least  the  outer  involucral  bracts  with  subu- 
late recurved  tips:  herbage  pubescent. 

Branching  plant  with  showy  heads  in  terminal  cymes  or  panicles  

....17.    A.    canescens. 


1.  A.  tortifolius  (T.  &  G.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  353 
(1868)  ;  not  A.  tortifolius  Michx.,  Fl.  ii.  109  (1803)  which  is  now 
Sericocarpus  tortifolius.  Haplopappus  tortifolius  T.  &  G.,  Journ. 
Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  109  (1845).  Aster  Mohavensis  Coville. 
Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  126  (1893)  ;  not  A.  Mohavensis 
Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  318  (1891).  Xylorhiza  torti folia  Greene.  Pitt, 
iii.  48  (1896).  MOHAVE  ASTER. 

Woody  at  base,  about  6  dm.  high ;  bark  white :  herbage  tomen- 
tose,  at  least  when  young:  leaves  linear  to  oblong,  attenuate  to  a 
sharp  point,  entire  to  incisely  pinnatifid,  the  teeth  or  lobes  com- 
monly pungent :  involucral  bracts  linear-attenuate,  imbricated  in 
2  or  3  unequal  series:  rays  about  40  to  60,  lavender:  achenes 
white-villous :  pappus  of  comparatively  few  rigid  bristles,  decid- 
uous in  a  ring. 


78  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Common  in  stony  soil  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  from  the 
northern  borders  of  the  Colorado  Desert  (Santa  Maria  Mts., 
Chuckawalla  Bench,  Cottonwood  Pass)  across  the  Mohave  to 
Owens  Valley,  Inyo  Co.,  and  the  Charleston  Mts.,  Nevada. 

2.  A.  Orcuttii  Vas.  &  Rose,  Bot.  Gaz.  xvi.  113,  t.  11  (1891). 
Xylorhiza  Orcuttii  Greene,  1.  c.  ORCUTT  ASTER. 

Suffruticose,  very  leafy  up  to  the  large  heads,  5  to  8  dm.  high ; 
bark  pearly-white :  herbage  glabrous :  leaves  obovate  to  oblong, 
2.5  (to  5?)  cm.  long,  spinulose-toothed,  obtuse  and  cuspidate  or 
acute,  the  lower  ones  cuneate  at  base,  the  upper  ones  sessile  by  a 
broad  base :  involucral  bracts  closely  imbricated,  linear-lanceolate, 
the  slender  green  tips  often  much  elongated,  usually  ciliate  on 
the  margins  below :  rays  2  cm.  long,  purple  or  *  *  lavender  to  deli- 
cate mauve  color ' ' :  achenes  white-villous. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Colorado  Desert :  Cariso  Creek 
wash,  Dec.  5,  1890,  Orcutt;  Borregos  Springs,  Apr.,  1895,  Bran- 
degee  (leaves  acute  and  bracts  ciliate)  ;  Shaver's  Well,  east  of 
Mecca,  Schellenger,  no.  70  (bracts  glandular,  not  ciliate)  ;  hills 
just  north  of  Indio,  Hall  &  Greata,  no.  5994;  Split  Mt.,  Apr., 
1905,  Brandegee.  Very  common  at  Cariso  Creek,  ace.  to  Orcutt. 

3.  A.  radulinus  Gray,  Proc.    Am.    Acad.    viii.    388    (1872). 
BROAD-LEAVED  ASTER. 

Root  perennial :  stems  .7  to  5  dm.  high,  branching  above  into 
a  broad  open  cyme:  herbage  scabrous-pubescent:  leaves  oval- 
obovate  to  oblong,  10  cm.  or  less  long,  sharply  serrate  above  the 
entire  (often  attenuate)  base:  involucre  turbinate,  6  to  8  mm. 
high;  bracts  imbricated,  the  outer  successively  shorter,  villous- 
puberulent,  abruptly  acutish  or  obtuse:  rays  5  to  10  mm.  long, 
whitish:  achenes  minutely  pubescent. 

Santa  Cruz  Island,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  ace.  to  Greene  ;12 
Monterey  Co.  to  Washington  and  Nevada. 

4.  A.  Menziesii  Lindl.,  in  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  ii.  12  (1834)  ; 
Torr.,  Wilkes  Exped.  xvii.  341,  t.  8  (1874).     PURPLE  ASTER. 

Five  to  8  dm.  high :  stems  commonly  several  from  the  woody 
root,  erect  and  rigid,  simple  or  with  a  few  virgate  branches  above, 
very  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence  but  commonly  naked  below  at 

12  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  401  (1887). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  79 

flowering  time :  herbage  scabrous  with  a  short  rigid  pubescence, 
the  stems  sometimes  almost  glabrous :  leaves  rigidly  erect  or 
ascending,  narowly  lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  broad  subcordate  base, 
acute,  remotely  serrate  or  entire,  the  larger  7  or  8  cm.  long  by  1 
cm.  wide :  inflorescence  commonly  a  close  raceme ;  the  rigid  erect 
peduncles  very  short,  clothed  with  small  linear  bracts :  involucre  6 
mm.  high,  its  bracts  with  obtuse  or  merely  acutish  tips :  rays 
"violet  or  purple,"  6  mm.  long.  (Plate  1.) 

Dry  ground  throughout  western  California;  not  common  in 
our  district:  Antelope  Valley,  1895,  Davidson;  Los  Angeles, 
Davidson;  Cuyamaca  Mts.,  San  Diego  Co.,  Oct.  15  and  16,  1894, 
Brandegee;  near  San  Diego,  W.  8.  Wright,  no.  74;  San  Diego 
Co.,  Mary  T.  Reynolds;  Witch  Creek,  San  Diego  Co.,  Alderson, 
no.  348 ;  Oxnard,  Davy,  no.  7808.  These  last  three  citations  are 
of  imperfect  and  doubtful  specimens. 

5.  A.  defoliatus  Parish,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxviii.  461   (1904). 
Slender  but  rigid,  about     1     m.     high,     divaricately     much 

branched  above,  leafless  when  mature  except  on  the  flowering 
branches:  herbage  minutely  pubescent  or  the  older  parts 
glabrous:  lower  leaves  not  known;  upper  cauline  leaves  narrow 
and  apparently  linear,  but  only  basal  fragments  seen;  leaves  of 
the  branchlets  linear,  acute,  rigid,  1  cm.  or  less  long,  less  than  1 
mm.  wide:  heads  solitary  or  2  to  4  together  terminating  the 
branchlets  the  lower  of  which  are  often  15  cm.  long  while  the 
upper  are  much  shortened;  the  whole  inflorescence  thus  appear- 
ing as  a  very  loose  panicle :  involucre  6  mm.  high,  its  bracts  with 
broad  scarious  margins  below:  "rays  about  40,  light  violet" 
(Parish)  :  style-appendages  lanceolate-acuminate. 

Known  only  from  the  original  collection;  in  a  meadow  at 
San  Bernardino,  Oct.  17,  1903,  Parish,  no.  5335. 

6.  A.  Bernardinus  Hall,  sp.  nov. 

Plant  4  to  8  dm.  high :  stems  several  from  a  perennial  base, 
erect,  densely  leafy  throughout  or  the  lower  leaves  deciduous: 
herbage  conspicuously  cinereous  with  a  dense  short  and  very  soft 
pubescence :  leaves  loosely  spreading  or  reflexed,  linear  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  3  to  5  cm.  long  by  3  to  5  (rarely  7)  mm.  wide,  those 
of  the  branchlets  much  smaller-  heads  in  short  or  elongated 


80  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  3 

simple  racemes  or  these  branching  to  form  an  elongated  panicle ; 
uppermost  heads  in  congested  clusters:  peduncles  v  commonly  2 
cm.  long)  with  linear  overlapping  bracts:  involucre  7  mm.  high; 
its  bracts  canescent,  closely  imbricated,  the  green  tips  obtuse :  rays 
30  to  35,  about  7  (6  to  10)  mm.  long,  deep  blue  (commonly 
brown  in  dried  specimens)  :  style-appendages  linear  to  lanceolate 
in  ray-flowers,  broadly  lanceolate  in  disk-flowers:  achenes  canes- 
cent  :  pappus  fine  and  soft,  sordid.  (Plate  2.) 

In  meadows,  vicinity  of  San  Bernardino,  California,  at  an 
altitude  of  300  m.,  Sept.  5,  1905,  8.  B.  Parish,  no.  5543;  same 
locality  and  collector,  Sept.,  1891 ;  also  Sept.  15,  1896,  no.  4198 ; 
Orange  Co.,  C.  W.  Hamlin,  no.  25;  Cienega,  near  Los  Angeles, 
Braunton,  no.  637;  near  Pomona,  Davy,  no.  2870.  The  type  is 
Univ.  Calif,  sheet  no.  72044  (Parish,  no.  5543). 

This  species  is  intermediate  between  A.  defoliatus  and  A. 
Chilensis.  It  differs  from  the  former  in  its  lower  stature,  more 
compact  and  leafy  inflorescence,  and  larger  heads;  from  the 
latter  in  its  more  numerous  and  narrower  leaves  and  bracts ;  and 
from  both  of  these  species  in  its  dense  cinereous  pubescence.  From 
A.  Menziesii,  with  which  it  has  been  confused,  it  may  be  dis- 
tinguished by  its  lax  foliage,  soft  pubescence,  etc.  Some  of  the 
specimens  collected  by  Parish  under  no.  5543  have  a  remarkably 
secund  inflorescence,  the  heads  all  on  short  horizontal  leafy- 
bracteate  branchlets  (these  2  or  3  cm.  long).  This  is  probably 
due  to  ecologic  causes,  the  plants  being  otherwise  typical. 

7.  A.  Chilensis  Nees,  ^st.  133  (1832).  A.  Chamissonis  Gray, 
Wilkes  Exped.  xvii.  341  (1874). 

Five  to  10  dm.  high,  with  loosely  spreading  branches  above : 
herbage  villous-pubescent  or  glabrate:  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile 
by  a  half-clasping  base,  10  cm.  or  less  long,  commonly  1  or  2  cm. 
wide,  the  upper  entire  and  passing  gradually  into  the  bract- 
like  ones  of  the  inflorescence,  the  oblong-spatulate  radical  ones 
remotely  serrate  and  attenuate  into  a  petiole,  all  commonly  with 
scabrous-ciliolate  margins:  involucre  6  to  8  mm.  high:  rays 
white,  lavender,  or  bluish,  8  to  12  mm.  long. 

Low  or  marshy  ground  of  western  California,  including  the 
islands;  rare  within  our  limits,  and  perhaps  not  occurring  south 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  81 

of  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  more  common  further  north :  Carpinteria, 
Hall,  no.  3166  (a  very  pubescent  form)  ;  Santa  Rosa  Island, 
Brandegee. 

8.  A.  Greatai  Parish,  Bull.  So.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  15  (1902). 
Plant  4  to  7  dm.  high,  with  erect  or  assurgent  slender  stems : 

herbage  nearly  glabrous  to  soft-pubescent  above :  leaves  ample, 
thin,  from  ovate  to  oblong  or  broadly  oblanceolate,  tapering  be- 
low to  a  broad  or  sometimes  half-clasping  base,  mostly  6  to  12 
cm.  long  by  2.5  to  4  cm.  broad,  acute,  remotely  serrate,  the  re- 
duced linear  upper  ones  entire:  heads  in. a  very  open  panicle: 
involucre  fully  7  mm.  high,  its  loosely  imbricated  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate  and  pubescent  at  least  on  the  margins :  rays  30  to  40, 
light  purple,  5  to  10  mm.  long :  style-appendages  linear-subulate : 
achenes  short-hirsute:  pappus  sordid. 

Apparently  confined  to  Upper  Sonoran  canons  of  the  San 
Gabriel  Mts.,  where,  however,  it  is  not  uncommon.  The  type 
was  collected  in  Eaton  Canon,  Sept.  30,  1900,  by  L.  A.  Greata. 

Very  close  to  A.  patulus  Lam.,  if  not  indeed  only  a  form  of 
that  eastern  species,  possibly  a  garden  escape.  But  the  general 
habit  and  leaves  are  somewhat  different  and  the  plants  are  not 
red-stemmed.  Also  related  to  A.  prenanthoides  Muhl.,  from 
which  it  is  distinguished  by  its  softer  pubescence,  which  is  not 
arranged  on  lines  on  the  stem  nor  scabrous  on  the  upper  surface 
of  the  leaves. 

9.  A.  hesperius  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  192  (1884).     A.  en- 
satus  Greene,  Pitt.  iv.  223  (1900).     A.  aestivus  Gray,  Bot.  Calif, 
i.  614  (1876)  ;  not  A.  aestivus  Ait. 

Stems  tall,  leafy  throughout,  coarsely  pubescent  in  lines 
above :  leaves  firm,  narrowly  lanceolate,  sessile  by  a  broad  base, 
acuminate  above,  perfectly  glabrous  except  for  the  minutely 
setose-ciliate  margins;  the  lower  1  dm.  or  more  long  by  about 
13  mm.  wide,  sharply  serrate;  the  upper  smaller  and  entire: 
heads  numerous,  in  an  open  panicle:  peduncles  clothed  with 
linear  overlapping  bracts :  involucre  6  mm.  high ;  its  linear 
ciliate  bracts  nearly  equal,  the  inner  with  green  tip  and  mid- 
nerve,  the  outer  similar  or  wholly  herbaceous:  rays  more  than 
30,  nearly  1  cm.  long,  purple. 


82  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  in  meadows  and  other  moist  places: 
near  San  Bernardino,  Oct.,  1895,  at  altitudes  of  305  to  450  m., 
Parish,  no.  3818  (type  number  of  A.  ensatus)  •  Julian,  San  Diego 
Co.,  at  an  altitude  of  1280  m.,  Dunn;  Falls  of  San  Diego  River. 
Brandegee ;  Cienega,  near  Los  Angeles,  ace.  to  Davidson. 

10.  A.  Fremont!  Parishii  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  192  (1884). 

Stems  slender,  sometimes  simple  and  ending  in  a  solitary 
head,  more  commonly  terminating  in  a  short  cymose  panicle,  the 
plant  seldom  over  3  dm.  high:  herbage  more  or  less  pubescent, 
especially  in  the  inflorescence:  radical  leaves  lanceolate  to  ob- 
ovate,  tapering  to  a  distinct  margined  petiole  which  is  widened 
at  base:  upper  leaves  linear  to  narrowly  oblong,  sessile,  4  to  8 
cm.  long:  involucre  5  to  8  mm.  high,  its  bracts  ciliolate,  other- 
wise glabrous  or  sparsely  pubescent :  rays  numerous,  about  6  mm. 
long,  blue  fading  to  violet. 

Occasional  in  meadows,  etc.  of  the  Transition  Zone,  San  Ber- 
nardino and  San  Jacinto  Mts. ;  San  Gabriel  Mts.,  according  to 
Davidson.  A.  adscendens  of  McClatchie's  list  is  probably  the 
same. 

The  involucral  bracts  vary  from  spatulate,  obtuse,  and 
closely  imbricated  to  linear  or  oblong,  acute,  and  nearly  equal 
in  length.  Both  forms  of  involucre  occur  on  different  plants 
from  a  single  locality  as  also  do  intermediate  forms. 

11.     A.  delectabilis  Hall,  sp.  nov. 

Plant  15  to  40  cm.  high,  with  slender  perennial  rootstocks: 
stems  slender,  erect,  simple  up  to  the  inflorescence,  reddish- 
tinged,  glabrous  below,  minutely  pubescent  above  with  soft 
white  hairs,  leafy  throughout :  leaves  thin,  entire  or  rarely  with 
a  few  obscure  teeth,  glabrous  except  on  the  margins  which  are 
minutely  ciliate-scabrous,  especially  below ;  basal  leaves  narrowly 
oblanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute  at  apex,  tapering  below  to  a  petiole- 
like  portion  the  closely  sessile  base  of  which  is  somewhat  ex- 
panded and  sheathing,  entire  leaf  12  to  24  cm.  long,  15  to  18  mm. 
wide;  upper  leaves  similar  but  narrower  and  always  acute,  the 
basal  portion  less  sheathing:  peduncles  short,  their  small  bracts 
acuminate  from  a  broad  base :  heads  commonly  only  one  or  two : 
involucre  8  to  10  mm.  high,  about  15  mm.  broad,  either  sub- 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  83 

tended  by  a  few  linear  bracts  or  naked ;  involucral  bracts  linear, 
acute,  loosely  imbricated  in  about  3  series,  strongly  ciliate  but 
otherwise  glabrous,  green  and  herbaceous  throughout  except  for 
a  very  narrow  white  or  reddish  margin :  rays  25  to  35,  10  to  15 
mm.  long,  2  mm.  broad:  achenes  strigose-pubescent :  pappus 
tawny.  (Plate  3.) 

Open  marshy  meadow  at  an  altitude  of  1980  m.,  on  a  tributary 
of  Mill  Creek,  about  6  kilometers  northeast  of  Tyler's  Retreat, 
San  Bernardino  Mts.,  California,  Aug.  30,  1904,  Dr.  R.  J.  Smith, 
no.  76. 

The  collector  writes  as  follows :  ' '  As  I  remember  the  plants 
they  were  from  8  to  14  inches  high,  mostly  simple  with  a  single 
terminal  head,  but  others  had  4  or  5  heads.  They  grew  quite 
freely  in  this  one  locality  but  I  have  not  seen  them  elsewhere." 
This  species  is  apparently  related  to  both  A.  Fremonti  Gray  and 
A.  occidentalis  Nutt.  Further  collections  may  reveal  inter- 
mediate forms  connecting  it  to  one  of  them,  but  at  present  it 
may  be  distinguished  by  the  large  sheathing  lower  leaves  and 
the  larger  heads  with  longer  rays.  The  type  is  in  the  Herbarium 
of  the  University  of  California. 

12.  A.  Andersonii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  352   (1868). 
Erigeron  Andersonii  Gray,  I.e.  vi.  540  (1865).     Oreastrum  An- 
dersonii Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  147   (1896).     Oreostemma  Andersonii 
Greene,  Pitt.  iv.  224  (1900). 

Scapiform  stems  erect  or  assurgent,  2.5  dm.  or  less  high,  from 
a  thick  perennial  caudex:  herbage  glabrous  throughout  or  the 
young  parts  tomentulose:  radical  leaves  numerous,  grass-like, 
5  to  10  cm.  long,  3  to  5  mm.  broad,  acute,  entire,  nervose  when 
dry ;  leaves  of  the  scape-like  stems  few,  reduced  to  short  bracts  : 
involucre  9  mm.  high,  its  nearly  equal  bracts  oblong,  acute, 
scarious  or  reddish-margined:  rays  purple,  12  mm.  long:  style- 
appendages  filiform. 

Wet  meadows  of  Tahquitz  Valley,  San  Jacinto  Mt,  in  the 
Upper  Transition  Zone,  and  to  be  expected  in  the  San  Bernardino 
Mts.  Common  in  the  Sierra  Nevadas. 

13.  A.  carnosus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  202  (1884).     Lino- 
syrisf  carnosa  Gray,  PL  Wright,  ii.  80   (1853).     Bigelovia  in- 


84  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     tv°L-  3 

tricata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  208  (1882).    Leucosyris  car- 
nosa  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  384  (1897)  ;  Pitt.  iii.  243  (1897). 

A  rigidly  much  branched  shrub,  6  or  8  dm.  high,  with  slender 
pale  branches  and  inconspicuous  scale-like  leaves:  leaves  linear 
or  subulate,  entire,  mostly  .2  to  1  cm.  long,  the  lower  fleshy 
ones  sometimes  2  cm.  long :  heads  solitary,  terminating  geniculate 
or  widely  spreading  branchlets :  involucre  6  mm.  high ;  its  lanceo- 
late-acuminate imbricated  bracts  chartaceous,  with  a  greenish 
midrib :  rays  none :  style-branches  linear-subulate :  achenes  seri- 
ceous-pubescent. 

Restricted  chiefly  to  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Mohave 
Desert  and  Inyo  Co.,  not  common :  alkaline  meadow  near  Colton, 
Parish,  no.  2005;  Rabbit  Springs,  Parish,  no.  1453;  alkaline 
plains  of  Antelope  Valley;  etc. 

14.  A  spinosus  Benth.,  PL  Hartw.  20  (1839).  Leucosyris 
spinosa  Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  244  (1897).  MEXICAN  DEVIL-WEED. 

Slender,  reedy,  6  to  12  dm.  high  and  herbaceous  throughout 
(12  to  25  dm.  high  and  shrubby  in  the  Mexican  form),  brancn- 
ing  above,  the  ascending  branchlets  terminated  by  solitary  heads, 
or  ending  in  short  racemes :  herbage  light  green,  glabrous :  leaves 
few,  linear,  mostly  less  than  2  cm.  long  (basal  sometimes  5  cm.), 
often  with  spines  in  or  above  their  axils,  only  the  upper  subulate 
scale-like  ones  present  at  time  of  flowering:  involucral  bracts 
lanceolate,  acute,  sometimes  minutely  pubescent  or  ciliate,  brown 
or  greenish,  with  a  scarious  or  reddish  border :  rays  white,  drying 
brown,  3  mm.  long:  style-branches  triangular-subulate:  achenes 
glabrous. 

South  San  Diego,  Chandler,  no.  4013 ;  Tia  Juana  Valley,  San 
Diego  Co.,  Alderson,  no.  971;  Colorado  Desert,  Davy,  no.  8016, 
Schellenger,  no.  3,  etc. ;  thence  to  Texas  and  Central  America. 
According  to  Mr.  J.  E.  Roadhouse,  this  species  gives  promise  of 
becoming  a  very  troublesome  weed  in  Imperial  Valley,  Colorado 
Pesert.  He  observes  that  the  plants  become  9  to  12  dm.  high 
the  first  season  and  that  by  the  end  of  the  second  season  they 
have  thrown  out  numerous  rhizomes  2  m.  or  more  long.  The 
style-branches  in  Guatemalan  specimens  have  been  described  as 
very  short  and  obtuse.13  In  ours  the  tips  are  ovate  or  lanceolate 
and  acute. 


s  Coulter,  Bot.  Gaz.  xx.  46  (1895). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  85 

15.  A.  exilis  Ell.,  Sketch  ii.  344  (1824).     SLENDER  ASTER. 
A  slender  erect  annual,  3  to  10  or  12  dm.  high,  ending  above 

in  an  open  panicle:  herbage  glabrous:  leaves  glabrous,  6  to  12 
dm.  long  and  3  to  6  mm.  wide  (or  some  of  the  lower  ones 
oblanceolate  or  oblong  and  6  to  10  mm.  wide),  entire  or  rarely 
serrate,  those  of  the  inflorescence  lanceolate-subulate :  involucre  5 
or  6  mm.  high;  its  bracts  linear,  acute,  herbaceous,  scarious- 
margined :  rays  light-pinkish  or  purple,  3  mm.  long :  pappus  fine 
and  soft. 

A  common  weed  along  river-bottoms  and  in  waste  or  wet 
places  generally.  Aug.-Oct. 

16.  A.  tanacetifolius  HBK,  Nov.  Gen.  Sp.  iv.    95    (1820). 
Machaeranthera  tanacetifolia  Nees,  Ast.  225  (1832)  ;  Hook.,  Bot. 
Mag.  t.  4624  (1852). 

Erect,  2  to  4  dm.  high:  stem  leafy,  commonly  simple  below, 
cymosely  branched  above,  the  ultimate  branches  terminated  by 
solitary  showy  heads:  herbage  finely  pubescent:  leaves  1.5  to  3 
cm.  long,  oblong  in  outline,  pinnately  parted  into  few  linear 
widely  spreading  segments,  or  the  lowest  2  to  3-pinnately  parted, 
some  of  the  uppermost  varying  to  linear  and  entire :  involucre 
8  or  9  mm.  high;  bracts  linear-acuminate,  the  basal  portion  sca- 
rious,  the  viscid-pubescent  tips  green :  rays  bright  violet;  8  to 
10  mm.  long :  achenes  striate,  canescently  villous :  pappus-bristles 
rather  rigid. 

Providence  Mts.,  Cooper,  ace.  to  Gray:  thence  east  and  south. 

A.  PARVIFLORUS  Gray,  occurs  in  western  Arizona  and  may 
reach  our  borders.  It  is  not  so  tall  as  A.  tanacetifolius:  herbage 
glabrous  but  somewhat  viscid :  leaves  simply  pinnatifid,  2  cm.  or 
less  long ;  lobes  very  short :  involucral  bracts  linear-oblong,  with 
ovate  acute  green  tips:  rays  purple,  6  mm.  long:  achenes  seri- 
ceous :  pappus  soft,  rather  scant. 

17.  A.  canescens  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  547  (1814).     Machaeranthera 
Pinosa  Elmer,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxix.  49  (1905). 

Plant  3  to  5  dm.  high,  from  a  biennial  or  perennial  root :  herb- 
age minutely  pubescent  but  usually  green,  inflorescence  and  in- 
volucres glandular:  lower  leaves  spinose-dentate,  oblanceolate,  5 
cm.  or  less  long,  including  the  winged  petiole ;  the  upper  becom- 


86  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

ing  linear  and  entire :  heads  terminating  bracted  branches  of  the 
cymose  panicle :  involucre  1  cm.  high,  imbricated,  the  green  tips 
of  the  bracts  recurved  at  least  in  mature  heads :  receptacle  alveo- 
late, the  alveoli  toothed:  rays  few,  5  to  15  mm.  long,  bluish- 
purple,  rarely  wanting:  achenes  narrowed  below,  pubescent. 

In  the  San  Bernardino  Mts.  at  Barton  Flat,  Mrs.  Wilder,  no. 
603,  and  at  Gold  Mt,  Grinnell,  no.  91,  also  on  South  Fork,  Santa 
Ana  River,  Hall,  nos.  7525,  7672 ;  Swartout  Canon,  San  Antonio 
Mts.,  Geo.  R.  Hall  (heads  mostly  discoid,  some  with  1  or  2  rays)  ; 
Frazier  Mt.  and  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  nos.  6597,  6678 
(uniformly  discoid)  ;  Mt.  Pinos,  ace.  to  Elmer  (1.  c.  under  Mach- 
aeranthera  Pinosa,  heads  radiate)  ;  Providence  Mts.,  Brandegee. 

Var.  tephrodes  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  206  (1884).  A.  in- 
canus  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  322  (1876).  Machaeranthera  teph- 
rodes Greene,  Pitt.  iv.  24  (1899)  ?  Root  probably  always 
biennial :  herbage  canescent,  especially  the  broad  involucres,  the 
bracts  of  which  are  provided  with  long  attenuate  herbaceous 
tips:  rays  numerous,  about  1  cm.  long. — San  Jacinto  Valley, 
Colorado  Desert,  and  east  into  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 

23.  LEUCELENE  Greene. 

Low  perennials  with  very  leafy  stems  from  a  ligneous  base. 
Heads  small,  solitary  and  terminal  on  the  simple  stems  or  ulti- 
mate branchlets.  Involucre  broadly  turbinate;  bracts  very  un- 
equal, closely  imbricated  in  about  3  unequal  series,  herbaceous 
but  with  hyaline  margins.  Rays  white  or  reddish.  Disk-flowers 
yellow  or  reddish  (white,  ace.  to  Greene),  tubular-funnelform, 
shortly  5-toothed.  Style-tips  ovate  or  oblong,  obtuse.  Achenes 
compressed,  pubescent.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  scabrous  white 
bristles. 

1.  L.  ericoides  (Torr.)  Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  148  (1896).  In- 
ula  ?  ericoides  Torr.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  212  (1828).  Aster 
ericaefolius  Rothrock,  Bot.  Gaz.  ii.  70  (1877).  Erigeron  Jacin- 
teus  Hall,  Univ.  Calif.  Pub.  Botany,  i.  127  (1902). 

Five  to  15  cm.  high :  stems  crowded,  simple  and  monocepha- 
lous  or  cymosely  branched,  the  heads  then  terminating  leafy 
branchlets:  herbage  cinereous  with  a  short  strigose  pubescence: 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  87 

leaves  5  to  12  mm.  long,  the  lower  spatulate  or  obovate,  the  upper 
varying  to  linear  or  nearly  filiform :  involucre  5  mm.  high ; 
bracts  lanceolate,  acute :  rays  12  to  20,  5  to  10  mm.  long. 

Gravelly  soil  on  the  summit  of  Tahquitz  Peak,  San  Jacinto 
Mts.,  2700  m.  alt.,  Hall,  no.  2322;  Providence  Mts.,  May  30,  1902, 
Brandegee,  east  to  Kansas,  south  into  Mexico.  I  am  indebted  to 
Mrs.  Katharine  Brandegee  for  calling  my  attention  to  the  iden- 
tity of  Erigeron  Jacinteus  with  this  species. 

24.  ERIGERON  L.  FLEABANE. 

Herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed  alternate  generally  sessile 
leaves  and  solitary  or  cymose  or  rarely  paniculate  heterogamous 
heads.  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispheric ;  bracts  narrow, 
equal,  little  imbricated,  seldom  coriaceous  or  green-tipped.  Re- 
ceptacle flat  or  convex,  usually  naked.  Ray-flowers  exceedingly 
numerous,  pistillate ;  ligules  white  or  pink  or  purple,  or  in  some 
species  wholly  wanting.  Disk-corollas  yellow.  Style-appen- 
dages (at  least  in  our  species)  triangular,  obtuse  to  truncate, 
rarely  much  exserted.  Achenes  flattened,  usually  pubescent 
and  nerved.  Pappus  more  scanty  and  fragile  than  in  Astor, 
often  with  a  distinct  short  outer  series. 

A.— Bays  conspicuous,  much  surpassing  the  disk. 

Involucre    2    cm.    or   more    wide:    leaves    over    1.5    cm.    wide:    submaritime 
perennial 1.  E.  glaucus. 

Involucre,  and  usually  also  the  leaves,  much  narrower. 

Plants  low,  mostly  under  3  dm.,  simple  or  diffusely  branched. 
Leaves  entire. 

Eoot  perennial. 

Herbage  canescent  or  silvery  with  a  soft  appressed  pubescence. 

Pappus  double:  stems  stout,  silvery-white 2.  E.  Parishii. 

Pappus  simple:   stems  slender,  merely  canescent  

4.  E.  linearis. 

Herbage  green  or  cinereous  with  a  harsh  pubescence. 

Stems    crowded    on    a    thick    multicipital    caudex:    pappus 

double,  the  outer  series  short 3.  E.  concinnus. 

Stems  from  slender  rootstocks:  pappus  simple 

6.   E.  sanctarum. 

Eoot  annual  or  biennial:  heads  loosely  cymose.. 12.  E.  divergens. 
Leaves  ternately  parted 5.  E.  compositus. 


88  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     (TOL-  3 

Plants  tall,  mostly  3  to  6  dm.,  cymosely  branching  above. 
Leaves  linear  to  filiform :  rays  about  30  to  40  or  80. 
Involucre  pubescent. 

Herbage  cinereous  with  spreading  hairs 7.  E.  Breweri. 

Herbage  strigose-pubescent   (especially  the  leaves) 

8.    E.    foliosus. 

Involucre  glabrous 9.  E.  striatus. 

Leaves  broadly  spatulate  to   oblong  or  ovate:    rays  much  over   100, 
pink  or  white 10.  E.  Philadelphicus. 

B.— Rays  inconspicuous  or  none. 
Perennials:  3  dm.  or  less  high. 

Leaves  entire:   var.  aphanactis  of 3.  E.  concinnus. 

Leaves  trifid:  var.  discoideus  of 5.  E.  compositus. 

Annuals:  3  to  20  dm.  high  (unless  depauperate). 

Branched  from  the  base:  heads  long-peduncled :  pappus  double  

11.  E.  incomptus. 

Simple  belcw:  heads  in  diffuse  panicles:  pappus  simple. 

Involucre   glabrous 13.    E.    Canadensis. 

Involucre  pubescent 14.  E.  linifolius. 

1.  E.  glaucus  Ker.,  Bot.  Reg.  i.  t.  10  (1815).     SEASIDE  DAISY. 
Flowering  stems  erect,  1  to  3  dm.  high,  commonly  one-headed. 

arising  from  a  radical  tuft  of  leaves  crowning  the  fleshy  caudex 
and  often  also  from  rosulate  offsets  terminating  prostrate  woody 
branches:  leaves  finely  puberulent,  stems  pilose-pubescent,  heads 
somewhat  tomentose :  leaves  rather  succulent,  spatulate  or  ob- 
ovate,  entire,  rarely  with  a  small  tooth  on  each  side  below  the 
apex,  3  to  10  cm.  long:  upper  cauline  small  and  scattered:  rays 
very  numerous  (60  to  100  or  more),  rather  broad,  lilac  or  violet. 
Common  on  San  Miguel  Island,  ace.  to  Greene,  and  plentiful 
along  the  seashore  further  north.  Not  reported  from  the  main- 
land of  Southern  California. 

2.  E.  Parishii  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  212  (1884). 

Stems  rigid,  erect,  from  a  more  or  less  woody  base :  herbage 
silvery-white  with  a  soft  appressed  pubescence:  lower  leaves 
narrowly  spatulate,  3  to  4  cm.  long,  less  than  5  mm.  wide ;  upper 
leaves  smaller,  linear,  acute :  heads  solitary,  terminating  the 
branches:  involucre  5  to  6  mm.  high:  rays  numerous,  linear- 
oblong,  1  cm.  long,  violet  or  "purple":  achenes  hirsute:  inner 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  89 

pappus-bristles  rather  numerous,  the  shorter  outer  ones  con- 
spicuous. 

Abundant  on  stony  hillsides  at  Cushenberry  Springs,  on  the 
desert  base  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Parish,  who  only  has 
collected  it. 

3.  E.  concinnus  (H.  &  A.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  174  (1841).      Dis- 
tasis  ?  concinna  H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  350  (1840). 

Stems  numerous,  erect,  from  a  strong  perennial  caudex,  more 
or  less  branched :  herbage  gray  with  a  long  hispid  pubescence : 
leaves  linear-spatulate,  acute,  2  to  5  cm.  long :  heads  terminating 
slender  peduncles,  hemispheric,  nearly  1  cm.  in  diameter:  ligules 
numerous,  narrow,  5  to  8  mm.  long,  violet  or  blue  or  rarely  white : 
outer  pappus  of  conspicuous  subulate  to  oblong  paleae. 

Providence  Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone, 
May  26,  1902,  Brandegee;  Sierra  Nevada  and  Rocky  Mts. 

Var.  aphanactis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  540  (1865).  E. 
aphanactis  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  389  (1897).  Heads  discoid,  the  li- 
gules being  very  short  or  wanting. — San  Bernardino  Mts.,  from 
1950  m.  alt.  in  the  Transition  Zone  of  Bear  Valley  to  3450  m. 
alt.  in  the  Alpine  Zone  of  Mt.  San  Gorgonio;  also  in  Colorado, 
Nevada,  etc.  The  range  of  variation  in  the  pappus  is  as  great 
in  the  variety  as  in  the  species ;  it  cannot  therefore  be  specifically 
separated,  the  absence  of  rays  not  constituting  a  specific  charac- 
ter. Certain  of  our  specimens,  notably  those  gathered  on  the 
summit  of  Sugarloaf  Peak,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  by  Professor 
and  Mrs.  Grinnell,  under  no.  211,  are  only  4  or  5  cm.  high  and 
with  scapose  stems  leafy  only  below.  In  general  appearance 
they  seem  quite  different  from  the  more  northern  form,  but  a 
collection  from  Nevada  by  Shockley  exhibits  intermediate  forms. 

4.  E.  linearis  (Hook.)  Piper,  Contr.  U.S.  Nat.  Herb.  xi.  567 

(1906).  Diplopappus  linearis  Hook.,  FL  Bor.  Am.  ii.  21  (1834). 
E.  filifolius  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  213  (1884)  ;  not  E.  filifolius 
Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  308  (1841). 

Stems  rather  numerous,  slender,  1.5  to  3  dm.  high  from  a 
slender  scarcely  woody  base,  usually  branched  above  and  bear- 
ing several  or  numerous  heads:  herbage  canescent  or  cinereous 
with  a  fine  close  pubescence :  leaves  crowded,  all  linear-filiform  or 


90  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL-  3 

the  lower  very  slightly  dilated  upward,  3  or  4  cm.  long,  1  mm.  or 
less  wide :  involucre  4  or  5  mm.  high :  rays  30  to  50  or  80,  purple 
violet  or  white,  5  to  10  mm.  long:  achenes  slightly  pubescent  or 
glabrate :  pappus  simple,  the  bristles  fragile. 

Providence  Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  Brandegee;  Nevada  and 
eastern  Sierra  Nevadas  to  British  Columbia. 

5.  E.  compositus  discoideus  Gray,  Am.  Jour.     Sci.    ser.    2, 
xxxiii.  237   (1862). 

Stems  cespitose  from  a  multicipital  caudex:  herbage  hirsute 
to  glabrate :  leaves  much  crowded  on  the  crowns  of  the  caudex, 
mostly  1  to  3-ternately  parted  into  linear  or  short-spatulate 
lobes :  peduncles  erect  and  scape-like,  monocephalous,  1  to  10  cm. 
long,  either  naked  or  with  a  few  mostly  entire  bracts :  involucre 
hemispheric,  about  1  cm.  broad:  rays  in  this  var.  none:  pappus 
simple. 

Summit  of  San  Gorgonio  Peak  (Grayback),  3490  m.  alt.,  Jul. 
16,  1906,  J.  and  H.  W.  Grinnell,  no.  275 ;  Sierra  Nevadas  to 
Greenland.  Typical  E.  compositus  Pursh,  differs  from  the  var. 
here  described  only  in  having  40  to  60  white-purple  or  violet 
rays,  these  mostly  5  to  7  mm.  long.  It  is  to  be  expected  with  the 
var.  in  Southern  California. 

6.  E.  sanctarum  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxiv.  83  (1889). 

A  few  cm.  to  2  dm.  high:  stems  one  to  several,  erect  or  sub- 
decumbent,  from  slender  perennial  rootstocks,  leafy  below,  near- 
ly naked  above,  monocephalous:  herbage  minutely  rough-pubes- 
cent, the  involucre  densely  hispid:  leaves  entire,  4  cm.  or  less 
long,  oblanceolate  or  the  small  upper  ones  linear,  all  acute:  in- 
volucre hemispheric,  7  to  10  mm.  high ;  its  numerous  bracts  very 
narrow  and  acute:  rays  numerous,  narrow,  7  to  10  mm.  long, 
rose-purple :  pappus  simple,  sordid,  fragile. 

Santa  Inez  Mts.,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  1888,  Santa  Rosa  Island, 
Jun.,  1888,  and  .San  Simeon,  Jun.,  1889,  all  by  Brandegee;  La 
Graciosa,  near  the  boundary  between  Santa  Barbara  and  San 
Luis  Obispo  counties,  May  11,  1896,  Miss  Eastwood. 

7.  E.  Breweri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  541  (1865). 
Mostly  2  to  6  dm.  high:  stems  from  slender  rootstocks,  erect 

or  ascending,  leafy  up  to  the  terminal  cyme:  herbage  scabrous- 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  91 

cinereous  with  a  harsh  spreading  pubescence :  leaves  rarely  over 
2.5  cm.  long,  narrowly  spatulate  or  linear,  obtuse  or  barely  acute : 
involucre  glabrous  or  granulose-glandular  to  cinereous,  never 
with  appressed  hairs,  the  bracts  acute:  rays  mostly  10  to  20, 
violet,  6  to  8  mm.  long:  pappus  essentially  simple. 

Arid  portion  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mts. ;  Hesperia,  Mohave 
Desert,  Parish,  no.  3603.  Mr.  Parish's  plant  is  doubtfully  of 
this  species,  differing  from  the  typical  form  mainly  in  the 
spreading  pubescence  of  the  involucre.  More  material  is  needed. 

8.  E.  foliosus  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  309 
(1841). 

Three  to  6  dm.  high :  stems  many,  from  an  herbaceous  peren- 
nial base,  erect,  simple  up  to  the  open  cymose  inflorescence: 
herbage  roughened  with  short  rigid  pustulate  incurved  hairs,  es- 
pecially on  the  leaves,  or  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  rigid,  very 
fragile  when  dry,  linear,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long,  2  to  4  or  6  mm.  wide, 
only  the  upper  ones  reduced:  involucre  strigose-pubescent :  rays 
about  30  to  40,  violet  or  purple,  6  to  8  mm.  long:  achenes  linear- 
oblong,  the  margins  thickened,  pubescent  with  spreading  setiform 
hairs :  pappus  apparently  simple  but  usually  with  a  few  short 
inconspicuous  outer  bristles. 

Common  on  hills  and  in  the  mountains  up  to  2100  m.  alt. 
throughout  California. 

Var.  stenophyllus  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  330  (1876). 
E.  stenophyllus  Nutt.,  PI.  Gamb.  176  (1848).  E.  tenuissimus 
Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  25  (1896)  ?  E.  Nuttallii  Heller,  Bull.  Torr. 
Club  xxv.  628  (1898).  E.  fragilis  Greene,  Bull.  So.  Calif.  Acad. 
i.  39  (1902).  Differs  from  the  species  only  in  its  leaves  which 
are  2  mm.  or  less  wide,  often  filiform. — A  common  form,  es- 
pecially in  dry  exposed  places. 

Var.  tenuissimus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  215  (1884).  E. 
tenuissimus  Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  25  1896?  Slender,  small-leaved: 
leaves  nearly  all  filiform,  erect  or  ascending,  the  longest  only  2.5 
cm.  long ;  upper  ones  gradually  shorter,  becoming  setaceous-sub- 
ulate: heads  much  smaller. — Along  the  Mexican  border;  the  type 
of  E.  tenuissimus  Greene  from  Ventura  Co. 

Var.  Blochmanae  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  E.  Blochmanae 
Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  25  (1896).  Stout:  herbage  canescent  with  a 


92  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

soft  pubescence :  heads  short-peduncled  in  a  terminal  cyme :  rays 
50  to  60 :  achenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so.— A  seashore  form,  gath- 
ered in  northern  Santa  Barbara  Co.  by  Mrs.  Blockman  (ace.  to 
Greene)  and  by  Miss  Eastwood  (no.  784). 

9.  E.  striatus  Greene,  Bull.  So.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  39  (1902). 
Three  to  9  dm.  high :  stems  erect,  bright  green,  striate,  cym- 

osely  branched  at  summit :  herbage  glabrous  throughout  except 
the  margins  of  the  leaves,  these  somewhat  scabrous:  leaves 
oblong-linear,  obtuse,  about  4  cm.  long :  rays  numerous,  narrow, 
deep  violet:  achenes  sparsely  strigulose  or  almost  glabrous,  the 
margins  not  prominently  thickened:  outer  pappus  of  a  very  few 
short  bristles. 

Houston  -Flat,  in  the  Transition  Zone  of  the  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  Dr.  W.  R.  Shaw;  not  seen  by  me. 

10.  E.  Philadelphicus  L.,  Sp.  PL  863  (1753).     SKEVISH. 
Plant  biennial  or  perennial  from  creeping  rootstocks,  5  to  9 

dm.  high,  branched  only  toward  the  summit:  herbage  short-his- 
pid: leaves  spatulate  or  oblong,  serrate  or  coarsely  few-toothed; 
the  radical  10  to  15  cm.  long  (including  the  long  margined 
petiole)  ;  the  cauline  smaller,  with  auriculate-clasping  base, 
passing  above  into  reduced  ovate  or  lanceolate  and  commonly 
entire  acute  leaves  of  the  inflorescence :  rays  white  or  pink,  fili- 
form, very  numerous,  about  6  mm.  long :  pappus  simple. 

Along  streams  and  in  springy  places  throughout  the  Upper 
Sonoran  and  Lower  Transition  zones  of  our  district,  but  not  very 
common;  widely  distributed  in  North  America. 

11.  E.  incomptus  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  218  (1884). 

Slender,  erect,  branched  from  the  base,  3  to  7  dm.  high :  her- 
bage somewhat  hirsute :  leaves  narrowly  linear  or  the  lower  nar- 
rowly spatulate,  7  cm.  or  less  long,  less  than  5  mm.  wide,  mostly 
entire:  involucre  4  or  5  mm.  high:  rays  minute,  bluish  or 
purplish :  pappus  in  two  series. 

Carysito,  Lower  California,  Orcutt,  no.  874 ;  Tia  Juana  River, 
San  Diego  Co.,  Miss  Stokes. 

12.  E.  divergens  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  175  (1841). 

Stems  several  or  numerous,  ascending,  from  a  stout  taproot, 
sometimes  decumbent  at  base:  herbage  roughened  with  a  short 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  93 

hispid  pubescence:  leaves  linear,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  or  the  lower 
somewhat  longer  and  linear-spatulate,  the  uppermost  reduced: 
heads  solitary,  terminating  slender  peduncles:  rays  numerous, 
filiform,  6  mm.  long,  violet  or  purplish  (or  white?)  :  inner  pappus 
of  scanty  slender  bristles,  the  outer  of  much  shorter  subulate 
squamellae. 

Lower  California,  Brandegee;  Laguna,  San  Diego  Co.,  Cleve- 
land; San  Bernardino  Mts.,  where  common ;  Chuckawalla  Bench, 
Colorado  Desert,  Hall  &  Great  a,  no.  5881;  near  Palm  Springs, 
Oilman;  Swartout  Canon,  San  Antonio  Mts. ;  north  to  Washing- 
ton and  east  to  Nebraska. 

13.  E.  Canadensis  L.,  Sp.  PL  863  (1753).      Leptilon  Cana- 
dense  Britton,  Illus.  Fl.  iii.  391  (1898).     HORSEWEED. 

Stem  simple,  erect,  6  to  25  dm.  high:  herbage  hispid  with 
scattered  hairs  or  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  linear  to  lanceolate, 
the  lowest  spatulate  or  narrowed  to  a  petiole,  5  to  7  or  8  cm. 
long,  mostly  entire  but  the  lower  often  acutely  toothed  or  lobed : 
heads  small,  very  numerous  in  a  sometimes  dense  terminal 
panicle:  involucre  4  mm.  high,  either  perfectly  glabrous  or  the 
outer  bracts  sparsely  pubescent :  ray-flowers  numerous,  their  lig- 
ules  white,  shorter  than  or  scarcely  exceeding  the  pappus :  pappus 
simple. 

An  indigenous  weed,  very  common  in  waste  places  and  cul- 
tivated fields,  flowering  in  late  summer  and  autumn.  Widely 
distributed  in  the  Old  World,  where  it  has  become  naturalized, 
and  in  South  America.  With  us  the  stems  often  grow  to  a  height 
of  25  dm.  and  become  1  cm.  in  diameter  at  the  base  in  a  single 
season  and  much  larger  specimens  are  to  be  expected  from  the 
irrigated  portions  of  the  Desert  Area.  The  root  is  rarely  bien- 
nial. 

14.  E.  linifolius  Willd.,  Spec.  iii.  1955  (1810). 

Rather  strict,  2  to  7  dm.  high  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root : 
herbage  somewhat  hispid,  also  scabrous  with  a  minute  appressed 
pubescence :  leaves  narrowly  spatulate  to  linear,  3  to  10  cm.  long 
(the  upper  gradually  shorter),  all  but  the  lower  entire:  heads 
rather  few,  in  a  loose  panicle:  involucre  4  or  5  mm.  high;  its 
bracts  linear-subulate,  all  copiously  pubescent :  ligules  very  small, 


94  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL-  3 

shorter  than  the  style  and  the  pappus,  white:  pappus  simple, 
sordid  and  becoming  ferruginous. 

A  wayside  weed  recently  introduced  from  the  tropics:  San 
Diego,  Jul.  1,  1895,  Miss  Stokes :  Redlands,  Sept.  1905,  Reed,  no. 
806,  and  Greata;  Pasadena,  Grant,  Grinnell,  etc.14  In  all  these 
collections,  except  the  first,  the  pappus  is  dull  white,  but  other- 
wise they  agree  in  every  detail  with  typical  E.  limfolius.  It  is 
probable  that  the  pappus  colors  with  age. 

25.  CONYZA. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and  rather  small 
heads  mostly  in  cymes  or  racemes.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in 
two  or  more  rows,  often  with  membranaceous  margins.  Recep- 
tacle naked.  Pistillate  flowers  in  two  or  more  outer  circles; 
their  corollas  slender,  dull  white  or  yellowish,  much  shorter  than 
the  style,  with  notched  or  obscurely  ligulate  border.  Perfect 
flowers  central,  mostly  fertile.  Achenes  small,  compressed. 
Pappus  usually  a  single  series  of  bristles. 

1.  C.  Coulter!  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  355   (1868). 

Two  to  10  dm.  high:  stems  erect  from  an  annual  root,  her- 
baceous and  leafy  throughout,  branching  above  into  an  oblong 
panicle  of  numerous  heads :  herbage  viscidly  pubescent  or  short- 
hirsute  with  many-jointed  hairs :  leaves  thin,  the  lower  oblanceo- 
late  in  outline  (often  1  dm.  long),  the  main  cauline  varying  to 
narrowly  oblong  and  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  base  (2  to  5  cm. 
long),  all  thin  and  coarsely  toothed :  involucre  3  mm.  (whole  head 
about  5  mm.)  high;  bracts  linear-acuminate,  the  inner  ones 
scarious,  the  outer  obscurely  white-margined:  pistillate  flowers 
numerous,  their  nearly  white  corollas  only  one-half  as  long  as 
the  style  and  with  obscurely  toothed  summit:  perfect  flowers  5 
to  8 :  achenes  elliptic-oblong,  minutely  pubescent :  pappus  dull 
white,  soft,  much  exceeding  the  involucre. 

Lower  and  Upper  Sonoran  zones,  in  moist  soil  at  low  altitudes, 
from  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  and  Southern  California  to  Mexico ; 
rare  in  our  district:  Santa  Cruz  Island,  ace.  to  Greene;15  Santa 

14  Now  reported  also  from  Eiverside  and  Old  San  Bernardino  by  Parish, 
Muhlenbergia  iii.  61  (1907). 

is  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  401  (1887). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  95 

Catalina  Island,  ace.  to  McClatchie ;16  near  Los  Angeles;  San 
Bernardino ;  Riverside ;  Temescal  Wash ;  bottom  lands  along  the 
Colorado  River;  etc. 

26.  BACCHARIS  L. 

Perennials,  mostly  shrubs  but  some  herbaceous  from  a  woody 
base,  commonly  resinous  or  glutinous,  rarely  pubescent.  Leaves 
alternate.  Heads  many-flowered.  Involucre  imbricated. 
Flowers  whitish  or  yellowish,  dioecious.  Staminate  flowers  with 
tubular  corolla  slightly  dilated  at  the  throat,  the  limb  cleft  into 
5  linear  lobes;  ovary  abortive;  style  present.  Corolla  of  the 
pistillate  flowers  very  slender  and  thread-like,  obscurely  toothed 
at  apex,  the  teeth  erect,  not  spreading.  Pappus  in  the  sterile 
plant  of  scanty  capillary  bristles;  in  the  fertile  copious  and 
often  very  long. 
Evergreen  shrubs. 

Leaves  all  less  than  5  cm.  long. 

Keceptacle  naked:   pappus  of  fertile  flowers  copious,  becoming  6  to 
12  mm.  long. 

Leafy  up  to  the  glomerate  heads  with  obovate  obtuse  leaves 

1.  B.  pilularis. 

Less  leafy;   the  leaves  mostly  linear  or  oblong. 

Pappus  of  sterile  flowers  bearded  at  tip;  of  fertile  flowers  10 
to  12  mm.  long 2.  B.  Emoryi. 

Pappus  of  sterile  flowers  naked  at  tip;  of  fertile  flowers  6  to 
8  mm.  long 3.  B.  sarothroides. 

Eeceptacle  chaffy:    pappus  of  fertile  flowers  scanty,   3  mm.  or  less 

long 4.   B.   scrgiloides. 

Leaves  5  to  12  cm.  long   (except  a  few  upper  ones),  willow-like. 

Cymes    terminating    main    branches:     leaves     denticulate,     3-nerved: 

stems   herbaceous   above 8.   B.   glutinosa. 

Cymes   terminating   short   lateral   branchlets:    leaves    mostly    entire, 

inconspicuously  3-nerved:  stems  shrubby  throughout 

9.  B.  viminea. 

Herbaceous  perennials,  the  base  sometimes  woody. 
Herbage  pubescent:  leaves  linear. 

Leaves  very  small,  entire 5.  B.  brachyphylla. 

Leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long,  acutely  serrate 6.  B.  Plummerae. 

Herbage  glabrous  but  resinous:  leaves  lanceolate 7.  B.  Douglasii- 

i«Eryth.  ii.   125    (1894). 


96  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VoL-  3 

1.  B.  pilularis  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  407   (1836). 

Compactly  branched  shrub,  1  to  3  m.  high  or  much  lower  and 
sometimes  prostrate  when  growing  near  the  sea :  branchlets  an- 
gular: leaves  sessile,  cuneate-obovate,  very  obtuse,  1  or  2  cm.  long, 
coarsely  or  sinuately  few-toothed,  or  occasionally  entire:  heads 
solitary  or  several  in  the  axils  or  in  terminal  clusters  on  the 
numerous  leafy  branchlets,  short-cylindric  or  ovoid;  involucre 
4  mm.  high ;  the  outer  bracts  broadly,  the  inner  narrowly  oblong, 
sometimes  denticulate  at  apex:  achenes  10-nerved:  pappus  of  the 
fertile  flowers  abundant,  becoming  10  mm.  long,  that  of  the 
staminate  flowers  dilated  at  apex. 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone :  near  Santa  Monica,  Davidson,  Hasse, 
Barber;  Port  Harford,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  Davy,  no.  2715,  in 
part ;  San  Miguel  Island,  Greene ;  more  plentiful  from  Monterey 
to  Oregon. 

2.  B.  Emoryi  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  83  (1859).       B.  sali- 
cina  Gray,  Bot:  Calif,  ii.  456  (1880),  in  part;  not  B.  salicina  T. 
&  G. 

Moderately  branched  erect  shrub,  1  to  4  m.  high;  branchlets 
striate-angled :  leaves  linear  to  oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  at 
apex,  spatulate  or  attenuate  at  base,  the  larger  ones  (2  to  4  cm. 
long)  3-nerved  and  commonly  with  several  short  broad  teeth : 
heads  in  small  glomerules  terminating  short  nearly  naked  pe- 
duncles, the  whole  inflorescence  forming  a  more  or  less  open 
panicle :  involucre  campanulate  or  oblong,  6  mm.  high,  closely 
imbricated ;  its  outer  bracts  oval,  firm,  bordered  by  a  narrow 
scarious  minutely  ciliate  margin ;  the  inner  bracts  oblong  to 
linear,  thin :  achenes  glabrous,  10-nerved :  pappus  of  the  fertile 
flowers  copious,  in  fruit  10  or  12  mm.  long,  of  the  staminate 
flowers  scant  and  bearded  at  the  tip. 

In  moist  places  of  Upper  and  Lower  Sonoran  zones :  Los 
Angeles;  Riverside;  San  Diego;  Colorado  Desert;  plentiful  at 
Redondo,  San  Pedro,  etc.,  ace.  to  Parish;  also  in  Arizona, 
Nevada,  and  Utah. 

3.  B.  sarothroides  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  211  (1882). 
Erect  fastigiately  much  branched  shrub,  2  or  3  dm.  high: 

twigs  striate-angled,   very     numerous     and     slender,     forming 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  97 

crowded  broom-like  clumps :  leaves  few,  linear,  entire,  2  cm.  long 
(or  usually  much  less),  not  over  5  mm.  wide  (those  of  the  branch- 
lets  sparse  and  much  reduced) ,  1-nerved :  heads  mostly  solitary  on 
the  naked  wiry  peduncles  but  these  are  so  numerous  that  the 
infllorescence  is  densely  paniculate :  involucre  campanulate  or 
oblong,  barely  5  mm.  high,  closely  imbricated ;  outer  bracts  oval, 
obtuse,  very  firm;  the  inner  ones  thin,  narrow,  and  much  elon- 
gated: achenes  glabrous,  10-nerved:  pappus  of  fertile  flowers 
soft  and  copious,  sordid  or  reddish,  6  to  8  mm.  long;  of  the 
staminate  flowers  scant,  slightly  dilated  at  tip  but  not  bearded. 

Southwestern  San  Diego  Co.,  Arizona,  and  Mexico :  therefore 
to  be  expected  anywhere  along  our  southern  border :  plentiful  in 
dry  soil  from  Mission  Valley,  near  San  Diego,  and  the  Sweetwater 
dam  to  the  Mexican  line. 

4.  B.  sergiloides  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  83   (1859). 

Erect  glabrous  shrub,  1  or  2  m.  high,  with  many  broom-like 
branches :  twigs  green,  strongly  striate-angled,  either  nearly  leaf- 
less or  the  sterile  shoots  leafy :  leaves  entire  or  rarely  few-toothed, 
linear  to  spatulate  or  obovate,  usually  small  and  sparse  but  some- 
times numerous  and  as  much  as  4  cm.  long  by  2  cm.  broad  on 
sterile  shoots :  inflorescence  densely  paniculate ;  heads  solitary  on 
the  short  bractless  peduncles:  involucre  about  5  mm.  high,  its 
bracts  firm :  receptacle  either  flat  or  conical,  bearing  few  or  nu- 
merous chaffy  bracts  among  the  flowers  similar  to  the  inner  bracts 
of  the  involucre :  achenes  10-nerved :  pappus  rather  rigid  and 
scanty,  not  elongated  in  age,  of  the  fertile  flowers  even  in  fruit 
not  surpassing  the  style  and  barely  twice  the  length  of  the 
mature  achene. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone,  in  dry  creek-beds,  etc.,  from  the  east 
base  of  San  Jacinto  Mt.  and  San  Felipe  Creek  across  the  Colorado 
and  Mohave  deserts  to  Nevada  and  Utah:  Banner,  San  Diego 
Co.,  Apr.,  1901,  Brandegee;  Chuckawalla  Bench,  Riverside  Co., 
Oct.  9,  1904,  Scliellenger,  no.  6  (nearly  leafless)  :  Providence  Mts., 
May  25,  1902,  Brandegee  (very  leafy).  In  the  Panamint  Mts. 
this  species  is  restricted  to  the  vicinity  of  the  small  streams 
occupying  the  bottoms  of  the  steep  narrow  canons,  and  for  this 
reason  is  known  to  miners  as  the  "Desert  Willow." 


98  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL-  3 

5.  B.  brachyphylla  Gray,  PI.  Wright,  ii.  83  (1853). 
Diffusely  much  branched,  6  to  10  dm.  high:  stems  slender. 

woody  at  base :  herbage  scabro-puberulent  or  smooth :  leaves  most- 
ly linear,  entire,  1.5  cm.  or  less  long,  those  on  the  branchlets  much 
reduced  and  scale-like:  involucre  4  or  5  mm.  high,  12  to  15- 
flowered,  somewhat  canescent ;  bracts  oblong-lanceolate  or  broad- 
er, acute,  with  greenish  back  and  scarious  margins :  achenes  4  or 
5-nerved:  pappus  scant,  rigid,  in  fruit  6  mm.  long,  sordid. 

Southern  San  Diego  Co.  to  Arizona :  Larkins  Station,  Palmer, 
no.  149 ;  Bradshaw  Mts.,  Arizona,  Purpus,  no.  8502 ;  San  Bernar- 
dino Co.,  ace.  to  Gray,  but  there  was  probably  an  error  in  the 
label  since  recent  collectors  have  not  found  it  north  of  San  Diego 
Co. 

6.  B.  Plummerae  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xv.  48  (1879). 
Herbaceous  from  a  woody  base,  1  m.  high  (in  our  specimens), 

the  stems  slender  and  loosely  branched :  herbage  viscidly  pubes- 
cent, especially  the  inflorescence :  leaves  linear  or  narrowly  ob- 
long, obtuse,  narrowed  to  the  base,  2  to  5  cm.  long,  sharply  ser- 
rate :  heads  few,  paniculate  or  cymose  at  the  ends  of  the  branches : 
involucre  5  to  7  mm.  high ;  bracts  linear,  acute,  with  a  green 
midrib  and  scarious  margins :  achenes  pubescent,  obscurely  5- 
nerved :  pappus  scanty,  rigid,  in  fruit  8  mm.  long. 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  in  canons  near  the  sea :  near  Santa  Bar- 
bara, 1876,  J.  G.  Lemmon  and  wife  (Mrs.  Sarah  Plummer  Lem~ 
mon,  for  whom  the  species  is  named)  ;  near  Santa  Monica,  Parish, 
no.  1110 ;  Topango,  Barber ;  Santa  Cruz  Island,  ace.  to  Greene.17 

7.  B.  Douglasii  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  400  (1836). 

Herbaceous  nearly  or  quite  to  the  base,  18  dm.  or  less  high : 
stems  simple  up  to  the  terminal  cyme  or  with  a  few  simple  ascend- 
ing branches :  herbage  very  glutinous :  leaves  lanceolate,  attenuate 
above,  tapering  below  to  a  short  petiole,  3-nerved  from  the  base, 
6  to  12  cm.  long,  the  upper  reduced,  serrulate  or  entire :  heads 
numerous  in  a  terminal  compound  almost  naked  cyme ;  involucral 
bracts  linear  or  lanceolate-linear  with  greenish  center,  the  scari- 
ous margins  erose-ciliate :  receptacle  broadly  conical :  achenes  5- 
nerved,  pubescent :  pappus  of  fertile  flowers  short  and  soft,  of 
the  sterile  ones  clavellate  at  summit. 


Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  401  (1887). 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  99 

In  damp  soil  along  streams  or  in  thickets  of  the  Upper  Sono- 
ran  Zone  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  middle  California;  only  occa- 
sional with  us. 

8.  B.  glutinosa  Pers.,  Syn.  ii.  425  (1807). 

Shrubby,  at  least  below,  1  to  3  m.  high,  the  slender  leafy  stems 
usually  simple  above  and  flowering  only  at  the  summit :  herbage 
glutinous:  leaves  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  remotely  but 
saliently  denticulate  (or  rarely  entire),  5  to  10  cm.  long,  3-nerved 
from  the  base:  heads  in  terminal  cymes  or  panicles:  involucre 
and  receptacle  as  in  B.  viminea:  pappus  of  fertile  flowers  more 
or  less  scabrous. 

On  moist  ground  in  the  Upper  and  Lower  Sonoran  zones 
from  Butte  Co.  to  San  Diego,  east  and  south  to  Colorado  and 
Mexico ;  also  in  Chile :  Ballona  marshes,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Chand- 
ler, no.  2030;  Santa  Ana  River,  near  Riverside,  Koethen:  Im- 
perial, Colorado  Desert,  Wales,  no.  18 ;  Banning,  Parish,  no.  726 ; 
Owens  Valley,  Inyo  Co.,  Austin. 

9.  B.  viminea  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  400  (1836).      B.  caerulescens 
DC.,  1.  c.  402.     MULE  FAT.     GUATEMOTE, 

Distinctly  shrubby  and  willow-like,  2  to  4  m.  high,  the  very 
leafy  stems  producing  usually  numerous  short  lateral  flowering 
branches,  these  striate-angled :  herbage  scarcely  glutinous :  leaves 
narrowly  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  entire  or  sparingly  den- 
ticulate, 3  to  10  cm.  long,  inconspicuously  or  not  at  all  3-nerved : 
heads  rather  numerous  in  terminal  and  lateral  cymes :  involucre 
5  mm.  high;  bracts  chartaceous,  oblong  or  the  outer  ones  ovate, 
destitute  of  greenish  center,  with  scarious  margins,  erose  and 
mostly  villous-ciliate :  receptacle  flat:  pappus  of  fertile  flowers 
apparently  smooth  but  minutely  scabrous  as  seen  under  the  mi- 
croscope. 

Lower  and  Upper  Sonoran  zones ;  common  along  ditches  and 
in  waste  places,  especially  on  low  damp  ground,  often  forming 
dense  thickets;  Riverside  and  San  Bernardino  to  the  Sacra- 
mento Valley  and  from  the  desert  to  the  coast. 


r 

100          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

TRIBE  3.     INULEAE.    EVERLASTING  TRIBE. 
27.  PLUCHEA.  Cass. 

Tall  leafy  herbs  or  shrubs.  Heads  numerous,  clustered  in 
corymb-like  terminal  cymes,  hemispheric,  discoid,  the  numerous 
flowers  purplish.  Marginal  flowers  of  the  head  pistillate  and 
perfect,  with  tubular-filiform  truncate  entire  or  2  or  3-toothed 
corolla  and  slender  2-cleft  style ;  central  flowers  few,  perfect,  but 
sometimes  sterile,  with  tubular  5-cleft  corolla  (enlarged  above) 
and  trifid  or  merely  notched  style.  Involucre  imbricated.  Re- 
ceptacle flat,  naked.  Achenes  grooved.  Pappus  a  single  series 
o'f  capillary  bristles. 

The  genus  Pluehea  is  here  made  to  include  two  plants  which 
are  very  different  in  general  appearance  but  which  represent 
two  extremes  of  a  genus  in  which  the  species  are  well  united  by 
technical  characters.  Some  botanists  have  attempted  to  force  our 
second  species  into  the  South  American  genus  Tessaria,  which 
disposition  of  it  is  apparently  favored  by  Hoffman,18  who  gives 
as  the  range  of  that  genus  "Argentine  to  California.".  Since 
no  other  species  of  Tessaria  ranges  near  California  he  probably 
had  T.  borealis  in  mind.  But  Hoffmann  distinguishes  Tessaria 
from  Pluchea  largely  by  the  fewer  (one  to  ten)  hermaphrodite 
flowers.  Now,  P.  borealis  often  has,  in  California,  at  least,  as 
high  as  twenty  hermaphrodite  flowers,  while  in  P.  camphorata — 
a  geuine  Pluchea — they  are  sometimes  reduced  to  twelve.  Since 
also  the  involucral  bracts  in  the  two  genera  are  quite  similar  it 
is  necessary,  if  both  genera  are  to  be  retained,  to  fall  back  on 
other  characters,  among  which  those  proposed  by  Gray19  may  be 
useful,  namely,  "the  narrow  heads  and  the  long  villosity  of  the 
small  receptacle"  in  Tessaria.  This  would  restrict  Tessaria  to 
South  America  and  leave  our  second  species  in  Pluchea,  where  it 
undoubtedly  belongs,  unless  a  new  genus  based  on  habital  char- 
acters alone  be  erected  for  it. 

Herb :    glandular-pubescent 1.  P.   camphorata. 

Shrub:  herbage  silvery  with  a  close  dense  pubescence 2.  P.  sericea. 


Hoffmann,  in  Engler  &  Prantl,  Natiirl.  Pflanzenf.  iv.  abt.  5,  177  (1890). 
.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  212  (1882). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  101 

1.  P.  camphorata  (L.)  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  452  (1836).    Erigeron 
camphoratus  L.,  Sp.  PI.  ed.  2,  1212  (1763).     SALT-MARSH  FLEA- 
BANE. 

An  erect  annual,  branching  above,  3  to  8  dm.  high  (some- 
times even  4  or  5  m.  high,  when  growing  near  saline  springs  in 
the  desert):  herbage  soft-puberulent,  glandular  above:  leaves 
oblong-ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute  at  each  end,  glandular-dentate, 
short-petioled  or  the  upper  sessile,  the  larger  7  to  14  cm.  long 
and  2  or  3  cm.  wide:  involucral  bracts  chartaceous,  ovate- 
lanceolate,  commonly  reddish :  central  hermaphrodite  flowers 
varying  from  10  or  12  to  numerous :  achenes  pubescent :  pappus- 
bristles  all  slender,  not  at  all  dilated  above. 

In  moist,  saline  soil  from  San  Diego  Co.,  Santa  Catalina 
Island,  and  the  Colorado  Desert  (Dos  Palmas,  etc.),  north;  also 
in  Arizona  and  Texas  and  along  the  Atlantic  seaboard ;  especial- 
ly common  in  salt-marshes  near  the  coast. 

2.  P.  sericea  (Nutt.)  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  128 
(1893).     Polypappus    sericeus    Nutt.,    PI.    Gamb.    178    (1848). 
Tessaria  borealis  Gray,  PL    Wright,    i.    102   (1852).      Pluchea 
borealis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  212  (1882).     ARROW-WEED. 

Slender  willow-like  shrub  2  to  5  m.  high  (or  in  depauperate 
plants  much  smaller)  :  herbage  silvery-silky  throughout  except 
on  the  old  stems:  leaves  alternate,  entire,  linear-lanceolate,  1  to 
3.6  cm.  long,  3  to  6  mm.  wide,  acute  at  apex,  tapering  to  the 
sessile  base :  outer  involucral  bracts  brown  or  purplish,  firm- 
coriaceous,  the  white  inner  ones  much  thinner :  style-branches  of 
the  pistillate  flowers  slender,  long-exserted  at  maturity:  central 
hermaphrodite  flowers  20  or  less,  their  pappus-bristles  slightly 
dilated  at  tip. 

Fairly  common  west  of  the  mountains  from  the  northern 
boundary  of  Santa  Barbara  Co.  (Cuyama  River)  and  Santa 
Catalina  Island  to  San  Diego ;  very  common  in  suitable  localities 
on  the  Colorado  Desert ;  less  common  on  the  Mohave  Desert 
(Death  Valley,  ace.  to  Coville;  Needles;  etc.);  east  to  the  Eio 
Grande.  A  specimen  gathered  by  Dr.  Davidson  on  Wilsons 
Peak  illustrates  the  effect  of  unfavorable  environment,  being 
nearly  simple  and  only  45  cm.  high,  but  the  flowers  of  the  four 
well  developed  heads  are  perfectly  normal. 


102          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    ITOL-  3 

The  Arrow-weed  inhabits  the  borders  of  springs,  ditches,  and 
streams  and  frequents  washes  and  river-bottoms,  often  forming 
impenetrable  thickets.  The  long  straight  stems  furnish  valuable 
materials  to  the  Indians  for  the  making  of  arrows,  while  the 
plants  are  used  on  the  desert  both  by  Indians  and  white  settlers 
for  thatch  in  building  small  dwellings,  sun-shades,  etc. 

28.  MICROPUS  L. 

Slender  erect  floccose-woolly  annuals  with  entire  leaves  and 
clustered  several-flowered  heads.  Involucre  of  a  few  open 
scarious  bracts  surrounding  the  flower-bearing  bracts  of  the  re- 
ceptacle. Receptacular  bracts  woolly,  conduplicate,  each  en- 
closing a  fertile  pistillate  flower  only  the  corolla-tube  and  style 
of  which  are  exserted  through  a  lateral  slit  in  the  sac-like  bract. 
Perfect  flowers  in  the  center  sterile  and  mostly  naked.  Achenes 
gibbous,  the  corolla  and  style  borne  laterally,  remaining  enclosed 
in  the  cucullate  bracts  which  finally  fall  away  from  the  recep- 
tacle. Pappus  commonly  none. 

1.  M.  Californicus  F.  &  M.,  Ind.  Sem.  Petrop.  1835,  42. 
Gnaphalodes  Californica  Greene,  Man.  Bot.  Reg.  S.  F.  Bay  183 
(1894). 

Stem  erect,  .5  to  2  or  3  dm.  high,  commonly  branched  only 
toward  the  summit:  leaves  linear-oblong,  acuminate:  receptacle 
low,  with  several  scale-like  processes :  fruit-bearing  bracts  4  to  6, 
semiobovate,  tipped  with  a  scarious  appendage,  at  length  indu- 
rated; the  surrounding  bracts  of  the  involucre  commonly  5,  or- 
bicular or  ovate,  scarious,  with  a  green  spot  in  the  center :  sterile 
flowers  about  3,  the  corolla  filiform  but  expanding  somewhat  to- 
ward the  throat : 'pappus  none. 

Frequent  on  plains  and  in  the  foothills  and  mountains  up  to 
about  1500  m.  from  Southern  San  Diego  Co.  to  Oregon;  not 
reported  from  east  of  the  San  Jacinto  and  San  Bernardino  Mts. 

29.  STYLOCLINE  Nutt. 

Low  erect  or  spreading  woolly  annuals  with  small  ovoid  or 
nearly  globular  clustered  heads.  Receptacle  column-like  or 
almost  filiform,  bearing  at  its  tip,  and  therefore  in  the  center  of 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  103 

the  head,  4  or  5  sterile  hermaphrodite  flowers,  each  of  these  com- 
monly subtended  by  a  plane  or  slightly  concave  bract.  Pistillate 
flowers  marginal,  each  completely  enfolded  by  the  medial  or  (in 
one  species)  the  basal  portion  of  its  very  woolly  subtending 
bract.  Pappus  none  in  the  fertile  flowers,  sometimes  of  a  few 
caducous  bristles  in  the  sterile  ones. 

Bracts   of   the   sterile  flowers   inconspicuous,   merely   acute:    fertile   flowers 

numerous. 
Pistillate  flowers  enclosed  in  the  central  portion  of  wholly  hyaline  bracts, 

the  margins  of  which  are  wing-like 1.  S.  gnaphalioides. 

Pistillate  flowers  enfolded  by  the  entire  basal  portion  of  the  bracts,  the 

margins    not    wing-like 2.  S.    micropoides. 

Bracts  of  the  sterile  flowers  tapering  into  conspicuous  rigid  hooked  cusps: 
fertile  flowers  5  to  9 3.  S.  filaginea. 

1.  S.  gnaphalioides  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
338  (1841). 

Diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  commonly  5  to  15  cm. 
long:  leaves  broadly  linear  or  spatulate-linear ;  the  upper  some- 
what broader  ones,  obtuse  and  5  to  12  mm.  long :  pistillate  fertile 
flowers  numerous;  their  bracts  (barely  3  mm.  long)  ovate,  nearly 
plane  on  the  outer  surface,  a  central  portion  at  the  base  pro- 
duced on  the  inner  side  into  a  sac  enclosing  the  achene,  this 
portion  firm,  the  remainder  hyaline :  sterile  flowers  little  shorter 
than  their  bracts,  with  rudimentary  ovary  and  a  pappus  of  few 
caducous  bristles. 

On  the  plains  and  in  dry  sandy  creek-beds:  from  San  Diego 
and  Santa  Catalina  Island20  to  middle  California  and  the  borders 
of  the  deserts. 

2.  S.  micropoides  Gray,  PL  Wright,  ii.  84  (1853). 

Plant  low,  beginning  to  blossom  when  only  a  few  cm.  high: 
cauline  leaves  linear,  those  involucrate  to  'the  heads  lanceolate- 
linear,  rather  acute,  .5  to  1  cm.  long:  pistillate  fertile  flowers 
numerous,  their  very  woolly  bracts  oblong,  without  hyaline  mar- 
gins or  wings,  but  ending  above  in  a  small  oblong-ovate  hyaline 
tip,  the  whole  body  enwrapping  the  achene :  sterile  flowers  naked 
or  barely  subtended  by  oblong  glabrous  paleae,  with  abortive 
ovaries  and  a  pappus  of  3  or  4  slender  and  smooth  caducous 
bristles. 


Ace.  to  Lyon,  Bot.  Gaz.  xi.  333   (1886). 


104          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

In  moist  sand-washes  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone:  Palm 
Springs,  on  the  Colorado  Desert,  Parish,  no.  1657,  in  part;  Palo- 
verde  Valley,  near  the  Colorado  River,  Hall;  Inyo  Co.,  Brande- 
gee;  east  to  Mexico  and  New  Mexico. 

3.  S.  filaginea  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  652  (1873). 
Ancistrocarphus  filagineus  Gray,  I.e.  vii.  356  (1868). 

Plant  5  to  12  cm.  high,  variable  as  to  habit,  the  stem  some- 
times simple  below  and  cymosely  branched  above,  sometimes 
simple  throughout  with  a  single  terminal  cluster  of  heads,  but 
more  commonly  branched  from  the  base  and  the  branches  erect: 
cauline  leaves  narrowly  linear  to  spatulate,  about  1  cm.  (.5  to  2 
cm.)  long,  those  involucrate  to  the  heads  much  broader:  pistillate 
fertile  flowers  5  to  9;  their  enfolding  bracts  (barely  3  mm.  long) 
boat-shaped,  firm  except  at  the  hyaline  tip,  smaller  than  the  5 
empty  bracts  which  surround  the  sterile  flowers  in  the  center: 
empty  bracts  (4  or  5  mm.  long)  somewhat  coriaceous,  tapering 
into  a  rigid  incurved  hooked  cusp,  persistent  and  at  length 
stellately  spreading :  sterile  flowers  without  pappus. 

Mohave  Desert,  Parry,  Lemmon,  ace.  to  Gray ;  dessicated  pool, 
Mohave  Desert  side  of  Cajon  Pass,  May,  1882,  Parish;  Caliente, 
Kern  Co.,  Brandegee;  near  Paso  Robles,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co., 
Apr.,  1899,  Barber;  thence  to  Oregon.  Mr.  Parish  suggests  that 
its  presence  near  Cajon  Pass  may  be  due  to  sheep,  for  which  the 
pass  was  long  a  much  traveled  highway,  and  that  the  Parry  and 
Lemmon  specimens  probably  came  from  this  same  station.  This 
occurrence  of  the  species  out  of  its  proper  range  would  thus  be 
explained.  Very  different  in  appearance  from  S.  gnaphalioides. 
Ir  that  species  the  large  rounded  heads  are  rendered  conspicuous 
by  the  tawny  white-woolly  hyaline  bracts  of  the  fertile  flowers. 
In  8.  filaginea  the  most  conspicuous  organs  of  the  small  heads  are 
the  rigid  bracts  of  the  central  sterile  flowers,  with  their  slender 
incurved  tips. 

30.  PSILOCARPHUS  Nutt. 

Depressed  or  prostrate  white-woolly  annuals.  Leaves  oppo- 
site, entire,  the  uppermost  ones  involucrate  around  the  small 
globose  heads  which  lack  a  true  involucre  and  are  solitary  in  the 


lj)0~]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  105 

forks  or  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  or  some  clustered.  Recep- 
tacle globose.  Bracts  of  the  pistillate  flowers  clothed  with  soft 
wool,  crowded  on  the  low  receptacle;  each  bract  sac-like,  half- 
obovate  in  side  view,  hooded  and  rounded  °t  the  top  with  the 
apex  introrse  (turned  downward  and  inward)  and  beaked  by  a 
hyaline  appendage  or  scale.  Pistillate  fertile  flowers  with  fili- 
form corolla.  Hermaphrodite-sterile  flowers  few,  occupying  the 
center  of  the  head,  destitute  of  enclosing  or  other  bracts.  Achenes 
straight  or  slightly  curved.  Pappus  none. 

The  following  disposition  of  our  species  is  only  tentative. 
Further  studies  in  the  field,  a  comparison  with  the  types,  and  a 
knowledge  of  the  Chilean  forms,  will  be  necessary  before  a  final 
revision  can  be  made. 

Herbage  loosely  lanate:  heads  not  numerous ].  P.  globiferus. 

Herbage  canescent  with  appressed  wool:  heads  numerous 2.  P.  tenellus. 

1.  P.  globiferus  (Bert.)  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2. 
vii.  340   (1841).     Micropus  globiferus  Bert.,  in  DC.,  Prodr.  v. 
460  (1836)  ?    Bezanilla  Chilensis  Rerny,  in  Gay,  FL  Chil.  iv.  110, 
phanerog.  t.  46  (1849)  ? 

Plant  simple-stemmed  and  erect,  or  freely  branched  and  the 
branches  prostrate  or  ascending:  herbage  loosely  lanate:  leaves 
broadly  linear,  those  involucrate  to  the  heads  oblong,  3  cm.  or 
less  long,  obtuse :  heads  mostly  terminal,  rendered  inconspicuous 
by  the  whorled  upper  leaves:  achenes  elliptic-oblong. 

Heavy  soil  on  mesas  near  San  Diego,  Abrams,  no.  3453,  and 
Brandegee  (collection  of  1903,  not  the  plant  distributed  as  P. 
globiferus  by  Baker  under  no.  1649,  which  is  Stylocline  gna- 
phalioides,  correctly  determined  by  Brandegee)  ;  Bear  Valley, 
San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Parish,  no.  3723 ;  common  in  the  vicinity 
of  Los  Angeles,  ace.  to  Abrams. 

2.  P.  tenellus  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  341 
(1841). 

Usually  depressed,  the  forking  stems  prostrate  or  ascending 
and  often  forming  a  dense  mat  1  to  3  dm.  broad :  herbage  canes- 
cent  with  a  fine  and  closely  appressed  wool;  leaves  numerous, 
spatulate  or  linear,  mucronate,  .5  to  1.5  cm.  long:  heads  in  all 
the  upper  leaf-axils,  about  4  mm.  wide :  achenes  oblong  or  slightly 
broadened  upward. 


106          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    tv°L-  3 

Near  Glendale,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Braunton;  near  Santa  Bar- 
bara, ace.  to  Nuttall;  Santa  Catalina  Island,  Mrs.  Trask;  sand- 
hills near  Santa  Maria,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Miss  Eastwood,  no. 
373 ;  Arroyo  Grande,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  Brewer,  no.  453 ;  north 
to  Washington. 

31.  EVAX.  Gaertn. 

Low  but  rigid  densely  woolly  annuals  with  small  heads  most- 
ly surrounded  by  a  circle  of  bract-like  leaves.  Receptacle  nearly 
flat  (§Diaperia)  or  columnar  from  a  broad  base  (§Hesperevax). 
Pistillate  fertile  flowers  numerous,  each  subtended  by  a  plane 
or  slightly  concave  scarious  oblong  bract.  Hermaphrodite- 
sterile  flowers  few,  central,  subtended  (in  our  species)  by  open 
scarious  bracts.  Achenes  smooth  or  minutely  papillose,  obcom- 
pressed.  Pappus  none. 

Leaves  narrowed  to  a  slender  petiole :  receptacle  columnar....!.  E.  sparsiflora. 
Leaves  closely  sessile:  receptacle  nearly  flat 2.  E.  multicaulis. 

1.  E.  sparsiflora   (Gray)   Jepson,  Fl.  W.    Mid.    Calif.    549 
(1901).     E.  caulescens  sparsiflora  Gray,  Syn.  FL  1.  pt.  2,  229 
(1884).     Hesperevax  sparsiflora  Greene,  FL  Fr.  402  (1897). 

Erect,  2  to  10  cm.  high,  the  stems  branching  from  the  base 
or  rarely  simple :  leaves  spatulate,  narrowed  to  a  very  slender 
petiole,  the  whole  leaf  1  or  2  cm.  long,  3  or  4  mm.  wide  in  the 
upper  portion :  heads  solitary  in  the  axils  or  slightly  glomerate 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches:  bracts  of  the  oblong  involucre  (5 
mm.  high)  and  of  the  fertile  flowers  woolly  externally  and  long- 
hirsute  at  base,  persistent  and  becoming  coriaceous:  receptacle 
columnar:  sterile  staminate  flowers  usually  4  or  5;  their  bracts 
roundish  and  tomentulose,  whorled  near  the  summit  of  the  re- 
ceptacle. 

San  Diego,  Cleveland,  ace.  to  Gray;  San  Luis  Obispo, 
Brewer,  no.  464;  middle  California. 

2.  E.  multicaulis  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  459  (1836). 

Diffusely  branched  from  the  base;  the  leafy  ascending 
branches  sometimes  1.5  dm.  long,  bearing  small  terminal  glom- 
erules  which  are  nearly  hidden  by  the  bract-like  upper  leaves: 
leaves  broadly  spatulate,  sessile  by  a  broad  base,  .6  to  1.2  cm.  long, 
about  2  to  5  mm.  wide :  receptacle  depressed-hemispheric :  bracts 


1907 J  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  107 

of  the  fertile  flowers  woolly  toward  the  apex,  glabrous  toward 
the  more  or  less  narrowed  base:  bracts  of  the  staminate  flowers 
spatulate,  woolly  on  the  back. 

Mohave  Desert,  Lemmon,  ace.  to  Gray ;  east  to  Texas. 

32.  FILAGO  L. 

Low  woolly  annuals  with  more  or  less  glomerate  small  heads. 
Receptacle  hemispherical  or  conical.  Fertile  pistillate  flowers 
in  two  sets,  the  outer  set  separated  from  the  inner  by  a  circle  of 
open  scarious  or  chaff-like  nearly  glabrous  bracts ;  flowers  of  the 
outer  set,  which  is  borne  on  the  margin  of  the  receptacle,  com- 
monly destitute  of  pappus,  each  loosely  enfolded  by  a  concave 
or  boat-shaped  long-woolly  bract :  flowers  of  the  inner  set  pro- 
vided with  a  pappus  of  copious  capillary  bristles,  not  enfolded 
by  bracts.  Hermaphrodite  flowers  in  the  center  of  the  head  few, 
often  fertile,  their  pappus  abundant.  Achenes  terete  or  nearly 
so,  either  smooth  or  minutely  granular. 

Plant  erect:  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  scarcely  longer  than  the  heads 

1.  F.  California. 

Plant  depressed  and  spreading:  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  short,  obtuse.... 
2.  F.  depressa. 

Plant  erect  or  spreading :  bracts  of  the  inflorescence  linear,  elongated,  sev- 
eral times  longer  than  the  heads 3.  F.  Arizonica. 

1.  F.  Californica  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
405  (1841). 

Plant  or  its  branches  erect,  .5  to  2  (or  sometimes  4)  dm.  high, 
leafy  throughout:  leaves  .8  to  2  cm.  long,  narrowly  oblong  to 
linear  or  somewhat  spatulate,  sessile,  commonly  apiculate  at 
apex :  heads  ovate,  3  or  4  mm.  high,  scarcely  exceeded  by  the 
bracts  of  the  inflorescence ;  receptacle  convex,  rough :  bracts  of 
the  outer  pistillate  flowers  8  to  10,  very  woolly,  deeply  boat- 
shaped  and  somewhat  incurved  at  the  broad  and  obtuse  hyaline 
tip ;  bracts  of  the  inner  series  thin  and  less  woolly,  plane  or 
merely  concave;  all  stellately  spreading  at  maturity:  marginal 
achenes  smooth;  central  achenes  either  smooth  or  dotted  with 
shining  papillae. 

Common  in  dry  open  places  of  the  Cismontane  Area  from 
Guadalupe  Island  and  Ensenada,  Sonora,  north  throughout  the 
state,  and  ascending  the  mountains  to  2200  m.,  ace.  to  Parish; 


108          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     LV°L-  3 

also  collected  in  the  typical  form  at  Palm  Canon  and  to  be  ex- 
pected elsewhere  in  the  Desert  Area,  since  it  occurs  in  Utah. 

2.  F.  depressa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  3  (1883). 

Plant  branching  from  the  base,  the  short  branches  depressed 
and  spreading,  or  ascending,  1  dm.  or  less  high  (depauperate 
plants  sometimes  simple-stemmed  and  erect)  :  leaves  as  in  F. 
Calif ornica  but  smaller :  heads  about  3  mm.  high,  borne  in  small 
clusters  which  nearly  equal  or  exceed  the  shortened  upper  in- 
ternodes  and  are  surrounded  by  short  and  obtuse  bracts  of  the 
inflorescence:  marginal  pistillate  flowers  5  or  6,  their  woolly 
enclosing  bracts  nearly  straight:  marginal  achenes  obovate, 
smooth  and  shining;  inner  achenes  oblong  or  fusiform,  smooth. 

The  type  locality  is  Palm  Springs,  Colorado  Desert,  where 
first  collected  by  Parry,  ace.  to  Gray,  then  by  Parish;  and 
Wright's  no.  1819,  labeled  merely  "in  damp  places,  Colorado 
Desert,"  was  probably  gathered  here;  Colorado  Desert  in  Im- 
perial Co.,  Brandegee.  I  have  collected  the  species  in  Marshall 
Canon  (no.  5801)  and  near  the  Pinto  Mts.  (no.  6021),  both  on 
the  Colorado  Desert,  and  near  Daggett  (no.  6150),  on  the  Mohave 
Desert,  whence  it  ranges  north  to  Keeler,  Inyo  Co.  (Brandegee). 
It  nearly  always  grows  in  dry  sandy  soil  and  appears  to  be 
restricted  to  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone. 

3.  F.  Arizonica  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  652  (1873). 
Plant  diffuse  or  at  first  erect,  with  widely  spreading  branches : 

leaves  short,  linear,  the  upper  ones  involucrate  around  and  much 
exceeding  the  glomerules,  which  are  widely  separated  by  the  elon- 
gated filiform  internodes:  marginal  pistillate  flowers  10  to  15; 
their  bracts  of  firm  texture,  ovate,  open  on  the  face :  ' '  achenes 
clavate-oblong  and  arcuate,  very  smooth." 

Mohave  Desert,  Mrs.  Brandegee;  Santa  Catalina  Island,  ace. 
to  Lyon,21  Mrs.  Trask;  San  Diego  Co.  and  south,  ace.  to  Gray; 
Arizona. 

33.  ANTENNARIA  Gaertn. 

Low  woolly  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  mostly  in  crowded  basal 
tufts,  the  cauline  ones  alternate  and  sessile.  Heads  dioecious, 
many-flowered,  solitary  or  terminally  cymose  (paniculate  in  one 

21Bot.  Gaz.  xi.  333  (1886). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  109 

extra-Californian  species.  Receptacle  convex,  not  chaffy.  In- 
volucral  bracts  scarious,  imbricated.  Staminate  flowers  with 
filiform  corolla,  entire  or  merely  notched  style,  and  a  pappus  of 
rather  scant  bristles  which  are  barbellate  or  plumose  at  the  tip 
and  thus  apparently  thickened.  Pistillate  flowers  with  abundant 
pappus  of  fine  filiform  bristles  commonly  united  at  base,  and 
falling  away  in  a  ring. 

Heads  solitary,  terminating  short  stems  or  sessile  among  the  basal  leaves: 

pappus-bristles  of  sterile  flowers  hardly  thickened  at  apex 

1.  A.   dimorpha. 

Heads   in   cymose   clusters  terminating  short   or   elongated   stems:    pappus- 
bristles  of  sterile  flowers  with  thick  or  dilated  tips. 

Tips  of  involucral  bracts  green  to  pale  brown 2.  A.  media. 

Tips  of  involucral  bracts  rose-pink  or  white. 

Leaves  permanently  hoary  on  both  faces 3.  A.  speciosa. 

Leaves   green   above 4.  A.   marginata. 

1.  A.  dimorpha  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  431  (1843).    Gnapha- 
lium  dimorpJnim  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  405 
(1841). 

Depressed,  cespitose,  the  stout  caudex  much  branched  and 
bearing  rosulate  clusters  of  narrowly  spatulate  leaves  which  are 
tomentose  on  both  sides :  heads  solitary,  subsessile  at  the  crown 
or  terminating  branches  4  cm.  or  less  long :  involucre  of  the 
staminate  heads  about  6  mm.  high,  of  the  pistillate  heads  enlarg- 
ing to  1  or  2  cm.,  the  former  with  brownish  or  bluish  obtuse 
bracts,  the  latter  with  often  paler  bracts,  the  innermost  of  which 
are  narrow  and  attenuate  into  a  hyaline  tip. 

On  dry  stony  slopes  in  the  mountains :  Bear  Valley,  San 
Bernardino  Mts.,  Parish;  Lytle  Creek,  San  Antonio  Mts. ;  sum- 
mit of  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co. ;  thence  to  British  Columbia, 
Montana,  etc. 

2.  A.  media  Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  286  (1898). 

Densely  cespitose,  1  dm.  or  less  (usually  4  or  5  cm.)  high 
including  the  flowering  stems:  herbage  tomentose  throughout: 
leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  spatulate,  acute,  .4  to  .8  (rarely 
1.2)  cm.  long:  involucre  about  4  mm.  high;  bracts  obtuse,  green 
or  greenish-brown  with  lighter  tips,  those  of  the  pistillate  heads 
oblong  or  linear-oblong,  of  the  staminate  heads  oval. 


110          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

Summit  of  Mt.  Graybaek,  3500  m.  alt.,  in  the  Alpine  Zone, 
Wright,  Blasdale,  Mrs.  C.  M.  Wilder;  common  in  the  High 
Sierras  and  Rocky  Mts. 

3.  A.  speciosa  E.  Nelson,  Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  xxiii.  705 
(1901). 

Cespitose,  with  many  short  sterile  shoots  forming  a  leafy  mat 
from  which  arise  the  flower-bearing  stems,  these  .7  to  2  dm.  high 
and  terminating  in  a  single  rounded  cluster  of  showy  heads: 
herbage  tomentose  throughout:  leaves  spatulate,  the  cauline 
varying  to  linear,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  5  mm.  or  less  wide :  involucre 
of  pistillate  heads  fully  6  mm.  high,  closely  imbricated ;  its  outer 
bracts  narrowly  oblong,  obtuse;  the  inner  ones  linear,  acute,  all 
with  rosy  or  nearly  white  tips :  staminate  plant  unknown. 

First  collected  in  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  by 
Parish;  Dry  Lake,  Mt.  San  Gorgonio,  in  the  same  range;  very 
plentiful  at  a  few  places  in  Tahquitz  and  Tamarack  valleys,  San 
Jacinto  Mt.  It  belongs  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  Transition  Zone. 

4.  A.  marginata  Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  290  (1898). 

Cespitose,  with  many  short  sterile  leafy  shoots,  the  flowering 
stems  from  a  few  cm.  to  2  dm.  high  and  bearing  a  single  terminal 
cluster  of  pale-colored  heads:  herbage  hoary-tomentose,  except 
that  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  is  green  and  glabrous  or  only 
lightly  pubescent :  basal  leaves  spatulate,  obtuse,  mucronate,  com- 
monly 1.5  to  2  cm.  long  and  6  mm.  broad ;  leaves  of  the  flowering 
stems  few,  linear,  sessile:  heads  few,  the  lower  ones  short-pedun- 
culate, the  upper  sessile:  involucre  of  pistillate  heads  broadly 
campanulate,  8  mm.  broad  and  high  (in  California  plants),  con- 
spicuously imbricated ;  its  bracts  with  a  greenish  tinge  but  the 
conspicuous  membranous  tips  pure  white,  the  long  inner  ones 
very  narrow  and  acute. 

San  Bernardino  Mt.,  on  the  "trail  to  South  Fork  Santa  Ana 
River  via  Barton  Flats,  elevation  7200  ft.,"  Mrs.  Wilder,  no.  489 ; 
near  Flagstaff,  Arizona,  Wilson,  no.  115.  Heretofore  known  only 
from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  Ill 


34.  GNAPHALIUM  L.    CUDWEED.    EVERLASTING. 

Woolly  herbs  with  sessile  and  commonly  decurrent  leaves. 
Heads  white,  yellowish,  or  rose-tinted,  disposed  in  panicles, 
cymes,  or  spikes.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  not  chaffy.  Invo- 
lucral  bracts  scarious,  imbricated.  Pistillate  flowers  in  several 
series,  with  filiform  corollas.  Central  flowers  hermaphrodite- 
fertile,  with  tubular  5-lobed  corollas  and  entire  obtuse  styles. 
Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  bristles. 

Pappus-bristles  united  at  base,  falling  away  in  a  ring:   inflorescence  spike- 
like:  low  herb....        1.  a.  purpureum. 

Pappus-bristles  not  united  at  base,  falling  separately. 

Involucre  imbedded  in  loose  wool,  its  inconspicuous  bracts  brown  except 

at  the  scarious  tips:  low  branching  annual 2.  G.  palustre. 

Involucre  woolly  only  at  base,  its  bracts  scarious. 

Herbage  in  age  becoming  green   (at  least  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves),  somewhat  glandular. 

Eoot  perennial:  stems  woody  below  3.  G.  bicolor. 

Eoot  annual  or  biennial:   stems  herbaceous  throughout. 

Inflorescence    cymose:    involucre    broad;    bracts    white:    var. 

Californicum  of  4.  G.  decurrens. 

Inflorescence   paniculate:    involucre   narrow;    bracts   rose-color 

or  white  5.  G.  ramosissimum. 

Herbage  persistently  white-woolly  throughout,  scarcely  glandular. 

Involucre  bright  white:  heads  in  loose  panicles  

6.   G.  microcephalum. 

Involucre  greenish-yellow  or  rusty:  heads  in  close  glomerules 

..7.   G.   Chilense. 

1.  G.  purpureum  L.,  Sp.  PL  854   (1753).     PURPLE  CUDWEED. 

Root  perennial :  stems  commonly  several,  simple,  from  an  erect 
or  slightly  decumbent  base,  1  to  3  dm.  high:  herbage  canescent 
with  a  close  dense  coating  of  white  wool,  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves  usually  early  glabrate:  leaves  broadly  spatulate,  obtuse, 
2  to  5  cm.  long  and  3  to  12  mm.  wide :  heads  crowded  in  a  spike- 
like  inflorescence  which  is  dense  and  oblong,  or  rarely  more  elong- 
ated and  more  or  less  interrupted :  involucre  about  5  mm.  high, 
brownish  or  purplish:  achenes  sparsely  scabrous. 

In  saline  and  alkaline  soil :  San  Diego,  Cleveland;  Claremont, 
Shaw;  near  Santa  Barbara  and  on  Santa  Rosa  Island,  Brandegee. 


112          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL-  3 

Common  on  low  open  ground  near  the  coast  of  middle  Cali- 
fornia. Also  on  the  Atlantic  coast  of  North  America  and  in 
Mexico  and  South  America. 

2.  G.  palustre  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  403 
(1841).     LOWLAND  CUDWEED. 

Plant  .5  to  1.5  or  2  dm.  high:  stems  commonly  several  and 
erect  or  ascending  from  an  annual  root :  herbage  loosely  floccose 
with  long  wool,  sometimes  partially  deciduous :  leaves  nearly  all 
spatulate,  or  a  few  about  the  inflorescence  oblong  or  lanceolate, 

1  to  3  cm.  long :  heads  in  small  dense  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches :  involucre  barely  4  mm.  high ;  its  bracts  linear,  brown- 
ish or  greenish  at  base,  the  pearly-white  obtuse  tips' sometimes 
denticulate :  achenes  either  smooth  or  scabrous. 

Occasional  in  moist  places,  especially  on  margins  of  ponds  or 
slow-flowing  streams,  from  near  the  coast  to  2500  m.  alt.  in  the 
mountains ;  San  Diego  Co.  to  Washington  and  Wyoming. 

3.  G.  bicolor  Bioletti,  Eryth.  i.  16  (1893). 

Stout,  6  to  9  dm.  high,  from  a  perennial  root :  stems  branching 
and  .lignescent  below,  terminating  above  in  a  compact  cyme  or 
branching  to  form  a  more  or  less  open  panicle,  the  branches  of 
which  are  terminated  by  close  cymes:  herbage  glandular,  whi- 
tened by  a  very  thick  dense  tomentum,  which  is  deciduous  only 
from  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves :  leaves  oblong,  or  linear,  or 
the  upper  lanceolate,  closely  sessile  by  a  broad  auriculate  base, 

2  to  5  or  8  cm.  long,  .5  to  1  (or  the  lower  even  1.5)  cm.  wide,  the 
margins  commonly  undulate  and  revolute:  involucre  carnpanu- 
late,  6  mm.  high  and  broad ;  its  bracts  white,  becoming  sordid,  at 
least  the  inner  often  with  a  greenish  tinge ;  the  outer  ones  ovate 
and  obtuse,  the  inner  varying  to  narrowly  oblong  and  acute. 

In  the  foothills  and  along  the  coast,  from  Lower  California 
to  the  Kaweah  River  and  Monterey  Co. ;  common  on  low  chap- 
arral-covered hills  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  in  the  southern 
part  of  its  range.  I  have  examined  the  following  specimens, 
many  of  which  were  distributed  as  other  species,  some  even  as 
Anaphalis  margaritacea:  San  Diego,  Mar.  25,  1891,  G.  W.  Dunn 
(Univ.  Calif,  no.  31964)  ;  Botanic  Garden,  Berkeley,  Sept.,  1892, 
Greene  (Univ.  Calif,  no.  31962)  ;22  vicinity  of  San  Diego,  Wright. 

22  The  first  two  specimens  cited  are  presumably  the  ones  from  which  the 
original  description  was  drawn. 


OF  THE     ^ 


UNIVERSITY 


OF 


1907]  ZfaW.  —  Compositae  of  Southern  California.  113 

no.  121,  also  1885,  Greene,  Feb.  14,  1891,Mm  Eastwood,  and 
Mar.,  1906,  Ifrs.  Brandegee;  Todos  Santos  Island,  Anthony,  no. 
205  ;  San  Miguel  Island,  1903,  Beck;  San  Martin  Island,  Barke- 
lew,  no.  148  ;  San  Sebastian,  Apr.,  1889,  and  Saucito,  Oct.,  1893 
(both  in  Lower  California),  Brandegee;  San  Clemente  and  Santa 
Catalina  islands,  Mrs.  Trask,  nos.  10  and  20;  Santa  Catalina  Is- 
land, Grant,  no.  519  ;  Witch  Creek,  1893,  Alderson  ;  Valley  Center, 
Jun.,  1901,  Sparkman;  Ramona,  Mar.,  1906,  Mrs.  Brandegee; 
near  Riverside,  Geo.  R.  Hall;  near  San  Bernardino,  Parish,  no. 
4375  ;  Playa  del  Rey,  Hall,  no.  3773  ;  Pasadena,  May  16,  1904, 
Grinnell;  Mt.  Wilson,  at  1800  m.  alt.,  Grinnell,  no.  85c;  Santa 
Monica  Forestry  Station,  Barber,  no.  69;  Kaweah  River,  30  kilo- 
meters east  of  Visalia,  P.  8.  Woolsey;  near  Monterey,  Heller,  no. 
6508. 

The  following  have  very  narrow  and  acuminate  leaves  5  to  8 
cm.  long  :  Pasadena,  Grant,  no.  516  ;  Arroyo  Seco,  Jul.  8,  1904, 
Grinnell;  Santa  Anita  Canon,  Aug.  3,  1904,  Grinnell. 

Allied  to  G.  leucocephalum  Gray,  from  which  it  may  be  dis- 
tinguished by  its  more  branching  habit  and  by  the  broad  auricu- 
late  leaves.  From  G.  decurrens  and  its  variety  it  differs  notably 
in  the  woody  character  of  its  stem  and  the  more  dense  and  per- 
sistent tomentum  of  the  stem  and  of  the  lower  surface  of  the 
leaves. 

4.  G.  decurrens  Californicum  (DC.)  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  341 
(1876).  G.  Californicum  DC.,  Prodr.  vi.  224  (1837).  CALI- 
FORNIA EVERLASTING. 

Stems  stout,  4  to  8  dm.  high,  from  a  biennial  root,  cymosely 
branched  at  summit,  the  branches  bearing  glomerules  of  large 
heads  and  forming  a  broad  and  somewhat  flat-topped  inflores- 
cence :  herbage  soon  becoming  green  and  more  or  less  glabrate,  at 
maturity  glandular  and  balsamic-scented:  lower  leaves  oblong 
(6  to  12  cm.  long,  1  to  2  cm.  broad),  diminishing  in  size  upward 
and  becoming  lanceolate,  all  obviously  decurrent  :  involucre  6  or 
7  mm.  high,  roundish,  its  bracts  white  or  in  age  rusty-tinged. 

San  Bernardino,  Parish,  in  a  very  robust  broad-leaved  form  ; 
near  Redlands,  Dr.  R.  J.  Smith,  no.  20  (similarly  broad-leaved)  ; 
Echo  Mt.,  Pasadena,  Santa  Monica,  Santa  Catalina  Island,  and 
elsewhere  in  Los  Angeles  Co.  ;  thence  northward.  Common  to- 


114          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    tv°L-  3 

ward  the  coast  in  middle  and  northern  California.     G.  bicolor 
has  often  been  mistaken  for  this  species  in  Southern  California. 

5.  G.  ramosissimum  Nutt.,  PL     Gamb.    172     (1848).     PINK 
EVERLASTING. 

Slender,  5  to  15  dm.  high :  stems  usually  several  from  the 
biennial  root,  terminating  in  a  much  branched  oblong  panicle 
which  is  often  3  dm.  or  more  long:  herbage  glandular  and  very 
sweet-scented,  soon  becoming  green  through  the  shedding  of  the 
light  tomentum,  only  the  stem  remaining  more  or  less  arachnoid : 
leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  seldom  more  than  5  or  6  mm. 
broad,  obviously  decurrent :  involucre  narrowly  ovate  or  turbi- 
nate,  4  to  6  mm.  high,  reddish  or  pinkish,  rarely  white. 

Wooded  slopes  from  the  south  base  of  the  San  Antonio  Mts. 
(Leslie  Canon,  Chandler)  and  Los  Angeles  (Griffith  Park,  Braun- 
ton,  no.  643,  etc.)  to  the  Sacramento.  Not  common  in  Southern 
California. 

6.  G.  microcephalum  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2, 
vii.  404  (1841).     SMALL-HEADED  EVERLASTING. 

Three  to  6  or  9  dm.  high:  stems  commonly  several  from  the 
herbaceous  perennial  base,  branching  above  into  an  elongated  or 
sometimes  broad  loose  panicle,  which  is  usually  less  than  3  dm. 
(mostly  1  or  2  dm.)  long:  herbage  clothed  with  a  bright-white 
persistent  woolly  tomentum :  leaves  linear,  or  narrowly  oblong,  or 
spatulate,  the  larger  ones  4  to  6  cm.  long  and  3  to  12  mm.  broad, 
mostly  short-decurrent :  heads  small,  disposed  in  rather  small 
glomerules  or  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  of  the  panicle : 
involucre  narrow,  5  or  6  mm.  high;  bracts  ovate  or  oblong  and 
obtuse  at  apex,  or  the  very  innermost  linear,  bright  white. 

Lower  California  (San  Vicente,  Orcutt,  no.  1239)  to  Shasta 
(Grant,  no.  5075)  and,  ace,  to  Gray,  to  Oregon  both  along  the 
coast  (including  Santa  Rosa  Island,  etc.)  and  in  the  mountains  to 
at  least  1800  m.  alt.  (Strawberry  Valley,  Bear  Valley,  etc.).  The 
type  specimens,  which  came  from  San  Diego,  are  described  by 
Nuttall  as  having  heads  conglomerate  in  a  short  spike  about  5  cm. 
long  and  white-silvery  acute  bracts. 

7.  G.  Chilense  Spreng.,  Syst.  iii.  480  (1826).     G.  Sprengelii 
H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  150  (1833).     COTTON-BATTING  PLANT. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  115 

Plant  1.5  to  6  dm.  high  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root,  stems 
either  several  and  erect  from  a  decumbent  base  or  single  and 
wholly  erect,  terminating  in  a  large  close  glomerule  or  branching 
above  into  a  more  or  less  open  panicle  (this  less  than  1.5  dm. 
long)  the  branches  of  which  are  terminated  by  close  glomerules : 
leaves  narrowly  spatulate  (the  larger  ones  3  to  6  cm.  long,  4  to  12 
mm.  broad)  or  the  uppermost  ones  linear  or  lanceolate,  the  short- 
decurrent  base  rather  broad  and  somewhat  auricle-like :  involucre 
roundish,  5  or  6  mm.  high  and  broa*d,  the  bracts  with  a  greenish- 
yellow  tinge. 

Common  on  sandhills  near  the  coast  (San  Diego,  Santa 
Monica,  etc.)  ;  plentiful  in  moist  places  toward  the  foothills 
(Witch  Creek,  San  Bernardino,  Pasadena,  Ojai,  etc.)  ;  less  com- 
mon in  the  Transition  Zone  of  our  mountains  (San  Jacinto  Mts., 
at  1600  m.  alt.),  and  on  the  desert  (Palm  Springs,  Calexico)  ; 
north  to  Oregon,  east  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

Var.  confertifolium,  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  400  (1897).  A  stout 
and  low  form  with  linear  leaves  densely  clothing  the  stem  up  to 
the  mostly  sessile  dense  cluster  of  heads. — Near  Los  Angeles, 
Braunton,  nos.  237,  628;  Mt.  Pinos,  Hall,  no.  6591;  and  north- 
ward with  the  species. 

G.  WRIGHTII  Gray  has  been  reported  from  Ojai,  Ventura  Co., 
by  Miss  Eastwood,23  but  I  am  unable  to  find  specimens  of  this 
species  from  west  of  Arizona.  It  is  related  to  G.  micro  ceplialum, 
but  the  spatulate  or  lanceolate  leaves  are  not  at  all  decurrent. 

ANAPHALIS  MARGARITACEA  (L.)  B.  &  H.  has  been  reported 
from  Santa  Catalina  Island  by  Mr.  Brandegee,24  but  his  speci- 
mens cannot  now  be  found.  Since  it  is  not  otherwise  known 
from  south  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  of  Kern  Co.,  an  error  in  the 
determination  is  suspected.  This  suspicion  is  strengthened  by  the 
fact  that  other  botanists  have  distributed  Gnaphalium  bicolor 
from  this  island  under  the  name  of  Anaphalis  margaritacea, 
which  may  be  distinguished  from  all  species  of  Gnaphalium  by 
the  dioecious  flowers. 


23Eryth.  iv.  32  (1896). 
24Zoe  i.  114  (1890). 


116          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    ITOL-  3 

TRIBE  4.     AMBROS1EAE.    RAGWEED  TRIBE. 

35.  IVA  L. 

Ours  coarse  herbs  and  low  shrubs  with  thickish  alternate  (or 
the  lower  opposite)  leaves  and  small  nodding  heads  of  greenish- 
white  flowers.  Receptacle  with  chaff-like  linear  or  spatulate 
bracts.  Marginal  flowers  of  the  head  pistillate,  1  to  5  in  number, 
their  corollas  tubular  or  none.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  with  5-lobed 
funnelform  corolla  and  undivided  style.  Anthers  almost  distinct. 
Achenes  somewhat  flattened,  glabrous. 

Involucral  bracts  united  into  a  cup:  stems  herbaceous 1.  7.  axillaris. 

Involucral  bracts  distinct:  stems  suffrutescent  2.  7.  Hayesiana. 

1.  I.  axillaris  Pursh.,  Fl.  743  (1814).    POVERTY- WEED. 
Herbaceous  perennial  with  creeping  rootstocks,  1.5  to  5  dm. 

high:  stems  many,  erect  from  a  mostly  decumbent  or  prostrate 
base:  herbage  pubescent  or  glabrous:  leaves  sessile,  entire,  nar- 
rowly obovate  varying  to  lanceolate  or  linear,  1  to  3  cm.  long: 
heads  solitary  in  all  the  upper  axils,  short-peduncled,  surpassed 
by  the  leaves :  bracts  of  the  involucre  united  into  a  lobed  or 
merely  toothed  cup  3.5  mm.  high. 

In  saline  or  alkaline  soil  from  Southern  California  (coast  of 
San  Diego  Co.,  Coahuilla  Valley,  Colton,  Bear  Valley,  Cushen- 
berry  Springs,  Antelope  Valley,  Ventura  Co.,  Panamint  Mts.) 
to  British  Columbia  and  Nebraska. 

2.  I.  Hayesiana  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  78  (1876). 

Stem  suffrutescent,  branched  from  the  base,  the  ascending 
branches  6  to  9  dm.  high :  herbage  strigose-puberulent  or  nearly 
glabrous :  leaves  spatulate-oblong  or  linear,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
obtuse,  entire  or  rarely  with  one  or  two  short  teeth,  3  to  6  cm. 
long,  6  to  12  mm.  wide,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  and  slightly  if 
at  all  surpassing  the  heads:  involucral  bracts  about  5,  distinct, 
roundish. 

Brackish  or  alkaline  soil  of  western  San  Diego  Co.  and  south- 
ward: near  Warner's  Ranch,  Oct.  4,  1858,  Suit  on  Hays;  Tia 
Juana  Wash,  Abrams,  no.  3514;  Elida,  Lower  California,  Dr. 
Veitch;  Socorro  and  Canon  de  Gato,  Lower  California,  Brande- 
gee;  Cedros  Island,  Anthony,  no.  41. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  117 


36.  OXYTENIA  Nutt. 

Shrubby  perennial  with  erect  branches.  Leaves  alternate, 
3  to  5-parted  into  filiform  divisions,  or  the  upper  ones  often 
sparse  and  entire.  Involucral  bracts  about  5,  somewhat  coria- 
ceous, their  tips  rigidly  acuminate.  Bracts  of  the  receptacle 
slender,  chaffy,  with  cuneate-dilated  tips.  Pistillate  flowers  about 
5,  destitute  of  corolla ;  staminate  flowers  10  to  20.  Young  achenes 
obovate,  very  villous  with  long  soft  hairs,  terminated  by  a  large 
areola.  Pappus  none  or  a  mere  vestige. 

1.  0.  acerosa  Nutt.,  PI.  Gamb.  172  (1848). 

Stems  canescent,  half -woody,  1  to  2  m.  high,  sometimes  leaf- 
less and  rush-like,  sometimes  covered  with  leaves  1.5  dm.  or  less 
long :  heads  4  mm.  high,  numerous,  in  dense  panicles. 

Alkaline  plains  from  eastern  California  and  Arizona  to  Utah : 
southeastern  Inyo  Co.,  ace.  to  Coville.  I  have  seen  no  specimens 
from  this  State.  Flowers  sometimes  pleasingly  fragrant  with  the 
odor  of  lilacs,  ace.  to  Miss  Eastwood. 

37.  DICORIA  T.  &  G. 

Diffusely  branched  annuals  of  the  Desert  Area.  Upper  leaves 
alternate.  Inflorescence  loosely  paniculate.  Involucral  bracts  6 
or  7,  distinct;  the  5  outer  ones  herbaceous;  1  or  2  of  the  inner 
ones  much  larger,  scarious  and  subtending  the  fertile  flowers,  or 
these  wanting  in  staminate  heads.  Receptacular  bracts  few,  nar- 
row. Pistillate  flowers  1  or  2,  destitute  of  corolla;  staminate 
flowers  6  to  12,  their  filaments  almost  free  from  the  corolla  and 
monadelphous  up  to  the  lightly  connected  anthers.  Achenes 
surpassing  the  outer  involucre,  convex  on  the  dorsal  side,  flat  on 
the  anterior  face,  conspicuously  margined  with  a  scarious  pecti- 
nate border.  Pappus  of  several  small  squamellae. 

1.  D.  canescens  T.  &  G.,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  87,  t.  30  (1859). 

Plant  3  to  10  dm.  high :  herbage  canescent  with  a  harsh 
spreading  pubescence,  or  this  somewhat  appressed:  leaf-blades 
1.5  to  3  cm.  long,  on  evident  petioles,  ovate,  obtuse,  from  sinuous- 
dentate  to  laciniate,  3-nerved  from  the  broad  base;  uppermost 


118          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

leaves  minute  and  scattered :  heads  nodding  in  fruit :  outer  invo- 
lucre 2  mm.  high. 

In  dry  sandy  soil,  Lower  Sonoran  Zone:  Whitewater,  Colo- 
rado Desert,  Parish,  Schellenger  (no.  50)  ;  Daggett,  Mohave  Des- 
ert, and  Inyo  Co.,  ace.  to  Coville;  east  to  Arizona  and  southern 
Utah.  Also  as  a  waif  at  East  Los  Angeles,  Davidson. 

38.  HYMENOCLEA  T.  &  G. 

Diffusely  branched  xerophytic  shrubs  with  glabrous  or  min- 
utely canescent  herbage.  Leaves  alternate,  filiform,  entire  or  the 
lower  parted  into  filiform  lobes.  Heads  numerous,  small,  stami- 
nate  and  pistillate  either  intermixed  in  the  panicles  or  the  latter 
in  the  lower  axils.  Involucre  of  staminate  flowers  saucer-shaped, 
commonly  4  to  6-lobed.  Pistillate  flowers  solitary ;  the  involucre 
ovoid  or  fusiform,  beaked  at  apex  and  winged  with  broad  scarious 
scales. 

Scales  of  pistillate  involucre  spirally  alternate,  imbricated....!.  H.  Salsola. 

Pistillate  involucre  winged  only  from  the  middle  with   a   single  whorl  of 

scales 2.    H.    monogyra. 

1.  H.  Salsola  T.  &  G.,  PL  Fendl.  79  (1849). 

An  erect  bushy  shrub,  commonly  1  m.  high :  leaves  sparse,  .5 
to  3  (rarely  7)  cm.  long:  scales  of  the  pistillate  involucre  spirally 
arranged  from  the  base  to  near  the  middle,  orbicular  and  often 
with  a  mucro,  nearly  5  mm.  wide,  the  margins  commonly  erose. 

Common  in  sandy  washes  and  alkaline  soil  throughout  the 
Lower  Sonoran  Zone  in  the  Desert  Area :  Lower  California,  Palm 
Springs,  Coyote  Canon,  Mecca,  Flowing  Wells,  Paloverde,  Bars- 
tow,  Antelope  Valley,  and  Inyo  Co.  Also  near  Bakersfield,  Kern 
Co.,  Apr.  9,  1893,  and  Cuyama,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  May  6,  1896, 
both  by  Miss  Eastwood. 

2.  H.  monogyra  T.  &  G.,  PI.  Fendl.  79  (1849). 

Branches  commonly  less  spreading  and  more  leafy  than  in 
no.  1 :  scales  of  the  pistillate  involucre  7  to  9,  in  a  single  whorl 
around  the  middle,  obovate  with  a  minute  mucro,  only  1  or  2  mm. 
wide,  the  margins  erose. 

In  washes  from  Mission  Valley,  near  San  Diego,  and  Lower 
California  east  to  Arizona  and  Texas,  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  119 


39.  AMBROSIA  L.  RAGWEED. 

Ours  coarse  perennial  monoecious  herbs  with  mainly  alternate 
pinnatifid  leaves  and  inconspicuous  greenish  flowers.  Staminate 
heads  nodding,  in  erect  ament-like  leafless  racemes ;  involucral 
bracts  united  into  a  broadly  turbinate  cup;  receptacle  with 
slender  bracts  subtending  at  least  the  outer  flowers;  corollas 
funnelform,  5-lobed.  Pistillate  heads  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
leaves  at  the  base  of  the  staminate  racemes;  involucre  oblong  or 
turbinate,  closed,  containing  but  a  single  flower;  corolla  none; 
pappus  none ;  fruit  an  achene-like  bur  which  is  beaked  or  pointed 
and  commonly  armed  near  the  top  with  a  single  row  of  prickles. 

Herbage  rough-pubescent:    leaf -lobes  lanceolate,   acute....!.  A.  psilostachya. 

Herbage  soft-pubescent:  leaf -lobes  crowded,  short-oblong,  obtuse 

2.  A.  pumila. 

1.  A.  psilostachya  DC.,  Prodr.    v.    526    (1836).     WESTERN 
RAGWEED. 

Stems  simple,  erect,  commonly  5  to  10  (2  to  15)  dm.  high 
from  slender  running  rootstocks :  herbage  scabrous  or  short- 
hirsute,  somewhat  strigose :  leaves  once  or  the  lower  twice  pin- 
natifid, with  acute  lobes:  fruit  an  obovoid  turgid  bur,  about  3 
mm.  long,  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils,  pubescent,  rugose-reticu- 
lated, bearing  4  protuberances  or  sometimes  unarmed. 

A  common  weed  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places  through- 
out western  North  America. 

2.  A.  pumila  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  217  (1882). 
Franseria  pumila  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  344 
(1841). 

Stems  often  branching,  erect,  4.5  dm.  or  less  high  from  slender 
running  rootstocks :  herbage  canescent  with  a  dense  soft  pubes- 
cence :  leaves  mainly  alternate,  long-petioled,  crowded,  as  also 
are  their  numerous  short-oblong  or  narrower  obtuse  lobes :  fruit 
said  to  be  2  mm.  long,  obovoid,  muticous,  the  surface  pubescent. 

Known  only  from  the  vicinity  of  San  Diego :  Nutt  all,  Cleve- 
land, etc.,  ace.  to  Gray :  Purpus,  Miss  Rose  Smith,  Mrs.  Brandegee. 


120          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 


40.  FRANSERIA  Cav. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  chiefly  alternate  leaves.  Habit,  flowers, 
and  inflorescence  as  in  Ambrosia.  Pistillate  heads  1  to  4-flow- 
ered;  the  involucre  closed,  1  to  4-celled  and  1  to  4-beaked  or 
-pointed,  armed  with  several  rows  of  prickles,  in  fruit  becoming 
a  bur. 

Stems   herbaceous    (leaves   pinnatifid   or   pinnately   parted   except   some   in 

no.  4). 

Fruiting  involucre   (bur)   3  mm.  -or  less  long,  its  spines  mostly  uncinate 
1.  F.  tenuifolia. 

Fruiting  involucre  larger,  its  spines  straight. 

Staminate  heads  2  to  4  mm.  broad:   spines  thin:   inland  species 

2.  F.  acanthicarpa. 

Staminate  heads  5  to  7  mm.  broad:  spines  thick:  seashore  species. 

Leaves  twice  or  thrice  pinnatifid  or  pinnately  parted 

3.  F.   bipinnatifida. 

Leaves  (at  least  the  upper)  merely  serrate 4.  F.  Chamissonis. 

Stems  woody   (leaves  parted  only  in  no.  5  and  sometimes  in  no.  7). 
Petioles  present:  leaves  not  spinosely  dentate. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted:   bur  with  straight  glabrous     or     minutely 

pubescent  spines 5.  F.  dumosa. 

Leaves  ovate,  obtusely  dentate  or  nearly  entire:   bur  with  uncinate 

spines  woolly  at  base 6.  F.  chenopodii folia. 

Leaves  various:  bur  with  straight  spines  villous  to  the  tip 

7.  F.  eriocentra. 

Petioles  none:  leaves  spinosely  dentate 8.  F.  ilicifolia. 

1.  F.  tenuifolia  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  80  (1849).  Gaertneria 
tenuifolia  Kuntze,  Rev.  Gen.  i.  339  (1891). 

An  erect  herbaceous  perennial,  3  to  15  dm.  high:  herbage 
variously  pubescent  or  glabrate,  but  usually  hispid :  leaves  pin- 
nately parted  or  dissected  into  narrowly  oblong  or  linear  lobes 
and  the  primary  rachis  often  with  some  interposed  small  lobes, 
the  terminal  lobe  elongated :  Staminate  racemes  paniculately  dis- 
posed: fruiting  involucres  glomerate  below,  minutely  glandular, 
obovate  with  narrow  base,  about  2.5  mm.  long,  usually  2-flowered  ; 
spines  stout,  incurved  and  nearly  always  hooked,  a  cartilagin- 
ously  bordered  pit  above  each. 

Common  at  Hollywood  and  Cahuenga  Pass,  near  Los  Angeles, 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  121 

ace.  to  Davidson  and  to  Abrams ;  dry  plains  near  San  Bernardino, 
San  Jacinto,  and  San  Felipe,  ace.  to  Parish ;  Colorado  to  Mexico, 

2.  F.  acanthicarpa  (Hook.)  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb, 
iv.  129  (1893).     Ambrosia  acanthicarpa  Hook.,  Fl.,  Bor.  Am.  i. 
309    (1834).     Franseria  Hookeriana  Nutt,   Proc.   Am.   Philos. 
Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  345  (1841).     Gaertneria  acanthicarpa    Britton, 
Mem.  Torr.  Club  v.  332  (1894). 

Diffusely  spreading  or  sometimes  rather  strict,  3  to  6  dm.  or 
more  high,  from  an  annual  (or  more  enduring?)  root:  herbage 
scabrous  or  short-hirsute  and  somewhat  canescent :  leaves  on  long 
petioles,  broadly  ovate  in  outline,  once  or  twice  pinnatifid  into 
short  rounded  often  toothed  lobes :  staminate  racemes  solitary  or 
in  small  panicles,  the  heads  nodding  on  short  slender  peduncles : 
fruiting  involucres  in  the  axils  below,  either  solitary  or  2  or  3 
together,  1-flowered,  glabrous;  spines  flat,  thin,  lanceolate-subu- 
late, with  straight  or  slightly  curved  but  not  uncinate  tips. 

Common  on  sandy  plains  and  in  stubble  from  Southern  Cali- 
fornia (Valley  Center,  Van  Deventer  Flat,  San  Bernardino,  Los 
Angeles,  Mohave  Desert,  Ft.  Yuma,  etc.)  to  Washington  and 
Colorado. 

3.  F.  bipinnatifida  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
344  (1841).     F.  Chamissonis  bipinnatisecta  Less.,  Linnaea  vi.  507 
(1831).     Gaertneria  bipinnatifida  Kuntze,  1.  c. 

Stems  procumbent,  6  to  10  dm.  long,  from  an  herbaceous 
perennial  root,  somewhat  hirsute :  leaves  3  to  10  cm.  long,  twice 
or  thrice  pinnately  parted  into  oblong  lobes,  canescent  or  almost 
silky :  staminate  heads  in  dense  terminal  spikes  or  racemes :  fruit- 
ing involucre  ovate-fusiform,  armed  with  thick  somewhat  flat- 
tened spines,  some  of  which  are  curved  at  the  tip,  but  not  at  all 
hooked. 

Common  in  sandy  places  along  the  beach  from  San  Martin 
Island  (off  the  coast  of  Lower  California),  San  Diego,  and  Santa 
Catalina  Island  to  British  Columbia. 

Probably  only  a  form  of  F.  Chamissonis,  since  the  two  com- 
monly occur  together,  and  intermediate  leaf -forms  are  plentiful 
at  least  on  the  San  Francisco  Peninsula. 

4.  F.  Chamissonis  Less.,  Linnaea  vi.  507  (1831).     Gaertneria 
Chamissonis  Kuntze,  1.  c. 


122          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

Habit,  pubescence,  etc.  of  G.  bipinnatifida  but  the  leaves 
narrowly  ovate  or  obovate  with  cuneate  base  and  merely  serrate, 
or  the  lower  laciniate  or  incised  or  even  pinnately  parted  into 
oblong  divisions  which  are  again  lobed;  bur  thicker,  sparsely 
hirsute,  the  spines  broader  and  channeled. 

San  Miguel  Island,  Sept.,  1886,  Greene;  San  Clemente  Island, 
Mrs.  Trask  (leaves  only)  ;  seaboard  of  middle  California  to 
Washington. 

F.  CAMPHORATA  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  192  (1885),  of 
Lower  California,  may  reach  our  southern  border.  It  is  much 
like  F.  bipinnatifida  but  the  burs  are  globose,  with  short  stout 
spine-tipped  tuberculations  which  are  not  at  all  flattened  :  herbage 
resinous  and  with  the  odor  of  camphor. 

5.  F.  dumosa  Gray,  Frem.  2nd.  Kept.  316   (1845).     Gaert- 
neria  dumosa  Kuntze,  1.  c.     SAND-BUR. 

A  low  spreading  shrub,  seldom  over  5  dm.  high,  with  rigid 
and  brittle  branches:  herbage  whitened  with  a  fine  close  pubes- 
cence: leaves  small  (commonly  1  or  2  cm.,  rarely  4  cm.  long), 
pinnately  parted  into  few  short  very  obtuse  lobes :  fertile  invo- 
lucre mostly  2-flowered,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  globular,  its  spines 
tapering  from  a  broad  flat  base  to  a  straight  acerose  tip. 

Abundant  on  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  deserts ;  east  to  Utah 
and  south  into  Mexico ;  a  characteristic  species  of  the  Larrea  belt 
of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone. 

6.  F.  chenopodiifolia  Benth.,  Bot.  Sulph.  26  (1844). 
Plant  low,  much  branched,  the  stems  woody  only  at  base : 

herbage  pubescent  with  a  very  close  and  soft  tomentum,  the 
upper  surface  of  the  leaves  glabrate :  leaves  round-ovate,  obtuse, 
the  base  varying  from  almost  truncate  to  cuneate,  sinuate-crenate 
to  obtusely  dentate,  1.5  to  3  cm.  long,  on  margined  petioles  1  or  2 
cm.  long:  fertile  involucre  globular,  2  or  3-flowered,  arachnoid 
between  the  spines,  these  lanceolate-subulate  and  hooked  at 
the  tip. 

Tia  Juana,  San  Diego  Co.,  Apr.,  1902,  Grant,  no.  1637;  Apr., 
1903,  Hall,  no.  3974;  May  14,  1903,  Abrams,  no.  3476:  Lower 
California,  Orcutt,  Greene,  Palmer,  Brandegee,  Barkelew,  Pur- 
pus.  Apparently  a  Lower  Sonoran  species. 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  123 

7.  F.  eriocentra  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.     355     (1868). 
Gaertneria  eriocentra  Kuntze,  1.  c. 

Shrubby,  3  to  9  dm.  high,  with  numerous  rigid  branches: 
herbage  canescent  with  a  minute  tomentum,  the  leaves  soon  gla- 
brate  and  green  above :  leaves  cuneate-oblong  to  lanceolate,  from 
sinuately  few-toothed  or  -lobed  to  sparingly  and  irregularly 
sinuate-pinnatifid,  nearly  sessile  by  an  attenuate  base,  1.5  to  2.5 
cm.  long:  pistillate  involucre  1-flowered,  equalled  by  its  single 
subulate  beak  and  clothed  with  whitish  wool  which  is  almost  as 
long  as  the  straight  rigid  subulate  spines. 

Providence  Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  Cooper  (ace.  to  Gray), 
Brandegee;  Arizona,  Palmer,  no.  611,  also  Apr.,  1886,  Miss  Shat- 
tuck,  and  Jun.,  1884,  Lemmon;  Nevada,  Jones,  no.  5065. 

8.  F.  ilicifolia  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  77  (1876).    Gaert- 
neria ilicifolia  Kuntze,  1.  c. 

Shrubby,  the  branches  hirsute  or  hispid,  leafy  to  the  summit : 
leaves  rigidly  coriaceous,  scabrous,  oblong  or  ovate,  sessile  by  a 
clasping  auriculate  base,  2.5  to  5  cm.  long,  coarsely  dentate  with 
spinose  teeth  and  tipped  with  a  rigid  spine:  fertile  involucre 
ovoid,  glandular-pubescent,  12  mm.  broad  including  the  very 
numerous  slender  uncinate  prickles. 

Signal  Mt,  Colorado  Desert,  Imperial  Co.,  Mar.  30,  1901. 
Brandegee;  same  station,  Abrams,  no.  3184;  Cajon  de  Santa 
Maria,  Lower  California,  May  14,  1889,  Brandegee. 

F.  AMBROSIOIDES  Cav.,  a  shrubby  species  of  Arizona  and 
Mexico,  is  to  be  looked  for  along  our  southeastern  borders.  Leaves 
oblong-lanceolate,  dentate  or  serrate,  5  to  10  cm.  long :  bur  nearly 
12  mm.  long,  with  slender  uncinate-tipped  prickles  4  mm.  long. 


41.  XANTHIUM  L. 

Coarse  annual  weeds  with  widely  branching  and  very  stout 
stems.  Leaves  alternate,  toothed  or  lobed,  petioled.  Heads  uni- 
sexual, the  flowers  greenish.  Staminate  heads  subglobose,  in  a 
terminal  cluster;  involucre  of  several  distinct  narrow  bracts  in 
1  or  2  series  •  receptacle  cylindrical ;  flowers  many,  separated  by 
the  bracts  of  the  receptacle;  corolla  tubular.  Pistillate  heads 


124          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

axillary,  below  the  staminate ;  involucre  closed,  forming  in  fruit 
an  ovoid  or  oblong  indurated  bur  covered  with  hooked  prickles, 
1  or  2-beaked,  2-celled,  each  cell  containing  1  flower ;  corolla  none ; 
pappus  none;  style  2-cleft,  its  branches  exserted  through  the 
beaks. 

Leaves  deltoid-ovate,  their  axils  not  spiny 1.  X.  Canadense. 

Leaves  lanceolate,  their  axils  bearing  3-divided  spines 2.  X.  spinosum. 

1.  X.  Canadense  Mill.,  Gard.  Diet.  ed.    8,    no.    2    (1768). 

COCKLEBUR. 

About  6  dm.  high:  herbage  scabrous:  leaves  deltoid-ovate  or 
somewhat  cordate,  irregularly  serrate  or  incised,  often  distinctly 
3-lobed,  green  on  both  sides,  6  to  12  cm.  long,  on  petioles  nearly 
as  long:  bur  2  to  2.5  cm.  long,  1  to  1.5  cm.  thick,  pubescent  or 
glandular  between  and  on  the  lower  part  of  the  crowded  prickles 
and  bearing  at  apex  a  pair  of  strong  beaks  hooked  or  incurved 
at  tip. 

A  common  weed  along  ditches  and  in  waste  places.  Intro- 
duced from  eastern  North  America.  Ace.  to  Hoffmann,25  X. 
Canadense  is  not  specifically  distinct  from  X.  orientate  L. 

2.  X.  spinosum  L.,  Sp.  PL  987  (1753).     SPINY  CLOTBUR. 

Stem  puberulent,  much  branched :  leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  2  or  3-lobed  or  -cut,  or  the  upper 
entire,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  short  petiole,  green  above,  white- 
pubescent  beneath,  5  to  10  cm.  long :  by  the  sides  of  the  leaves  are 
borne  yellowish  3-pronged  spines  2  or  3  cm.  long:  corolla  pubes- 
cent with  short  rusty  hairs :  bur  narrowly  oblong,  about  12  mm. 
long,  sparsely  beset  with  weak  hooked  prickles ;  beaks  inconspic- 
uous, only  one  of  them  spine-like. 

An  occasional  weed  in  waste  ground;  increasing  rather  rap- 
idly and  far  too  common  in  some  places.  Probably  a  native  of 
South  America  (ace.  to  Ascherson),  but  reaching  us  by  way  of 
Europe. 


25  Hoffmann,   in    Engler    &    Prantl,    Natiirl.    Pflanzenf.    iv.    abt.    5,    223 
(1890). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  125 

TRIBE  5.    HELIANTHEAE.     SUNFLOWER  TRIBE. 

42.  BEBBIA  Greene. 

Half-shrubby  strongly  scented  xerophytes  with  green  and 
nearly  leafless  intricately  branched  stems.  Heads  long-peduncu- 
late or  two  or  three  together  terminating  the  branches,  discoid. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  about  3  rows,  obscurely  striate.  Bracts 
of  the  receptacle  scarious,  lanceolate,  concave  and  partially  en- 
folding the  achenes.  Flowers  homogamous,  yellow.  Achenes 
linear  or  turbinate,  densely  pubescent  with  long  appressed  hairs. 
Pappus  of  about  15  plumose  bristles,  longer  than  the  achene. 

1.  B.  juncea  (Benth.)  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  180 
(1885).  Carphephorus  junceus  Benth.,  Bot.  Sulph.  21  (1844). 

Plant  5  to  10  dm.  high,  the  woody  portion  with  a  smooth  gray 
bark  which  becomes  fibrous:  herbage  perfectly  smooth  in  the 
typical  form :  leaves  opposite  below,  alternate  above,  very  remote 
or  almost  none,  linear  (rarely  oblong),  sometimes  with  a  few 
short  lobes :  involucre  4  to  8  mm.  high ;  outer  bracts  from  oblong 
and  obtuse  to  lanceolate  and  acute ;  inner  bracts  lanceolate,  acute, 
brown  or  reddish  in  color. 

Western  San  Bernardino  Co.  to  Lower  California,  in  the 
Lower  Sonoran  Zone :  Cedros,  Natividad,  and  Magdalena  islands, 
off  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  and  on  the  adjacent  mainland, 
various  collectors ;  canon  of  the  Santa  Ana  River,  Orange  Co., 
Hall,  no.  6729 ;  Point  of  Rocks,  near  Riverside,  Hall,  no.  3803 
(peduncles  minutely  scabrous)  ;  Rubidoux  Mt.,  Riverside,  8. 
Grout  (peduncles  smooth)  ;  City  Creek  wash,  near  Highlands, 
San  Bernardino  Co.,  Abrams,  no.  2803. 

Var.  aspera  Greene,  1.  c.  B.  aspera  A.  Nelson,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxvii. 
273  (1904).  Herbage  scabrous  with  upturned  white  hairs,  or 
these  deciduous  from  the  stems  leaving  only  the  pustule-like 
base. — Near  Foster,  San  Diego  Co.,  Mrs.  Brandegee;  San  Jacinto 
River  at  west  base  of  San  Jacinto  Mt.,  Hall,  no.  2674  (western- 
most station  for  the  variety,  leaves  and  stems  very  rough)  ;  com- 
mon in  sandy  and  stony  places  on  the  Colorado  Desert,  less 
common  on  the  Mohave  Desert  and  in  eastern  Inyo  Co.,  east  to- 
Nevada  and  Arizona. 


126          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 


43.  GALINSOGA  R.  &  P. 

Annual  herbs  with  opposite  leaves  and  inconspicuous  solitary 
or  cymose  heads.  Involucre  nearly  hemispheric,  of  few  ovate 
thin  and  striate  nearly  equal  bracts  in  two  series  and  often  some 
additional  outer  and  much  smaller  ones.  Ray-flowers  4  or  5, 
fertile,  with  2  or  3-lobed  white  ligules,  these  often  very  small. 
Receptacle  conical.  Pappus  of  several  broad  paleae  with  fim- 
briate  or  almost  plumose  margins,  or  wanting  in  the  ray-flowers. 

1.  G.  parviflora  Cav.,  Ic.  iii.  41,  t.  281  (1794). 

Plant  2  to  6  dm.  high,  with  slender  ascending  branches,  leafy 
almost  throughout:  herbage  more  or  less  pubescent:  leaves  thin, 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute,  entire  or  serrate,  2  to  6  cm.  long  beyond 
the  petiole:  heads  long-pedunculate,  barely  4  mm.  high:  rays 
scarcely  exserted:  achenes  black,  turbinate,  4  or  5-angled:  disk- 
pappus  of  8  to  16  broad  paleae  nearly  as  long  as  the  achene. 

Adventive  in  waste  places  at  Los  Angeles  (near  University 
Station,  and  at  Vernon)  where  its  appearance  was  first  made  in 
1902,  when  it  was  collected  by  Greata,  Braunton,  Grant,  and 
others.  Native  of  Mexico  and  South  America. 

44.  BALSAMORHIZA  Hook.     BALSAM  ROOT. 

Low  perennials  with  thick  roots  crowned  by  a  tuft  of  radical 
leaves  and  several  naked  or  few-leaved  stems  bearing  one  or 
several  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Bracts  of  the  broad  involucre 
either  nearly  equal  or  the  outer  ones  foliaceous.  Ray-flowers 
pistillate  and  with  conspicuous  ligules.  Achenes  destitute  of 
pappus,  those  of  the  disk  4-sided. 

1.  B.  deltoidea  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  351 
(1841).  B.  glabrescens  Benth.,  PL  Hartweg.  317  (1849). 

Herbage  green  and  more  or  less  scabrous  throughout  or  some- 
what tomentose  below  and  on  the  involucres :  scapes  2  to  4  or  7 
dm.  high :  petiole  of  radical  leaves  stout,  1  or  2  dm.  long ;  blade 
ovate  or  lanceolate,  cordate  at  base,  1  to  2  dm.  long,  8  to  15  cm. 
broad,  the  entire  or  serrate  margins  sinuate:  cauline  leaves  few 
and  small,  lanceolate  with  narrowed  base :  outer  bracts  of  the 
involucre  commonly  foliaceous,  obtuse  or  acute,  1.5  to  4  cm.  long ; 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  127 

inner  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long :  rays  1.5  to  3  cm. 
long,  3-toothed  at  apex  or  entire. 

Principally  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone :  Mono  Creek,  Santa 
Barbara  Co.,  Hall,  no.  7797 ;  near  Manzana,  Antelope  Valley,  Los 
Angeles  Co.,  Davy;  summit  of  Tejon  Pass,  Los  Angeles  Co.; 
Tehachapi  Valley,  Kern  Co. ;  north  to  British  Columbia. 

It  has  been  suggested26  that  the  California  plants  commonly 
referred  to  this  species  should  be  separated  from  the  "true"  B. 
deltoidea  of  Oregon  and  Washington  as  a  distinct  geographical 
variety  or  species,  because  of  their  scabrous  leaves  and  smooth  or 
merely  hirsute  involucres.  These  variations,  however,  are  not 
strictly  geographic,  some  specimens  from  Southern  California 
(Davy,  no.  2185,  etc.)  now  at  hand  exhibiting  tomentose  invo- 
lucres and  scarcely  scabrous  leaves  while  some  Oregon  specimens 
(Cusic~k,  no.  1679)  have  scabrous  involucres  and  foliage;  and 
perhaps  this  latter  form  is  typical  B.  deltoidea,  which  Nuttall 
described  as  "wholly  green." 

45.  WYETHIA  Nutt. 

Perennial  herbs  with  very  stout  roots  crowned  by  a  short 
caudex  which  bears  a  tuft  of  ample  mostly  entire  leaves.  Invo- 
lucre hemispheric  or  camp'anulate,  its  bracts  in  2  or  3  series,  the 
outermost  often  foliaceous  and  much  enlarged,  the  innermost 
small  and  bract-like.  Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so ;  its  bracts  rigid, 
linear  or  lanceolate,  either  flattish  or  partially  folded  around  the 
achenes.  Flowers  yellow  (varying  to  white  in  one  species),  fertile 
in  both  ray  and  disk,  the  latter  perfect.  Branches  of  the  style 
in  perfect  flowers  produced  into  subulate-filiform  hispid  append- 
ages. Achenes  prismatic-quadrangular  or  in  the  ray  triangular. 
Pappus  firm  and  persistent,  consisting  of  a  crown  of  unequal 
scales,  or  with  rigid  awns  at  the  angles. 

1.  W.  ovata  T.  &  G.,  Emory's  Kept.  143  (1848)  ;  Abrams, 
Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxxii.  541  (1905).  Not  W.  ovata  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  357  (1867),  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  268  (1884),  etc.  W. 
coriacea  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  77  (1876)  ;  Hall,  Univ.  Calif. 
Pub.  Botany,  i.  131  (1902). 

26Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  130  (1893). 


128          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

Herbage  densely  tomentose,  the  leaves  somewhat  glabrate: 
stems  leafy,  1  m.  or  less  high,  sometimes  very  short  or  almost 
none:  leaves  firm-coriaceous,  entire,  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  from 
1  to  nearly  2  dm.  long,  on  petioles  of  various  lengths:  heads 
short-penducled  or  subsessile,  nearly  hidden  by  the  leaves :  outer 
bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong-lanceolate,  foliaceous,  usually  ex- 
ceeding the  rays;  inner  bracts  1.5  to  2  cm.  long:  rays  5  to  9, 
barely  1.5  cm.  long:  pappus  forming  a  crown  about  the  summit 
of  the  achene,  variously  cleft,  the  lobes  sometimes  awn-like,  some- 
times broad  and  entire  or  fimbriate. 

In  dry  clayey  soils  at  altitudes  of  750  to  1400  m.,  in  northern 
Lower  California  (Jul.  7,  1885,  Orcutt),  San  Diego  Co.  (Laguna, 
Julian,  Mesa  Grande),  and  Riverside  Co.  (Palomar  and  San 
Jacinto  Mts.).  May- Jul. 

46.  VIGUIERA  HBK. 

Ours  shrubby  plants  with  slender  brittle  stems  and  hispidu- 
lous-scabrous  petioled  leaves,  at  least  the  lower  of  which  are 
opposite.  Heads  medium-sized,  conspicuously  pedunculate  near 
the  ends  of  the  branches,  the  peduncles  not  thickened  at  summit. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous,  imbricated.  Bracts  of  the 
receptacle  persistent  and  embracing  the  lightly  compressed  or 
4-angled  disk-achenes.  Ray-flowers  yellow,  neutral.  Pappus  of 
two  awns  or  acute  paleae,  one  to  each  principal  angle  of  the 
achene,  and  two  or  more  intervening  short  erose  paleae  on  each 
side. 

Leaves  lanceolate:    involucre  green:    achenes  sparsely  pubescent 

1.    F.    laciniata. 

Leaves  ovate:  involucre  cinereous:  achenes  densely  villous:  var.  Parishii  of 

2.    F.   deltoidea. 

1.  V.  laciniata  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  89  (1859). 

Stems  leafy  to  summit,  branching  to  form  a  round-topped 
bush  6  to  12  dm.  high :  herbage  scabrous-pubescent,  resinous : 
leaves  from  pinnatifid  to  nearly  entire,  lanceolate  from  a  broad 
often  hastate  base,  acute,  2  to  5  cm.  long  including  the  short 
petiole,  the  veins  very  prominent  on  the  under  side:  involucre 
about  8  mm.  high;  outer  bracts  ovate  with  abruptly  acuminate 
spreading  tips ;  inner  bracts  narrow,  erect :  rays  1  to  1.5  cm.  long : 


Hall — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  129 

achenes  sparingly  pilose,  glabrate:  principal  pappus-paleae. 
tapering  into  a  slender  awn  shorter  than  the  achene,  obscurely 
denticulate  throughout,  deciduous,  the  intermediate  scales  erose 
or  laciniate. 

Southwestern  San  Diego  Co.  and  Lower  California;  common 
back  of  San  Diego. 

2.  V.  deltoidea  Parishii  (Greene)  Rose,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat. 
Herb.  i.  72  (1890).  V.  Parishii  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  ix.  15 
(1882). 

A  compact  twiggy  shrub  3  to  5  dm.  high :  leaves  ovate,  acute, 
short-petioled  from  the  broad  or  truncate  base,  1  to  3  (rarely  4) 
cm.  long  including  petiole,  coarsely  serrate  or  nearly  entire :  heads 
on  conspicuous  nearly  naked  peduncles:  involucre  about  8  mm. 
high;  outer  bracts  cinereous  with  a  close  pubescence,  linear- 
lanceolate,  loose ;  inner  bracts  linear,  erect :  rays  1  to  1.5  cm. 
long :  aehenes  villous :  awns  of  the  pappus  very  slender,  as  long 
as  the  achene,  obscurely  chaffy  at  base,  the  intermediate  scales 
erose  or  laciniate. 

San  Luis  Rey  Mission,  western  San  Diego  Co.,  Apr.,  1881, 
Parish,  no.  963  (type)  ;  Vallecito,  western  San  Diego  Co.,  Parish, 
no.  963  B;  Mountain  Spr.  Grade,  San  Diego  Co.,  Cleveland,  no. 
366;  occasional  on  benches  and  in  canons  across  the  Colorado 
Desert,  various  collectors ;  Providence  Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  Bran- 
degee;  Lower  California,  Orcutt,  Palmer,  no.  250. 

V.  RETICULATA  Wats,  has  been  collected  only  in  Inyo  Co. 
Somewhat  like  V.  deltoidea  Parishii  but  leaves  "entire,  canescent 
with  soft  appressed  hairs  above,  prominently  reticulated,  and 
loosely  tomentose  beneath,  not  scabrous  in  any  part."27 

47.  HELIANTHUS  L.     SUNFLOWER. 

Stout  coarse  herbs  with  rough  leaves,  yellow  mostly  entire 
rays,  and  brownish  purplish  or  yellow  disk.  Leaves  mostly  alter- 
nate but  the  lower  or  lowest  commonly  opposite.  Heads  middle- 
sized  or  large,  hemispheric,  solitary  on  the  ends  of  the  branches 
or  in  terminal  cymes.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated.  Re- 
ceptacle flat  or  convex,  its  bracts  persistent  and  embracing  the 

27  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  130   (1893). 


130          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

achenes.  Ray-flowers  neutral.  Achenes  thick,  slightly  com- 
pressed, 4-sided  or  elliptic  in  cross-section.  Pappus  of  pointed 
paleae  borne  at  the  angles  of  the  achene,  often  with  very  small 
intervening  scales,  all  caducous. 

Annuals:   receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so. 

Involucral  bracts  ovate,  abruptly  attenuate 1.  H.  annuus. 

Involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  gradually  attenuate. 

Foliage  green:  mountain  species 2.  H.  petiolaris. 

Foliage  white  with  a  strigose  pubescence:  desert  species 

3.  H.  tephrodes. 

Perennials:  receptacle  convex  to  low-conical. 

Outer  bracts  exceeding  the  disk,  lanceolate  or  linear-subulate. 

Pappus-paleae  slender-subulate 4.  H.  Parishii. 

Pappus-paleae  broadly  lanceolate 5.  H.  Calif 'ornicus. 

Outer  bracts  not  exceeding  disk,  ovate,  acute 6.  H.  gracilentus. 

1.  H.  annuus  L.,  Sp.  PL  904  (1753).     (COMMON  SUNFLOWER. 
Erect  and  simple  or  more  or  less  branching,  5  to  30  dm.  high : 

herbage  rough-hispid:  leaves  petiolate,  deltoid-ovate,  serrate,  the 
uppermost  narrow  and  often  entire :  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate, 
slenderly  acuminate,  ciliate:  bracts  of  the  receptacle  3-cleft  at 
apex,  the  middle  lobe  lanceolate  and  longer  than  the  others :  rays 
about  2  or  3  cm.  long. 

Common  along  roadsides  and  in  waste  places  throughout 
western  North  America. 

2.  H.  petiolaris  Nutt.,  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  ii.  115  (1821). 
Slender  plant  with  simple  or  branched  stems,  3  to  9  dm.  high : 

herbage  scabrous  to  sparsely  strigose-pubescent :  leaves  lanceo- 
late, acute,  entire  or  nearly  so,  the  blades  about  5  cm.  long,  nar- 
rowed to  the  petiole  or  the  lower  with  broad  base :  involucre  1  to 
1.5  cm.  high ;  its  bracts  lanceolate-acuminate,  merely  scabrous  or 
obscurely  ciliate,  sometimes  canescent  at  base  but  not  villous : 
bracts  of  the  receptacle  3-cleft  at  apex;  middle  lobe  lanceolate, 
much  longer  than  the  others,  somewhat  hispid :  rays  about  2  cm. 
long. 

Fredalba  Park,  in  the  Transition  Zone  of  the  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  Miss  Nora  Pettibone,  ace.  to  Parish;  generally  distributed 
in  western  North  America. 


1907J  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  131 

3.  H.  tephrodes  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  90  (1859)  and  Syn. 
Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  450  (1886)   (where  complete  synonymy). 

Slender,  erect,  the  commonly  simple  stem  3  to  6  dm.  high: 
herbage  whitened  with  a  dense  hispidulous  or  strigose  pubes- 
cence: blade  of  the  main  cauline  leaves  ovate-lanceolate,  entire, 
2.5  to  4  cm.  long,  tapering  to  the  petiole;  uppermost  leaves  ob- 
long to  linear :  heads  short-peduncled  in  terminal  clusters  and 
solitary  in  axils  of  upper  leaves :  involucral  bracts  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute :  rays  large  for  the  size  of  the  head  (2  or  3  cm.  long)  : 
disk-achenes  silky-pubescent  (at  least  above),  the  long  hairs 
nearly  equalling  the  slender  caducous  paleae  of  the  pappus. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  south  into  So- 
nora ;  rare :  ' '  Mirasol  de  Monte,  in  the  Calif ornian  desert  of  the 
Colorado,  in  sandy  places  by  the  road-side;  October,  1855, 
Schott,"  ace.  to  Gray;  in  sand  at  Palm  Springs,  Colorado  Desert, 
1882,  Parish,  no.  1212  (duplicate  type  of  Gymnolomia  encelioides 
Gray)  ;  Colorado  Desert,  1889,  Wright,  no.  1750. 

4.  H.  Parishii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  7  (1883)  ^David- 
son, Bull.  So.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  30  (1903).     H.  Oliveri  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xx..  299  (1885). 

Tall  and  stout,  2.5  to  5  in.  high,  with  thick  tuber-like  roots: 
pubescence  extremely  variable ;  the  stems  glabrous  to  short-hispid, 
sometimes  tomentose  near  the  heads;  the  leaves  strigose  or  sca- 
brous on  the  upper  surface,  strigose  to  densely  white-tomentose 
beneath ;  the  involucre  more  or  less  canescent :  leaves  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  tapering  to  a  short  petiole,  entire  or  nearly  so,  the 
margins  inclined  to  be  revolute,  10  to  25  cm.  (or  more?)  long,  1 
to  2  or  3  cm.  wide :  heads  short-peduncled,  the  peduncles  com- 
monly exceeded  by  the  upper  leaf-like  bracts :  involucre  10  to  18 
rum.  high,  its  bracts  linear-subulate :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  with 
abrupt  densely  ciliate  tips :  rays  2  to  3.5  cm :  long :  disk-corollas 
with  a  villous  ring  above  the  short  proper  tube,  or  this  wanting 
in  flowers  from  the  same  head :  achenes  glabrous :  pappus-paleae 
linear-subulate,  4  mm.  or  less  long. 

In  wet  places:  near  San  Bernardino;  low  ground  near  Los 
Angeles ;  Cienaga,  near  Santa  Monica ;  probably  also  along 
Spring  Brook,  near  Riverside.  The  excellent  specimens  recently 


132          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    ITOL-  3 

collected  by  Parish,  Great  a,  Braunton,  etc.,  as  well  as  the  cultural 
experiments  carried  on  by  Dr.  Davidson  (1.  c.)  furnish  conclusive 
evidence  that  H.  Parishii  and  H.  Oliveri  are  in  no  way  distinct. 
My  own  no.  2612  from  Strawberry  Valley,  San  Jacinto  Mt.,  may 
belong  here,  or  may  be  a  form  of  H.  Calif ornicus,  but  is  much  too 
immature  to  be  positively  determined. 

5.  H.  Californicus  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  589  (1836). 

Erect,  1  to  3  m.  or  more  high,  with  somewhat  tuber-like  roots, 
the  stems  scabrous  only  toward  the  inflorescence :  leaves  scabrous 
on  both  sides,  lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  some  of  the  lower 
ones  ovate,  usually  entire,  1  to  2  dm.  long  including  the  petiole : 
heads  in  a  terminal  cymose  panicle,  the  peduncles  leafy-bracteate : 
proper  involucre  10  or  12  mm.  high ;  bracts  imbricated,  lanceolate, 
the  outer  ones  tapering  into  spreading  tail-like  tips  and  some- 
times 1.5  or  2  cm.  long,  all  scabrous :  receptacular  bracts  obtuse : 
rays  about  15  to  20,  2  cm.  or  more  long :  achenes  glabrous :  pappus 
of  2  or  3  lanceolate  paleae. 

National  Ranch,  San  Diego,  JuL,  1899,  and  Tehachapi,  Mrs. 
Brandegee;  along  streams  to  middle  California. 

6.  H.  gracilentus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  77  (1876). 
Rather  strict,  erect,  6  to  12  dm.  high,  the  stems  rough-his- 

pidulous  or  becoming  smooth  above :  leaves  short-hispid  on  both 
sides,  entire  or  obscurely  denticulate ;  the  lower  cauline  ovate- 
lanceolate,  contracted  to  a  short  margined  petiole,  15  cm.  or  less 
long ;  the  upper  ones  narrowly  lanceolate  or  linear,  entire :  heads 
terminal  on  the  elongated  branches  of  the  inflorescence;  the 
peduncles  much  exceeding  the  upper  leaves :  involucre  7  to  10 
mm.  high,  shorter  than  the  disk;  the  bracts  imbricated,  ovate, 
either  abruptly  or  gradually  contracted  to  the  acute  apex,  all 
puberulent  and  the  outer  commonly  ciliolate :  receptacular  bracts 
with  pubescent  obuse  or  acute  tips:  rays  12  to  16,  2  to  2.5  cm. 
long. 

In  dry  gravelly  or  rocky  soil  on  hillsides  and  in  canon  bot- 
toms of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  west  of  the  mountains,  from  Mt. 
Gleason  and  Newhall,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  to  Ramona,  San  Diego  Co. ; 
near  Claremont,  Baker,  nos.  3692,  4719 ;  etc. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  133 


48.  ENCELIA  Adans. 

Herbs  and  low  shrubs  confined  to  the  western  part  of  North 
and  South  America.  Leaves  3-nerved  from  the  base,  entire  or 
remotely  toothed.  Heads  on  nearly  naked  peduncles,  ours  with 
showy  yellow  rays  and  yellow  or  purple  disk.  Kay-flowers  neu- 
tral. Disk-achenes  flat,  in  our  species  obovate  or  cuneate  and 
with  conspicuously  ciliate  margins,  the  sides  either  smooth  or 
pubescent  in  the  same  species.  Pappus  none,  or  of  1  or  2  slender 
awns  in  some  species. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  THE  SPECIES. 
Perennials,  the  stems  woody  at  least  below. 

Peduncles   pubescent:    heads    solitary,      terminating      elongated      simple 

branchlets  which  are  leafy  or  bracteate  below. 

Involucre   densely  white-villous,   10   to   15   mm.   high:    rays   1.5  to   3 
cm.   long:    disk   purple,    the   corolla-lobes   either   pubescent   or 

glabrous:   leaves  green 1.  E.   Calif  ornica. 

Involucre  canescent,  5  to   10  mm.  high :    rays   1  to   1.5  cm.  long  or 
none:    disk  yellow,   the   corolla-lobes   pubescent:    leaves   green 

to   white-tomentose 2.   E.   frutescens. 

Peduncles  smooth,  glabrous:  heads  in  cymes,  the  ultimate  branches 
(peduncles)  of  which  are  relatively  short  and  naked:  involucre 
sparsely  pubescent,  5  to  8  mm.  high:  rays  1  to  1.5  cm.  long:  disk 

yellow,   the   corolla-lobes   glabrous:    leaves  white-tomentose 

3.   E.   farinosa. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs  (root  of  no.  5  unknown). 

Heads  radiate:   involucral  bracts  acuminate,  white-setose 

4.    E.   eriocephala. 

Heads  discoid:  involucral  bracts  obtuse  or  merely  acute,  viscid 

.....5.   E.   viscida. 


1.  E.  Californica  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
357  (1841). 

Slender  spreading  stems  6  to  10  dm.  high,  shrubby  only  below, 
usually  growing  in  clumps  of  considerable  size :  leaves  ovate  to 
lanceolate,  acute,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  narrowed  to  the  petiole,  green, 
minutely  scabrous  or  glabrate :  heads  solitary,  terminating  elong- 
ated nearly  naked  pubescent  peduncles :  involucre  densely  white- 
villous,  10  to  15  mm.  high :  rays  16  to  30,  1.5  to  3  cm.  long : 
disk  purple,  1.5  to  2.5  cm.  broad:  corolla-lobes  either  smooth  or 
pubescent. 


134          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

Common  on  dry  hillsides  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  through- 
out Southern  California,  except  on  the  desert;  much  resembling 
Helianthus  gracilentus  in  external  characters. 

This  species  connects  with  E.  frutescens  through  forms  from 
Lower  California  in  which  the  leaves,  heads,  and  rays  are  all 
much  reduced  in  size.  Specimens  of  these  southern  forms  have 
been  repeatedly  distributed  as  E.  frutescens  but  their  long-villous 
involucres  and  purple  disk-flowers  are  exactly  those  of  E.  Cali- 
fornica.  A  teratological  form  occurs  at  San  Diego,  first  noticed 
by  Mrs.  Brandegee,  in  which  the  ligules  of  the  ray-flowers  are 
often  deeply  cleft.  Both  normal  and  abnormal  flowers  are  com- 
monly found  in  the  same  head. 

2.  E.  frutescens  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  657  (1873). 
Simsia  frutescens  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  89  (1859). 

A  round-topped  bushy  shrub  6  to  12  dm.  high,  the  stems  com- 
monly whitened  by  a  rough  cinereous  pubescence :  leaves  1  to  2.5 
cm.  long,  ovate  to  oblong  or  elliptic,  narrowed  to  a  short  petiole, 
hispiduious-scabrous  on  both  sides,  or  even  cinereous-pubescent: 
peduncles  rather  long,  terminating  leafy  branchlets,  scabrous: 
involucre  white-hispid,  5  to  10  mm.  high:  rays  few  in  number 
and  1.5  cm.  or  less  long  or  lacking :  disk-flowers  yellow,  with  pu- 
bescent teeth :  pappus  of  2  delicate  long-villous  awns  or  wanting. 

Chiefly  of  the  Desert  Area,  but  extending  from  San  Jacinto, 
Riverside  Co.,  and  the  Greenhorn  Mts.,  Kern  Co.,  to  Arizona  and 
Utah. 

As  here  characterized,  this  species  includes  a  number  of  very 
perplexing  forms.  Certain  of  these  have  been  recognized  as  dis- 
tinct species,  but  the  transitions  between  them  are  so  gradual  that 
a  specific  segregation  seems  inadvisable  at  present.  It  is  pos- 
sible, moreover,  that  some  of  these  forms  are  of  hybrid  origin, 
since  certain  of  them  exhibit  characters  of  E.  Calif ornica,  others 
of  E.  farinosa.  E.  frutescens  is  best  distinguished  from  the 
former  by  the  shorter  and  canescent  (never  villous)  hairs  of  the 
involucre  and  by  the  yellow  disk ;  from  the  latter  by  its  inflores- 
cence and  by  the  scabrous  peduncles.  The  pappus  is  character- 
istic when  present.  The  typical  form,  as  first  described  by  Gray, 
has  scabrous  and  green  leaves  which  are  oblong  or  narrower,  and 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  135 

discoid  heads.  It  is  represented  by  such  collections  as:  Sheep- 
Hole  Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  Hallf  no.  6055;  Bagdad,  Mohave 
Desert,  Brandegee;  Canon  Springs  and  McCoy  Wash,  Colorado 
Desert,  Hall,  nos.  5859,  5939;  Cariso  Creek,  Colorado  Desert, 
Brandegee;  Foothills  Station,  California,  Lemmon,  no.  .51 ;  Ord 
Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  6825;  Panamint 
Valley,  Inyo  Co.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  6906;  California  State 
Survey  (locality  not  given)  ;  Peach  Springs,  Arizona,  Jul.,  1889, 
Greene  (leaves  ovate-oblong).  The  remaining  material  of  E.  fru- 
tescens  now  at  hand  may  be  segregated  into  the  following  forms : 

f.  radiata  Hall,  form.  nov.  Leaves  ovate,  rather  large,  sca- 
brous and  green :  heads  radiate. — Northern  Arizona,  Apr.,  1893, 
Wilson;  Grand  Canon,  Arizona,  Grant,  no.  396 ;  S.E.  Utah,  May, 
1892,  Miss  Eastwood. 

f.  ovata  Hall,  form.  nov.  t  Leaves  ovate,  rather  large,  sca- 
brous and  green :  heads  discoid. — Signal  Mt.,  Colorado  Desert, 
Abrams,  no.  3156;  near  Tucson,  Arizona,  May  8,  1884,  Pringle; 
"Palmetto  Springs,"  Stephens,  no.  53. 

f.  Virginensis  (A.  Nelson)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  E.  Virginensis 
A.  Nelson,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxvii.  272  (1904).  Leaves  ovate,  rather 
large,  cinereous  with  a  rough  pubescence:  heads  radiate:  outer 
involucral  bracts  linear-lanceolate. — Southern  Nevada,  Goodding, 
no.  666  (type  number  of  E.  Virgenensis)  ;  near  St.  George,  Utah, 
Parry,  no.  142;  Inyo  Co.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  6903  (approach- 
ing f.  Actoni  in  pubescence). 

f.  Actoni  (Elmer)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  E.  Actoni  Elmer,  Bot. 
Gaz.  xxxix.  47  (1905).  Leaves  ovate,  large,  whitened  by  a  soft 
pubescence :  heads  large,  radiate :  outer  involucral  bracts  ovate- 
acuminate. — Acton,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Elmer,  no.  3724;  Greenhorn 
Range,  Kern  Co.,  Hall  &  Babcock,  no.  5091;  Antelope  Valley. 
Davy,  no.  2643 ;  Cabazon,  Riverside  Co.,  Dr.  R.  J.  Smith,  no.  302 : 
Inyo  Co.,  May,  1892,  Brandegee  (peduncles  soft-pubescent)  ; 
Walker  Pass,  Coville  &  Funston,  no.  1020 ;  Olancha,  Purpus,  no. 
1976;  Inyo  Co.,  Rixford,  also  Austin,  no.  30;  Providence  Mts. 
May  30,  1902,  Brandegee;  Inyo  Co.,  Purpus,  no.  5383,  also  Hall 
&  Chandler,  nos.  7062,  7217,  7308;  Ord  Mts.,  Hall  &  Chandler, 
no.  6812;  San  Jacinto,  Hall,  no.  2007;  Utah,  Jones,  no.  5195; 
Nevada,  Sliockley,  no.  540. — This  form  approaches  E.  farinosa 


136          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [V°L-  3 

in  foliage  and  pubescence  but  has  an  entirely  different  inflores- 
cence, the  simple  scabrous  peduncles  terminating  leafy  branchlets. 

3.  E.  farinosa  Gray,  Emory  Eept.  143  (1848).    INCIENSO. 
Plant  3  to  5  dm.  high,  commonly  with  a  distinct  trunk-like 

stem,  the  numerous  short  branches  forming  a  round-topped  leafy 
bush  from  the  summit  of  which  arise  the  long-stemmed  cymes : 
leaves  broadly  ovate,  acute  or  obtuse,  2  to  5  or  10  cm.  long,  nar- 
rowed to  the  petiole,  whitened  by  the  dense  silvery  tomentum : 
heads  cymose,  the  branches  of  the  cyme  perfectly  smooth  and 
naked  except  for  a  few  minute  bracts :  involucre  rather  sparsely 
pubescent,  5  to  8  mm.  high :  rays  8  to  18,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long :  disk 
yellow,  1  or  2  cm.  broad :  lobes  of  disk-corollas  glabrous :  pappus 
none. 

Plentiful  in  the  San  Bernardino  Valley,  thence  south  to 
western  San  Diego  Co.  and  Lower  California,  east  into  Arizona, 
and  north  to  Death  Valley:  very  common  on  benches  and  low 
mountains  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  probably  much  less  common 
on  the  Mohave  but  not  rare  at  Newberry  and  collected  near  Death 
Valley  by  Coville:  chiefly  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone.  In  Lower 
California  this  plant  is  known  as  Incienso  because  of  the  custom 
of  collecting  and  burning  the  resinous  exudation  as  an  incense  in 
the  churches.28  This  cognomen  may  well  be  accepted  as  its 
common  name. 

4.  E.  eriocephala  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  657   (1873). 
Simsia  canescens  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  85  (1849)  ;  not  Encelia  canes- 
cens  Cav.,  Ic.  i.  45  (1791).     DESERT  SUNFLOWER. 

Annual,  from  1  to  fully  6  dm.  high,  usually  with  several  erect 
branches  from  the  base:  herbage  hirsute  with  long  white  hairs, 
rarely  glabrate  above :  leaves  mainly  toward  the  base,  3  to  10  cm. 
long,  ovate  or  lanceolate  to  obovate,  acute,  narrowed  to  the  short 
margined  petiole,  few-toothed  or  entire:  heads  1  to  several,  on 
short  peduncles  terminating  long  leafless  branches  or  more  numer- 
ous in  an  open  panicle :  involucre  7  to  10  mm.  high,  its  lanceolate- 
acuminate  bracts  green  but  the  margins  and  base  very  white  with 
a  long  villous  pubescence:  rays  variable,  commonly  12  to  16  in 
number  and  1  or  2  cm.  long :  pappus  of  2  stout  awns,  continuous 


ssBrandegee,  Zoe  i.  83  (1890). 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  137 

with  the  margins  of  the  achenes,  much  thickened  below  and  about 
as  long  as  the  disk-corollas. 

Very  common  in  sandy  soil  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  on 
both  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  deserts,  where  large  areas  are 
rendered  brilliant  by  its  showy  yellow  heads  in  good  seasons ;  east 
into  Arizona  and  Nevada. 

5.  E  viscida  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  78  (1876). 

Somewhat  branching,  3  to  6  dm.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  usually 
short  simple  peduncles:  herbage  viscid-glandular  and  hirsutely 
villous :  cauline  leaves  6  to  8  cm.  long,  ovate  to  oblong,  obtuse  or 
acute,  clasping,  entire  or  more  often  sharply  toothed:  involucre 
12  to  15  mm.  high  and  fully  as  broad :  achenes  narrowly  cuneate, 
truncate  between  the  awns. 

Near  Campo  in  the  mountains  of  southern  San  Diego  Co., 
Palmer,  ace.  to  Gray,  Parish,  no.  242 ;  Abrams,  no.  3633,  Brande- 
gee;  Lower  California.  Lower  leaves  and  base  of  stem  unknown. 

49.  VERBESINA  L. 

Ours  erect  branching  annuals  with  simple  dentate  or  entire 
leaves.  Heads  on  more  or  less  elongated  peduncles.  Involucre 
hemispheric  or  campanulate,  its  ovate  to  linear  bracts  in  several 
series.  Receptacle  usually  conical;  its  bracts  concave,  folded 
about  the  outer  edge  of  the  achenes.  Both  disk  and  ray  yellow  in 
our  species.  Achenes  strongly  compressed  laterally,  usually  ob- 
long or  obovate,  winged  on  each  edge.  Pappus  of  two  awns,  one 
to  each  edge  of  the  achene. 

Leaves  sessile,  green  on  both  sides 1.  F.  dissita. 

Leaves  petioled,  canescent  at  least  beneath. 

Disk-achenes  broadly  winged,  pubescent:  var.  exauriculata  of 

2.   F.  encelioides. 

Disk-achenes  narrowly  winged,  glabrate 3.  F.  australis. 

1.  V.  dissita  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  299  (1885). 

Tall,  probably  from  a  suffruteseent  perennial  base:  herbage 
^reen  and  nearly  glabrous,  only  the  leaves  obscurely  scabrous  and 
the  involucres  cinereous :  leaves  thin-membranous,  remote,  mostly 
opposite,  sessile  or  short-petioled,  ovate,  serrate  or  entire,  4  to  8 
cm.  long:  heads  short-peduncled,  few  in  a  terminal  panicle:  in- 


138          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

volucre  about  1  cm.  high,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  disk ;  its 
bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or  the  outer  very  obtuse :  achenes 
nearly  glabrous,  the  body  oblanceolate,  1  cm.  long ;  wings  narrow 
at  base  but  becoming  very  broad  above,  the  whole  fruit  therefore 
obovate :  pappus-awns  slender,  longer  than  the  body  of  the  achene, 
the  base  coalescent  with  the  wing. 

Near  Arch  Beach,  Orange  Co.,  May,  1903,  Mrs.  M.  F.  Brad- 
shaw;  Dobbs  Camp,  Mill  Creek  Canon,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  at 
2200  m.  alt.  (Transition  Zone),  Rev.  Geo.  Robertson  (det.  by 
Dr.  B.  L.  Robinson)  ;  Sauzal,  Lower  California,  Orcutt;  first 
collected  at  All  Saints  Bay  (Ensenada),  Lower  California,  by 
Orcutt,  no.  1233. 

2.  V.  encelioides  exauriculata  Rob.  &  Greenm.,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xxxiv.  544  (1899). 

Three  to  6  dm.  'high,  from  a  straight  taproot,  cinereous  or 
canescent :  leaves  whitened  below  with  appressed  hairs,  green  and 
somewhat  scabrous  above,  narrowly  to  broadly  ovate  or  cordate ; 
the  blade  mostly  5  to  10  cm.  long,  commonly  dentate  with  salient 
teeth;  petioles  slender,  or  those  of  the  upper  leaves  provided  on 
each  side  with  a  wing  which  broadens  at  base  into  a  semi-ovate 
auricle :  outer  involucral  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate,  about  1  cm. 
long:  rays  12  to  15,  deeply  tridentate,  about  1  cm.  long,  often 
orange-colored:  achenes  rather  densely  pubescent,  obovate, 
broadly  winged;  the  wrings  becoming  corky-thickened,  obtuse  at 
apex :  awns  of  the  pappus  short,  setiform. 

Fairly  common  on  low  ground  from  San  Fernando,  Los  An- 
geles, and  San  Bernardino  to  Colorado  and  Mexico.  Probably 
an  introduced  plant  with  us.  This  variety  can  be  distinguished 
from  typical  V.  encelioides  only  by  the  complete  or  partial  reduc- 
tion of  the  auriculate  expansions  at  the  base  of  the  petiole  and 
by  the  broad  summit  of  the  wings  to  the  achenes.  Specimens 
with  none  of  the  petioles  at  all  dilated  at  base  have  involucres 
considerably  longer  than  the  disk. 

3.  V.  australis  (H.  &  A.)  Baker,  in  Mart.,  Fl.  Bras.  vi.  pt.  3, 
215   (1884).     Ximenesia  microptem  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  627   (1836). 
X.  australis  H.  &  A.,  in  DC.,  1.  c.  vii.  291  (1838).     Not  Verbesina 
microptera  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  616  (1836). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  139 

Herbage  cinereous  throughout  except  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaves,  this  green  and  only  strigose-pubescent :  leaves  ovate,  sa- 
liently  toothed,  the  larger  ones  10  cm.  or  more  long,  the  petioles 
of  only  the  narrow  uppermost  ones  auriculate-dilated  at  base : 
involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  acute,  8  to  10  mm.  long,  shorter  than 
the  disk:  ligules  orange-colored,  tridentate,  1  to  1.5  cm.  long: 
achenes  narrowly  obovate,  sparsely  pubescent,  glabrate;  wings 
narrow  or  almost  none  except  at  the  summit :  awns  of  the  pappus 
short,  setiform. 

Oxnard,  Ventura  Co.,  1901,  Davy,  no.  7818;  Mexico,  Chile, 
Argentine,  etc. 

50.  COREOPSIS  L. 

Mostly  herbaceous  plants,  a  few  species  shrubby.  Heads 
medium-sized  or  large,  long-peduncled,  solitary  or  in  loose  cymes. 
Involucre  double ;  bracts  of  the  inner  series  8  to  12,  erect,  mem- 
branous ;  bracts  of  the  outer  series  5  to  8,  narrow,  loose  and  f olia- 
ceous.  Flowers  of  both  ray  and  disk  yellow  in  our  species  and 
the  ray-flowers  either  pistillate  or  neutral.  Achenes  flat  to  meni- 
scoidal,  linear-oblong  to  oval,  the  margins  either  smooth  or  ciliate 
or  winged.  Pappus  none  or  of  bristles,  scales,  or  teeth  proceeding 
from  the  angles  of  the  achene. 

The  species  here  described  all  fall  into  the  section  Leptosyne, 
characterized  by  a  single  character,  namely,  a  thickened  or  hairy 
ring  around  the  upper  part  of  the  corolla-tube  of  the  disk-flowers. 
As  a  genus,  Leptosyne  was  first  assigned  the  additional  character 
of  possessing  pistillate  and  usually  fertile  ray-flowers,  but  Dr. 
Gray,  in  extending  it  to  include  his  genus  Pugiopappus,  in  which 
the  ray-flowers  are  often  neutral  and  usually  infertile,  left  only 
the  annular  swelling  of  the  disk-corollas  to  separate  Leptosyne 
from  Coreopsis.  There  are,  moreover,  certain  species,  described 
under  Leptosyne, 29>  30  in  which  the  ray-flowers  are  fertile  and  the 
disk-corollas  destitute  of  the  annulus.  In  L.  Mexicans  Gray,31 
the  ray-flowers  have  fertile  achenes  and  the  disk-corollas  a  mere 
trace  of  the  annular  swelling.  Since  there  is  no  habital  differ- 


29  L.  insularis  Brandegee,  Eryth.  vii.  5    (1899). 

so  L.  pinnata  Bob.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxvii.  176   (1892). 

si  Gray,  in  Wats.,  Proc,  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  429  (1887). 


140          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

ence  of  importance,  I  follow  Bentham  &  Hooker  and  Hoffmann32 
in  disposing  of  Leptosyne  as  a  section  of  Coreopsis. 

Annuals:    disk-achenes  either  thickened  and  corky-winged  or  conspicuously 
ciliate. 

Pappus  none:  disk-achenes  corky -winged 1.  C.  Douglasii. 

Pappus  of  2  linear  awns:  mature  disk-achenes  ciliate  with  long  hairs. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear 2.  C.  Bigelovii. 

Outer  bracts  of  the  involucre  broadly  ovate 3.  C.  calliopsidea. 

Perennials:  achenes  glabrous,  flat,  narrowly  winged. 

Peduncles  scattered,  1.5  dm.  or  more  long:  rays  3  cm.  long 

4.   C.   maritima. 

Peduncles  corymbosely  clustered,  mostly  less  than  1.5  dm.  long:  rays  2.5 
to  3  cm.  long 5.   C.  gigantea. 

1.  C.  Douglasii  (DC.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Leptosyne  Douglasii 
DC.,  Prodr.  v.  531  (1836).  L.  Calif.ornica  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am. 
Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  363  (1841).  L.  Newberryi  Gray,  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  vii.  358  (1868). 

Stems  scapose,  1.5  to  4  dm.  high,  simple  and  monocephalous, 
usually  several  from  the  slender  taproot  and  ascending,  some- 
times few  or  solitary,  then  slender  and  erect :  leaves  mostly  in  a 
dense  basal  tuft,  3  to  10  (or  15)  cm.  long,  filiform-linear  and 
entire  or  more  commonly  2  to  3-parted  into  slender  lobes :  bracts 
of  the  outer  involucre  linear,  5  to  7  mm.  long ;  inner  involucre  of 
ovate  scarious-margined  bracts :  rays  commonly  1  cm.  long  but 
much  reduced  in  depauperate  plants,  yellow,  or  not  infrequently 
white  on  the  upper  third :  ring  of  disk-corollas  usually  distinctly 
bearded :  achenes  of  both  ray  and  disk  obovate  with  broad  wings 
which  become  corky  in  age,  also  corky-ridged  down  the  inner  face, 
rough  with  short  rigid  hairs:  pappus  represented  by  a  minute 
cup-like  border  terminating  the  achene. 

Plains  and  foothills  almost  throughout  the  Lower  and  Upper 
Sonoran  zones  of  Southern  California,  particularly  common  west 
of  the  mountains,  often  beneath  chaparral  and  then  much  re- 
duced in  size  and  delicate.  Mar.-May.  There  is  a  seashore  form, 
plentiful  along  the  coast  of  San  Diego  Co.,  with  short  thick  leaves 
in  a  dense  basal  cluster,  stout  stems,  and  large  heads.  It  corre- 


32  Hoffmann,   in    Engler  &   Prantl,    Natiirl.     Pfianzenf .   iv.    abt.    5,    243 
(1890). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  141 

sponds  to  the  seashore  forms  of  Chaenactis  glabriuscula,  Baeria 
chrysostoma,  etc. 

2.  C.  Bigelovii  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Pugiopappus  Bige- 
lovii Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Kept.  iv.  pt.  5,  104   (1857).     P.  Breweri 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  660  (1873).       Leptosyne  Bigelovii 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  1.  pt.  2,  300   (1884). 

Stems  several  or  numerous,  from  an  annual  root,  2  to  4  dm. 
high  except  in  depauperate  specimens,  commonly  simple  and 
scape-like  but  often  branching  and  leafy  below :  leaves  5  to  10  cm. 
long,  2  to  3-parted  into  linear  lobes :  outer  involucre  of  narrowly 
linear  loose  bracts;  inner  involucre  8  to  10  mm.  high,  its  bracts 
broadly  ovate,  erect :  rays  1  to  2  cm.  long :  ring  of  disk-corollas 
beardless :  ray-achenes  with  narrow  callous-winged  margin ;  disk- 
achenes  oblong,  the  villous  marginal  hairs  conspicuous:  pappus- 
paleae  2,  broadly  oblong,  erose-margined,  half  as  long  as  the 
achene. 

Western  portion  of  the  Desert  Area  and  warm  places  west  of 
the  mountains  in  northern  Los  Angeles  Co.  and  in  Ventura  and 
Santa  Barbara  counties:  Palm  Springs,  on  the  Colorado  Desert, 
and  Morongo,  on  the  Mohave  Desert,  north  to  Kern  and  Inyo 
counties;  particularly  abundant  on  gravelly  slopes  around  Ante- 
lope Valley  in  Apr.  and  May ;  the  westernmost  station  is  probably 
Zaca  Lake  Forest  Reserve,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Miss  Eastwood, 
no.  585. — Rays  commonly  deep  yellow  throughout  but  in  speci- 
mens from  Elizabeth  Lake  they  are  intense  yellow  on  the  lower 
half,  pale  yellow  on  the  upper  half,  the  difference  being  especially 
noticeable  in  age  when  the  upper  portion  fades  to  white. 

3.  C.  calliopsidea  (DC.)  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  90  (1859). 
Agarista  calliopsidea  DC.,    Prodr.    v.    569    (1836).     Leptosyne 
calliopsidea  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  300  (1884). 

Branching  and  leafy  below,  3  to  6  dm.  high:  bracts  of  the 
outer  involucre  broadly  ovate,  conspicuously  shorter  than  the 
oblong-ovate  inner  ones:  rays  cuneate-obovate,  commonly  2  cm. 
long  and  1  cm.  wide,  15  to  20-nerved:  ring  of  the  disk-corolla 
pubescent :  achenes  of  the  ray  and  outer  disk-flowers  oval,  flat, 
glabrous ;  central  achenes  cuneate-oblong,  long-villous  on  the  mar- 
gins and  inner  face :  pappus-paleae  2,  linear,  nearly  as  long  as  the 
achene. 


142          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

On  the  Mohave  Desert  at  the  base  of  Fremonts  Peak,  San 
Bernardino  Co.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  nos.  6868,  6869 ;  Mohave  Sta- 
tion, Kern  Co.,  Pringle  (in  a  dwarf  form)  ;  between  Manzana  and 
Cuyama,  in  southeastern  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  Miss  Eastwood; 
north  to  middle  California. 

4.  C.  maritima  (Nutt.)  Hook,  f.,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  6241  (1876). 
Tuckermannia  maritima  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2, 
vii.  363  (1841).  Leptosyne  maritima  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii. 
358  (1868). 

Stems  fleshy-herbaceous,  spreading,  much  branched,  the  plant 
3  to  8  dm.  high :  leaves  two  or  three  times  pinnately  divided  into 
linear  lobes ;  these  .5  to  1  cm.  long  in  the  upper  leaves,  often  3  cm. 
in  the  lower:  heads  large  (disk  2.5  or  3  cm.  broad),  on  naked 
peduncles  1.5  dm.  or  more  long :  outer  involucre  of  ovate  or 
oblong  herbaceous  bracts ;  inner  involucre  of  longer  oblong  bracts 
which  approach  the  rays  in  texture  and  color :  rays  16  to  20, 
about  3  cm.  long :  ring  of  disk-corollas  beardless :  achenes  oblong 
with  thin  narrow  wings,  glabrous :  pappus  commonly  none,  rarely 
1  or  2  short  awns. 

Coast  of  San  Eiego  Co.  and  northern  Lower  California,  and 
on  the  adjacent  islands.  Cultivated  for  its  handsome  foliage  and 
showy  flowers. 

,5.  C.  gigantea  (Kell.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Leptosyne  gigantea 
Kell.,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iv.  198  (1873). 

Robust  fleshy-woody  trunks  erect,  3  to  12  or  even  20  dm.  high 
and  often  1  dm.  or  more  thick:  primary  branches  distant,  hori- 
zontal or  ascending,  leafy  only  towards  the  ends:  leaf -divisions 
filiform,  from  very  short  to  5  cm.  or  more  long,  varying  between 
these  extremes  from  year  to  year  on  individual  plants:  heads 
medium-sized  (disk  about  2  cm.  broad)  on  cymosely  clustered 
peduncles  1.5  dm.  or  less  long:  outer  involucre  of  oblong  or  lan- 
ceolate bracts;  inner  bracts  longer,  oblong,  yellowish,  the  mid- 
nerve  prominent  toward  the  base :  rays  10  to  16,  2.5  to  3  cm.  long : 
ring  of  disk-corollas  beardless:  achenes  narrowly  oblong,  mar- 
gined, glabrous :  pappus  none. 

Near  the  coast  from  Los  Angeles  Co.  to  San  Luis  Obispo  Co. 
(probably  further  north)  and  on  the  adjacent  islands.  I  have 


1P07]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  143 

seen  the  following:  Dume  Point,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Mar.,  1898, 
Barber,  no.  372  ;33  foothills  east  of  Hueneme,  Ventura  Co.,  1894, 
Wright;  Point  Sal,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  1892,  Jared,  and  May, 
1896,  Miss  Eastwood;  Santa  Cruz  Island,  1886,  Greene,  and  1888, 
Brandegee;  Santa  Catalina,  Santa  Barbara,  and  San  Nicolas 
islands,  Mrs.  Trask;  Santa  Rosa  Island,  Harford;  San  Miguel  Isl- 
and, 1903,  Beck.  Labels  accompanying  Mrs.  Trask 's  specimens 
state  that  the  heads  are  sometimes  discoid  and  that  the  rays,  when 
present,  are  sometimes  pale  yellow  at  the  tip. 

The  longevity  of  plants  grown  in  the  Botanic  Garden  at 
Berkeley  is  4  to  6  years.  When  removed  from  the  ground  and 
placed  in  a  dry  room,  they  continue  to  send  forth  leaves  and 
flowers  for  several  weeks,  this  being  possible  because  of  the  thick 
stems  which  apparently  act  as  storage  reservoirs. 

51.  BIDENS  L.     BEGGAR  TICKS. 

Herbs  with  toothed,  pinnatifid,  or  pinnately  compound  op- 
posite leaves.  Heads  many-flowered,  solitary  racemose  or  pan- 
icled.  Ray-flowers  mostly  neutral  or  wanting.  Involucre  dou- 
ble, the  inner  bracts  membranous  and  more  numerous  than  the 
outer  ones.  Chaff  of  the  receptacle  flat  or  merely  concave. 
Disk-achenes  obcompressed,  or  slender  and  4-sided,  crowned 
with  2  to  4  rigid  persistent  retrorsely  barbed  awns. 

Leaves  simple:   rays  showy,  yellow 1.  B.  expansa. 

Leaves  compound:  rays  none  or  inconspicuous 2.  B.  pilosa. 

1.  B.  expansa  Greene,  Pitt.  iv.  266  (1901).  B.  sveciosa 
Parish,  Zoe  v.  75  (1900)  ;  not  B.  speciosa  Gardn.,  in  Hook.  Lond. 
Journ.  Bot.  iv.  126  (1845).  WATER  DAISY. 

Perennial  by  stolons,  the  stems  decumbent  at  base  but  soon 
erect  and  1  to  12  dm.  long :  herbage  glabrous  throughout :  leaves 
1  to  2  dm.  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  narrowed  to  the  connate 
base,  evenly  sub-serrate  with  short  callous-tipped  teeth :  heads  on 
stout  peduncles,  erect  in  flower,  nodding  in  fruit :  outer  involuc- 
ral  bracts  4  to  8,  linear-oblong,  from  nearly  equalling  to  much 
exceeding  the  disk,  serrate  when  foliaceous;  inner  bracts  8, 

33  First  reported  from  Dume  Point,  or  ' '  Point  Dumas, ' '  by  Dr.  H.  E. 
Hasse,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxiv.  448  (1897). 


144          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL-  3 

broadly  ovate,  membranous,  striate  with  dark  lines:  rays  about 
8,  golden  yellow,  2  or  3  cm.  long  by  about  1  cm.  broad,  entire 
or  minutely  toothed  at  apex :  mature  achenes  black,  flat,  1-nerved 
on  each  side,  retrorsely  barbed  on  the  margins :  pappus  of  2 
retrorsely  barbed  awEs,  3  mm.  long,  and  often  a  third  awn  half 
as  long. 

A  handsome  aquatic,  blossoming  in  the  summer  and  autumn, 
fairly  common  in  shallow  streams  from  San  Bernardino  to  Los 
Angeles  and  perhaps  further  north :  near  San  Bernardino,  Parish. 
no.  4598;  near  Riverside,  Koethen;  Pomona,  Baiter,  no.  3727; 
Los  Angeles  River  and  Oak  Knoll,  Braunton,  nos.  576,  665,  728 ; 
Ballona  Marshes,  Chandler,  no.  2029. 

2.  B.  pilosa  L.,  Sp.  PL  832  (1753). 

Annual,  5  to  10  or  15  dm.  high,  usually  branched  from  the 
base:  herbage  from  pilose-pubescent  to  nearly  glabrous:  leaves 
pinnate ;  leaflets  3  to  5,  ovate,  serrate,  1.2  to  2.5  cm.  long :  heads 
about  1  cm.  broad,  scattered,  the  peduncles  commonly  2  to  6  cm. 
long:  rays  usually  none,  small  and  yellowish-white  when  present: 
achenes  linear,  tetragonal,  about  1  cm.  long,  marked  with  scat- 
tered ascending  barbs :  pappus  of  2  to  4  retrorsely  barbed  awns. 

A  native  of  -the  tropics ;  frequent  in  Southern  California  as  a 
weed. 

52.  MELAMPODIUM  L. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  ample  opposite  leaves.  Heads 
medium-sized,  in  leafy-bracted  cymes  or  panicles.  Outer  in- 
volucre of  several  loose  often  foliaceous  bracts;  inner  involucre 
of  smaller  bracts  each  completely  enclosing  a  marginal  achene 
with  which  it  is  deciduous  as  a  pericarp-like  accessory  covering. 
Rays  yellow  or  white.  Disk  yellow,  of  hermaphrodite-sterile 
flowers.  Pappus  none. 

1.  M.  perfoliatum  (Cav.)  HBK.,  Nov.  Gen.  &  Spec.  iv.  274 
(1820).  Alcinia  perfoliata  Cav.,  Ic.  i.  10,  t.  15  (1791). 

A  coarse  widely  branched  annual,  commonly  10  or  12  dm. 
high:  leaves  2  dm.  or  less  long,  scabrous,  broadly  ovate,  acute, 
contracted  below  as  if  into  a  winged  petiole,  connate  around  the 
stem  in  pairs,  the  margins  dentate :  heads  on  slender  peduncles : 
bracts  of  the  outer  involucre  1  to  1.5  cm.  long,  united  at  base. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  145 

Waste  places  at  Los  Angeles,  where  it  has  been  introduced 
from  Mexico. 

GYMNOLOMIA  MULTIFLORA  (Nutt.)  B.  &  H.  A  few  specimens 
have  been  collected  at  Los  Angeles  by  Dr.  Davidson,  and  near 
Santa  Monica  by  Dr.  Hasse.  At  neither  place  has  the  species 
reappeared  and  it  can  therefore  scarcely  be  admitted  to  our 
flora.3*  Herbaceous  branched  perennial,  3  to  6  dm.  high,  with 
a  rough  herbage :  leaves  linear  or  lanceolate,  mostly  entire :  rays 
showy,  yellow :  achenes  smooth,  without  pappus.  An  extreme 
form  with  very  narrow  revolute  leaves  and  slender  stems,  segre- 
gated as  G.  Nevadensis  by  A.  Nelson,35  occurs  in  Southern  Ne- 
vada and  reaches  the  Argus  Mts.  of  Inyo  Co.,  California,  where 
collected  by  Purpus,  no.  5025. 

TRIBE  6.     MADIEAE.     TARWEED  TRIBE. 
53.  MADIA  Mol.     TARWEED. 

Erect  annual  and  perennial  herbs  (one  Mexican  species 
shrubby),  often  glanular-viscid  and  heavy-scented.  Leaves  al- 
ternate (at  least  the  upper),  entire  or  serrate.  Flowers  yellow, 
opening  in  the  evening  and  closing  before  noon  of  the  next  day. 
Involucre  angled  by  the  carinate  or  almost  conduplicate  bracts, 
these  in  1  series,  each  completely  enfolding  its  ray-achene  with 
which  it  is  deciduous,  and  with  a  free  moderately  long  or  short 
tip.  Receptacle  flat  or  convex,  its  bracts  in  a  single  row  between 
ray  and  disk-flowers  and  often  united  into  a  cup.  Rays  few  to 
many,  pistillate,  the  ligules  3-lobed.  Disk-flowers  1  to  many, 
perfect,  but  their  achenes  mostly  abortive.  Ray-achenes  lateral- 
ly compressed,  oblique,  with  narrow  backs,  rarely  beaked. 
Pappus,  in  our  species,  none. 

Rays  short  and  inconspicuous :  receptacle  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Disk-flowers  5  to  20. 

Plant  stoutish,  viscid-glandular :  heads  clustered :  disk-achenes  angular 

1.  M.  sativa. 

Plant   slender,   moderately   glandular:    heads   scattered:    disk-achenei 

flat  2.  M.  dissitiflora. 

Disk-flower  solitary  4.  M.  exigua. 

Rays  showy:  receptacle  fimbrillate-hirsute  3.  M.  elegans. 


34  Davidson,  Eryth.  i.  61    (1893). 
35Bot.  Gaz.  xxxvii.  271   (1904). 


OFTHE^\ 

UNIVERSITY  ) 


146          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL-  3 

1.  M.  sativa  Molina,  Chile  ed.  1.,  136   (1782).     CHILE  TAR- 
WEED. 

Usually  robust,  3  to  6  dm.  high:  herbage  pubescent  with 
slender  hairs  and  beset  with  pedicillate  very  viscid  glands,  ill- 
scented:  leaves  from  broadly  lanceolate  to  linear:  heads  short- 
peduncled  or  sessile,  disposed  in  the  upper  axils  and  in  small 
clusters  terminating  short  branches :  involucre  8  to  12  mm.  high ; 
its  bracts  hispid:  ray-flowers  5  to  12,  with  pale-yellow  ligules 
about  4  mm.  long:  cup  of  receptacle  campanulate  and  enclosing 
many  disk-achenes,  these  cuneate-oblong  and  somewhat  4-angled. 
being  prominently  1-nerved  on  each  face:  ray-achenes  somewhat 
falcate-obovate,  either  with  or  without  an  obvious  nerve  on  each 
side :  receptacle  either  glabrous  or  minutely  hirsute. 

At  low  altitudes  from  the  Cuyamaca  Mts.,  San  Diego  Co., 
north  to  Oregon ;  very  common  in  some  districts,  rare  or  wanting 
in  others.  Doubtless  introduced  from  Chile. 

2.  M.  dissitiflora  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  405  (1843).  Mador- 
ella  dissitiflora  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  387  (1841). 

Very  slender,  2  to  6  dm.  high,  simple  or  loosely  branched : 
herbage  pubescent  but  moderately  if  at  all  viscid,  at  least  below : 
heads  loosely  racemose  or  more  often  paniculate,  the  peduncles 
seldom  very  short :  involucre  5  to  8  mm.  high :  cup  of  receptacle 
ovoid  but  not  closed,  containing  few  disk-flowers :  ray-flowers  5 
to  8,  the  sulphur-yellow  ligules  3  or  4  mm.  long:  disk-achenes 
short  and  broad,  flat,  not  angled  but  with  one  or  both  of  the 
faces  more  or  less  prominently  1-nerved:  receptacle  glabrous. 

In  rather  moist  soil  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  from  San 
Diego  Co.  (Witch  Creek,  Alderson;  Noble  Mine,  Chandler,  no. 
5489)  to  Oregon.  Some  specimens  from  near  Los  Angeles  com- 
bine the  characters  of  M.  dissitiflora  and  M.  sativa  in  a  very 
perplexing  manner,  indicating  that  these  two  species  are  perhaps 
confluent. 

3.  M.  elegans  Don.,  in  Lindl.,  Bot.  Reg.  t.  1458  (1831).     Ma- 
daria  elegans  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  692  (1836).     COMMON  MADIA. 

Stout,  5  to  15  dm.  high:  herbage,  particularly  above,  viscid 
with  short  gland-tipped  hairs,  the  inflorescence  more  or  less 
hirsute  with  white  hairs :  lower  leaves  linear,  short-hirsute ; 


.1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California,  147 

upper  leaves  much  reduced  in  size,  linear-lanceolate :  heads  in  a 
corymbose  panicle:  receptacle  convex,  fimbrillate-hirsute :  rays 
12  to  15 ;  the  ligules  8  to  16  mm.  long,  yellow  or  with  a  red  spot 
at  base :  achenes  flattish,  light  brown  to  almost  black,  smooth. 

Common  at  middle  and  lower  altitudes  in  the  mountains 
(Transition  and  Upper  Sonoran  Zones),  from  Palomar,  San 
Diego  Co.,  to  Oregon. 

Var.  hispida  (DC.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Madaria  corymbosa  /?? 
hispida  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  692  (1836).  Madia  hispida  Greene,  Pitt, 
ii.  217  (1891).  A  slender  form  with  long  almost  hispid  spread- 
ing hairs  and  nearly  destitute  of  the  black  tack-shaped  glands: 
stems  3  to  6  dm.  high:  lower  leaves  opposite,  in  rather  remote 
pairs :  rays  clear  yellow. — Upper  Sonoran  Zone :  Tehachapi. 
Jun.,  1899,  Greene;  near  Fort  Tejon,  Kern  Co.,  Coville  & 
Funston,  no.  1172,  and  Hall,  no.  6274:  north  along  both  the 
Coast  Ranges  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mts.  to  middle  California. 

4.  M.  exigua  (Sm.)  Greene,  Eryth.  i.  90  (1893).  Sdero- 
carpus  exiguus  Sm.,  in  Rees'  Cycl.  xxxi.  no.  3  (1816).  Harpae- 
carpus  exiguus  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound,  101  (1859).  Madia 
filipes  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  391  (1872),  and  ix.  189 
(1874). 

Stem  slender,  paniculately  branched  to  nearly  simple,  the 
whole  plant  commonly  1  to  2  dm.  high :  herbage  viscid-glandular, 
sweet-scented:  leaves  linear,  entire:  heads  on  naked  filiform  pe- 
duncles: involucre  3  mm.  high;  its  bracts  4  to  8,  lunate  and 
strongly  carinate,  the  free  tip  minute :  ligules  inconspicuous : 
bracts  of  the  receptacle  united :  disk-flower  only  one :  ray-achenes 
laterally  compressed,  obovate-lunate,  pointed  by  a  small  disk. 

Mostly  in  the  Lower  Transition  Zone;  frequent  at  middle 
and  lower  altitudes  from  San  Diego  Co.  northward  to  British 
Columbia. 

54.  HEMIZONELLA  Gray. 

Low  annual  herbs,  hirsute  throughout  or  the  stems  glabrate. 
Leaves  linear  and  entire,  mainly  opposite.  Involucre  of  4  or  5 
bracts,  which  are  broad  on  the  back,  the  margins  infolded  for 
their  whole  length  and  completely  enclosing  the  obcompressed 
incurved  ray-achenes.  Bracts  of  the  receptacle  united  to  form 


148          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    ITOL-  3 

a  3  to  5-toothed  cup  encircling  the  solitary  (or  rarely  2  to  4) 
infertile  disk-achene.  Flowers  minute,  yellow.  Pappus  none. 

1.  H.  minima  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  189  (1874).  Hemi- 
zonia  minima  Gray,  1.  c.  vi.  548  (1865).  Harpaecarpus  minimus 
Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  417  (1897). 

Plant  depressed,  seldom  over  5  cm.  high,  branched:  seed- 
leaves  oval,  the  others  linear,  1  cm.  or  less  long:  heads  in  small 
glomerules,  sessile  or  on  very  short  peduncles:  involucre  2  or  3 
mm.  high:  ray-achenes  obovate,  rounded  at  summit,  either  beak- 
less  or  with  a  minute  inflexed  apiculation. 

Strawberry  Valley,  San  Jacinto  Mt.,  Jepson,  and  Hall,  no. 
1802 ;  Antelope  Valley,  Davy,  no.  2462 ;  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Mts.,  especially  on  the  eastern  slope.  To  be  expected  anywhere 
in  the  Transition  Zone  of  our  district. 

Var.  parvula  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Hemizonia  parvula 
and  H.  Durandi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  549  (1865).  Hemi- 
zonella  parvula  and  H.  Durandi  Gray,  1.  c.  ix.  189  (1874).  Har- 
paecarpus parvulus  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  416  (1897;.  Ray-achenes 
tipped  with  a  short  incurved  beak :  stems  sometimes  15  cm.  long 
and  the  earliest  heads  slender-peduncled,  but  plants  frequently 
as  depressed  as  in  the  species. — Transition  Zone :  Cuyamaca  Lake. 
San  Diego  Co.,  Jul.  17,  1906,  Mrs.  Brandegee;  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  Parish,  nos.  2400,  2086;  Wilsons  Peak,  San  Gabriel  Mts.. 
McClatchie;  the  common  form  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mts.  and 
Oregon. 

An  extensive  series  of  specimens,  mostly  from  the  Sierra 
Nevadas,  exhibits  all  gradations  in  the  ray-achenes  from  those 
with  smooth  rounded  summits  to  those  with  conspicuous  inflexed 
beaks.  Of  the  specimens  seen  from  Southern  California  only 
those  from  Cuyamaca  are  strictly  typical  of  var.  parvula,  but  it 
reappears  just  over  the  line  in  Kern  Co.  (Mt.  Pinos,  Hall,  no. 
6431.) 

55.  HEMIZONIA  DC.  TARWEED. 

Mostly  annual  or  biennial  herbs  (one  of  our  species  some- 
what woody)  with  at  least  the  upper  leaves  alternate.  Flowers 
yellow  or  white,  in  mostly  numerous  heads.  Receptacle  flat,  its 
bracts  deciduous.  Ray-achenes  obcompressed  with  broad  back, 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  149 

thick  and  turgid  (never  laterally  compressed  with  narrow  back), 
each  partially  enclosed  by  the  lower  part  of  its  involucral  bract. 
Disk-achenes  sterile. 

A.— Receptacle  with  a  cup-like  circle  of  bracts  between  disk  and  ray: 
leaves  (never  spinose)  destitute  of  truncate  glands. 

Pappus  none:  flowers  yellow. 

Leaves  entire  1.  H.  Wheeleri. 

Lower  leaves  pinnately  divided  3.  H.  corymbosa. 

Pappus  of  disk-achenes  present. 

Flowers  yellow:  leaves  linear  or  broader. 

Eays  8  to  20:  disk-flowrers  as  many  or  more. 

Perennial:  herbage  not  glandular:  insular  2.  H.  Clementina. 

Annuals:  at  least  the  involucres  glandular. 

Disk-achenes  wholly  sterile  and  with  pappus  of  minute  fimbri- 

ate  scales  or  wanting 3.  H.  cormybosa. 

Disk-achenes  well  formed  and  with  pappus  of  oblong  obtuse 

pubescent  or  erose  paleae. 
Beak   of   ray-achenes   curved:    some   of   the   cauline   leaves 

pinnatifid  4.  H.  paniculata* 

Beak  of  ray-achenes  straight :  cauline  leaves  all  entire  

5.  H.   floribunda. 

Bays  mostly  5  (3  to  8)  :  disk-flowers  not  over  10. 

Involucral  bracts  not  carinate:  heads  on  slender  peduncles  

6.  H.  Wrightii. 

Involucral  bracts  carinate:  heads  mostly  in  small  clusters  

7.  H.  fasciculata. 

Flowers  white:  leaves  nearly  filiform 8.  H.  tenella. 

B.— Receptacle  with  chaffy  bracts  throughout;  no  cup-like  circle  between 

disk  and  ray:  flowers  yellow. 
Leaves  not  spinose,  the  uppermost  ones  tipped  with  a  truncate  gland. 

Eays  4  or  5:  leaves  crowded  on  the  branchlets 9.  H.  virgata. 

Eays  5  to  8 :  leaves  scattered  on  the  branchlets 10.  H.  Heermanni. 

Leaves  spinose  and  rigid   (at  least  the  upper)  :   rays  25  to  40,  2-lobed. 

Disk-pappus  of  3  to  5  entire  paleae  or  wanting 11.  H.  pungens. 

Disk-pappus  of  8  to  12  paleae,  fimbriate  at  the  tip 12.  H.  FitcJiii. 

1.  H.  Wheeled  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  617  (1876)-  Madia  tenella 
Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  167  (1897). 

Slender,  erect,  1.5  to  6  dm.  high:  stem  simple  or  branching 
below,  more  or  less  cymosely  branched  above  and  bearing  scat- 
tered heads  of  bright-yellow  flowers ;  the  cymes  sometimes  con-' 
densed  (simple-stemmed  and  monocephalous  only  in  depauperate 
plants)  :  herbage  hirsute  with  spreading  white  hairs,  the  inflor- 
escence glandular:  leaves  scattered  (the  lower  opposite,  the  upper 


150          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

alternate),  linear,  rather  obtuse,  3  to  6  or  7  cm.  long:  involucre 
5  to  7  mm.  high ;  its  bracts  rounded  on  the  back,  the  lower  portion 
half -enfolding  the  ray-achenes:  ray -flowers  5  to  13,  usually  8; 
the  3-cleft  ligules  4  to  8  mm.  long :  bracts  of  the  receptacle  lightly 
united  for  two-thirds  their  length:  ray-achenes  with  broad  back 
and  acute  inner  edge,  therefore  triangular  in  cross-section,  broad 
at  summit,  pointed  at  base,  3.5  mm.  long,  nearly  black;  disk- 
achenes  infertile :  pappus  none. 

A  species  of  the  arid  Transition  Zone :  San  Jacinto  Mt.,  Hall. 
nos.  2268,  2662,  and  May,  1899,  without  number;  Bluff  Lake. 
San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Williams;  Little  Green  Valley,  San  Ber- 
nardino Mts.,  Geo.  R.  Hall;  South  Fork  Santa  Ana  River,  Mrs. 
Wilder,  no.  313;  Potrero,  Mt.  Pinos,  Grinnell;  Southern  Sierra 
Nevada  from  Greenhorn  Range,  Kern  Co.,  to  Olancha  Peak  and 
Mineral  King,  Tulare  Co.,  Hall  &  Babcock,  nos.  5103,  5128,  5206, 
5212,  5275,  5276,  5399,  5643. 

With  the  habit  and  whole  aspect  of  a  Madia,  this  species 
combines  the  technical  achenial  and  involucral  characters  of 
Hemizonia.  It  was  originally  collected  by  Dr.  Rothrock  at  Mo- 
nache  Meadows,  etc.,  on  the  west  slope  of  Olancha  Peak,  in  which 
district  it  is  very  plentiful  in  loose  granitic  soil  and  exhibits  a 
remarkable  range  of  variation  in  habit,  pubescence,  and  number 
of  rays.  Dr.  Coville36  has  already  pointed  out  that  the  outer 
receptacular  bracts  are  not  distinct,  as  originally  described ;  and 
although  Dr.  Greene  states  that  they  are  distinct  in  his  Madia 
tenella,  I  have  yet  to  see  specimens  in  which  they  are  not  united, 
although  easily  torn  apart  while  being  examined. 

2.  H.  Clementina  Brandegee,  Eryth.  vii.  70  (1899).  H. 
Streetsii  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  451  (1886)  in  part,  not  of  Proc. 
Am.  Acad.  xii.  162  (1877). 

Plant  probably  a  half-shrubby  perennial,  3  to  6  dm.  high : 
stems  many,  at  length  much  branched  and  leafy  to  the  numerous 
cymosely  crowded  heads :  herbage  sparsely  hirsute,  not  conspicu- 
ously glandular  but  more  or  less  viscid  above :  leaves  rigid,  linear, 
entire  or  with  a  few  short  teeth :  rays  12  to  20 ;  disk-flowers  nu- 
merous: ray-achenes  rugose-tuberculate,  stipitate,  beaked:  pap- 
pus-paleae  of  disk-achenes  about  10,  subulate-linear,  unequal. 

seContr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  133  (1893). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  151 

Santa  Catalina  Island,  Nevin  &  Lyon,  Brandegee,  Mrs.  Trask; 
San  Nicholas  and  Santa  Barbara  Islands,  Mrs.  Trask;  San  Cle- 
mente  Island,  Brandegee. 

3.  H.  corymbosa  (DC.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  398  (1843).    Hart- 
mannia  corymbosa  DC.,   Prodr.   v.   694    (1836).     Zonanthemis 
corymbosa  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  425  (1897). 

Cymosely  and  widely  branched,  3  to  5  dm.  high:  herbage 
hirsute-pubescent  and  glandular:  radical  and  lower  leaves  pin- 
nately  divided  into  linear  lobes,  the  upper  and  those  of  the 
flowering  branches  linear  and  entire :  involucre  broadly  hemis- 
pheric, 6  to  8  mm.  high :  rays  12  to  20,  oblong-cuneate,  5  to  8  mm. 
long,  3  or  4-toothed :  pappus  of  the  sterile  disk-achenes  of  minute 
fimbriate-bristly  scales,  or  none:  ray-achenes  with  a  short  up- 
turned beak  on  the  inner  side  at  apex. 

Gaviota,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Mrs.  Curran,  and  northward 
along  the  coast.  Dr.  Palmer's  no.  237  is  labeled  "District  of 
Mohave  R.,"  but  this  is  certainly  erroneous.  It  was  probably 
gathered  near  San  Simeon,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  ace.  to  Mrs. 
Brandegee. 

4.  H.  paniculata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  17  (1883). 
Diffusely  branched  above,  3  to  10  dm.  high ;  the  stem  hirsute 

below,  viscid-glandular  above:  cauline  leaves  narrowly  oblong, 
laciniate-pinnatifid ;  those  of  the  numerous  short  branchlets 
crowded,  erect,  entire :  ray-flowers  usually  8 ;  their  achenes  rugose 
or  pitted  on  the  back,  and  with  short  upturned  beak  at  summit 
of  inner  angle:  disk-achenes  usually  about  13  (11  to  20),  pubes- 
cent; their  8  to  10  oblong  pappus-paleae  equalling  the  proper 
tube  of  the  corolla  and  conspicuously  pubescent  or  even  erose  at 
the  summit. 

On  bench  lands  and  plains  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone ;  com- 
mon at  a  few  places  in  Southern  California :  Santa  Barbara,  Pasa- 
dena, San  Bernardino,  Riverside,  San  Jacinto,  San  Diego,  Santa 
Rosa  Island. 

5.  H.  floribunda  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  79  (1876). 

A  stout  erect  annual,  6  dm.  or  more  high,  the  very  leafy  stem 
terminating  in  an  elongated  raceme  or  racemose  panicle :  herbage 
minutely  glandular  but  not  hirsute :  cauline  leaves  linear,  1  to  3 


152          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    ITOL-  3 

cm.  long,  entire :  ray-achenes  about  20,  in  more  than  one  series. 
somewhat  tuberculate-rugose,  with  very  short  straight  beak :  pap- 
pus-paleae  of  the  numerous  disk-achenes  5  to  8,  shorter  than  the 
proper  tube  of  the  corolla,  acute,  conspicuously  hirsute. 

Southern  part  of  San  Diego  Co. :  Palmer,  no.  177 ;  Cleveland. 

6.  H.  Wrightii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  17  (1883).   Dein- 
andra  Wrightii  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  424  (1897). 

Paniculately  branched  above,  2  to  6  or  9  dm.  high:  herbage 
sparsely  hirsute,  at  least  below,  the  inflorescence  glandular  and 
sweet-scented :  lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  with  few  and  remote 
short  lobes  or  teeth,  narrowed  to  a  petiole ;  upper  leaves  reduced 
to  bracts  of  the  inflorescence,  oblong  with  broad  sessile  base,  ob- 
tuse, mostly  5  mm.  or  less  long,  entire :  heads  solitary,  terminating 
the  numerous  short  branchlets:  involucral  bracts  covered  with 
stipitate  glands  and  usually  somewhat  hirsute,  the  midrib  not 
obviously  thickened:  ray-achenes  black  when  mature,  rugose, 
beaked  on  the  inner  angle,  short-stipitate :  pappus-paleae  of  disk- 
achenes  lacerate  at  summit. 

First  collected  about  San  Bernardino ;  now  known  also  from 
near  San  Jacinto,  at  altitudes  of  450  to  1600  m.,  from  Riverside, 
where  it  covers  large  areas  in  the  foothills,  and  from  Antelope 
Valley.  Also  collected  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  where  it  is  ap- 
parently rather  common. 

H.  KELLOGGII  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  x.  41  (1883)  is  per- 
haps not  specifically  distinct  from  H.  Wrightii,  differing  only  in 
its  pappus-paleae,  some  or  all  of  these  being  united  to  near  their 
summits.  It  has  been  collected  near  Pasadena  by  Grinnell,  ace. 
to  Abrams. 

7.  H.  fasciculata  (DC.)  T.  &  G,  Fl.  ii.  397  (1843).    Hart- 
mannia  fasciculata  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  693  (1836).    Deinandra  fasci- 
culata Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  424  (1897).    D.  simplex  Elmer,  Bot.  Gaz. 
xxxix.  48  (1905). 

Paniculately  branched  above  the  base,  2  to  6  dm.  high:  her- 
bage sparsely  hirsute  and  hispid,  or  disposed  to  be  nearly  glabrous 
above:  radical  leaves  pinnately  parted,  4  to  8  cm.  long;  stem- 
leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  few-toothed,  or 
entire :  those  of  the  branchlets  shorter  and  mostly  entire :  heads 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  153 

fascicled  in  rather  dense  small  clusters,  normally  with  5  rays  and 
6  disk-flowers:  bracts  of  the  involucre  glabrous  or  glandular- 
hispidulous,  carinate  by  a  thickened  midrib,  those  of  the  re- 
ceptacle slightly  united:  corolla-lobes  pubescent:  ray-achenes 
smoothish  or  transversely  rugose,  with  a  very  short  beak ;  disk- 
achenes  with  a  pappus  of  6  to  10  linear  paleae  some  of  which 
are  toothed  or  lacerate  at  tip. 

On  mesas  throughout  Southern  California  except  on  the  des- 
ert, north  to  San  Francisco  Bay ;  common,  especially  toward  the 
coast  and  on  the  islands. 

Var.  ramosissima  (Benth.)  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  310 
(1884).  H.  ramosissima  Benth.,  Bot.  Sulph.  30  (1844).  More 
diffuse :  heads  less  fascicled  or  all  scattered. — Same  range  as  the 
species  but  less  common. 

8.  H.  tenella  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  191  (1874). 
Osmadenia  tenella  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  392 
(1841).    Calycadenia  tenella  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  402  (1843). 

Slender,  usually  1.5  to  3  dm.  high:  herbage  sparsely  hispid, 
minutely  glandular  above:  leaves  very  narrowly  linear,  acute, 
mainly  alternate,  at  least  the  upper  ones  ciliate  with  long  white 
hairs :  heads  subtended  by  a  few  bract-like  leaves :  involucre  5 
to  7  mm.  high :  li gules  white  with  a  transverse  purple  blotch 
across  the  midde  (or  pure  white  and  whole  herbage  pale  in  albi- 
noes),  both  ray  and  disk  becoming  reddish  in  age:  ray-achenes  3 
to  5,  rugose  and  with  an  evident  dorsal  nerve:  disk-achenes  5. 
each  with  a  pappus  of  4  or  5  scabrous  bristles  as  long  as  the 
corolla  alternating  with  as  many  oblong  lacerate-truncate  paleae 
only  half  as  long. 

On  dry  plains  and  in  sand-washes  from  Los  Angeles  to  San 
Bernardino,  Temeeula,  and  San  Diego;  especially  plentiful  to- 
ward the  coast. 

9.  H.  virgata  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  100  (1859).    Deinandra 
virgata  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  425  (1897). 

Stem  (3  dm.  or  more  high)  commonly  branching  at  the 
middle  into  several  virgate  branches  bearing  numerous  solitary 
or  racemosely  disposed  heads  on  short  lateral  branchlets :  herb- 
age either  glabrous  or  short-hirsute  and  glandular:  branchlets 


154         University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

crowded  with  linear  leaves  only  about  2  mm.  long,  those  of  the 
flowering  branchlets  ending  in  a  truncate  or  somewhat  saucer- 
shaped  gland:  involucral  bracts  stipitate-glandular  on  the  back, 
the  involute  tip  ending  in  a  truncate  gland :  ray-flowers  4  or  5 ; 
disk-flowers  7  to  10 :  pappus  none. 

Abundant  in  places  on  dry  hills  near  the  coast  of  San  Diego 
Co.,  ace.  to  Parish ;  vicinity  of  San  Diego,  Brandegee,  also  W.  8. 
Wright,  no.  77 ;  Poway,  San  Diego  Co.,  Cleveland :  middle  Cali- 
fornia.— Often  very  glandular  and  strongly  scented. 

10.  H.  Heermanni  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  ix.  15   (1882). 
Deinandra  Heermanni  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  425  (1897). 

Paniculately  branched  above,  3  to  10  dm.  high:  herbage  pu- 
bescent and  viscid,  heavy-scented :  leaves  of  the  flowering  branch- 
lets  small,  scattered,  each  tipped  with  a  minute  truncate  gland : 
involucral  bracts  beset  with  stalked  glands  and  the  apex  truncate- 
glandular  :  ray-flowers  5  to  8 ;  disk-flowers  10  to  15 :  ray-achenes 
with  a  somewhat  conspicuous  beak  and  stipe :  pappus  none. 

Ojai,  Ventura  Co.,  Hubby;  Santa  Barbara,  ace.  to  Gray;  Te- 
hachapi  Pass,  Parry;  not  rare  in  Kern  Co. 

11.  H.  pungens  (H.  &  A.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  399  (1843).    Hart- 
mannia  pungens  H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  357  (1840).    Centromadia 
pungens  Greene,  Man.  Bot.  Reg.  S.  F.  Bay  196  (1894).    COMMON 
SPIKEWEED. 

Freely  branching,  3  to  10  dm.  high :  herbage  yellowish-green, 
sparsely  hirsute  or  hispid  with  spreading  hairs,  hardly  viscid  or 
glandular,  sweet-scented:  leaves  (especially  of  the  flowering 
branches)  linear-subulate,  spinose,  entire;  the  lower  and  lowest 
pinnately  parted  into  oblong  lobes,  or  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  or 
teeth  spinosely  or  pungently  tipped:  heads  commonly  equalled 
or  somewhat  surpassed  by  the  uppermost  leaves:  bracts  of  the 
receptacle  cuspidate:  ray-flowers  25  to  40,  their  small  ligules 
bifid :  ray-achenes  roughish,  somewhat  laterally  2-nerved  on  back : 
disk-achenes  without  pappus. 

Abundant  on  low  or  alkaline  ground  throughout  our  district 
and  northward  through  the  San  Joaquin  Valley,  often  forming 
dense  patches. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  155 

Var.  Parryi  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Hemizonia  Parry  i 
Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  ix.  16  (1882).  Centromadia  pungens 
Parryi  Jepson,  Fl.  W.  Mid.  Calif.  532  (1901).  Herbage  usually 
minutely  glandular:  bracts  of  the  receptacle  thin,  villous  on  the 
margin,  obtuse  or  rarely  acute  but  not  at  all  pungent:  sterile 
disk-achenes  with  3  to  5  linear  or  subulate  paleae  as  long  as  the 
corolla,  these  either  smooth  or  with  a  few  loose  hairs. — Near  Los 
Angeles  and  probably  elsewhere  toward  the  coast  in  Southern 
California ;  more  common  further  north. 

12.  H.  Fitchii  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Kept.  iv.  109  (1857).  Centro- 
madia Fitchii  Greene,  Man.  Bot.  Reg.  S.  F.  Bay  197  (1894). 
FITCH'S  SPIKEWEED. 

Diffusely  branched,  2  to  9  dm.  high :  herbage  dark,  hirsute  or 
villous  with  spreading  hairs,  more  or  less  beset  with  stalked 
glands,  .ill-scented:  leaves  of  the  radical  tuft  pinnately  parted 
into  remote  narrowly  linear  pungent  lobes;  cauline  leaves  linear 
and  entire,  tapering  into  a  subulate  or  pungent  tip ;  those  about 
the  head  spreading  and  star-like,  exceeding  the  involucre :  bracts 
of  the  involucre  subulate ;  those  of  the  receptacle  pointless,  soft, 
hairy:  ray-achenes  flattened  laterally,  nearly  semicircular  in  out- 
line, smooth:  ligules  of  the  25  to  40  ray-flowers  small,  bifid: 
pappus  of  disk-achenes  of  8  to  12  paleae  as  long  as  the  corolla 
and  hairy  or  fimbriate  at  the  tip. 

Quite  abundant  in  a  large  wheat  field  on  the  Mohave  River. 
Parish,  no.  1426.  Probably  introduced  from  the  north  where  it 
is  more  common. 

H.  LUZULAEFOLIA  DC.  occurs  in  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.  and 
possibly  within  our  limits.  Annual :  leaves  linear,  entire,  the 
lower  ones  appressed-silky :  receptacle  chaffy  throughout,  its  mar- 
ginal bracts  united :  flowers  white  or  pale  yellow :  pappus  none. 

56.  LAGOPHYLLA  Nutt. 

Slender  plants  with  mainly  alternate  entire  leaves  and  rather 
small  heads  in  leafy-bracted  clusters.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
about  5,  thin-herbaceous;  flat  on  the  back,  with  margins  at  base 
infolded  and  completely  enclosing  their  achenes  with  which  they 


156          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL-  3 

are  deciduous.  Eeceptacle  small  and  flat,  bearing  in  our  species 
about  5  perfect  disk-flowers,  these  surrounded  by  a  single  row 
of  distinct  chaffy  bracts.  Rays  cuneate,  palmately  3-cleft.  Ray- 
achenes  obcompressed,  obovate-oblong,  smooth,  nearly  straight, 
pointless :  disk-achenes  slender,  sterile.  Pappus  none.  Bracts 
and  achenes  all  deciduous  at  maturity. 

1.  L.  ramosissima  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
391  (1841). 

Usually  simple,  strict  throughout  or  paniculately  very  much 
branched  above,  2  to  8  dm.  high:  leaves  (especially  the  upper) 
silky-hirsute  with  soft  hairs,  the  short  ones  subtending  the  heads 
densely  villous-ciliate ;  lower  leaves  oblanceolate  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, often  narrowed  at  base  to  a  slender  petiole,  3  to  6  cm.  long, 
early  deciduous:  heads  almost  sessile,  crowded  on  the  leafy 
branchlets  or  the  lower  somewhat  scattered ;  the  involucre  6  mm. 
high :  rays  barely  exserted,  pale  yellow,  changing  through  salmon- 
color  to  saffron:  fertile  achenes  carinately  1-nerved  down  the 
inner  face. 

Frequent  in  open  places  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  from  the 
Cuyamaca  Mts.  (Palmer,  no.  181)  and  San  Bernardino  to  Oregon 
and  from  the  coast  barely  to  the  Desert  Area  (Mohave  River. 
Parish. ) 

57.  LAYIA  H.  &  A. 

Vernal  annuals  with  mainly  alternate  leaves  and  medium- 
sized  heads  on  evident  peduncles.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  flat- 
tened on  the  back  below,  with  abruptly  dilated  thin  margins 
infolded  so  as  to  enclose  the  ray-achene,  the  tip  flat.  Ray-flowers 
8  to  20 ;  ligules  yellow,  white,  yellow  tipped  with  white,  or  roseate. 
Disk-corollas  yellow,  their  lobes  hirsute  or  villous.  Receptacle 
broad  and  flat,  with  a  row  of  thin  bracts  between  ray  and  disk- 
flowers  and  sometimes  additional  ones  among  the  flowers.  Ray- 
achenes  obcompressed,  commonly  glabrous,  destitute  of  pappus, 
fertile.  Disk-achenes  usually  pubescent,  mostly  sterile,  in  ours 
bearing  a  pappus  of  5  to  20  bristles  or  awns  (these  rarely  wanting 
in  the  last  species). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  157 

Pappus-bristles  long-plumose  or  villous  below. 

Kays  white  or  roseate,  much  surpassing  the  disk 1.  L.  glandulosa. 

Kays  bright  yellow  or  cream-color  (sometimes  white-edged). 

Inner  hairs  of  pappus-bristles  woolly  and  interlaced 2.  L.  elegans. 

Hairs  of  pappus-bristles  all  straight   (no  woolly  inner  ones). 

Ligules  inconspicuous,  barely  surpassing  the  disk:   leaves  mostly 

laciniate-dentate 3.  L.    hieracioides. 

Ligules  showy,  much  surpassing  the  disk:  leaves  all  entire  (rarely 
toothed) 4.  L.  graveolens. 

Pappus  of  merely  scabrous  aristiform  bristles  or  rarely  wanting 

5.    L.    platyglossa. 


1.  L.  glandulosa  (Hook.)  H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  358  (1840). 
Blepharipappus  gland ulosus'  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i.  316  (1834). 
Layia  glandulosa  rosea  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  368  (1876). 

Commonly  branching  from  the  base,  1  to  4  or  6  dm.  high: 
herbage  rough  with  short  hispid  hairs  among  which  (particu- 
larly near  the  heads)  are  few  or  numerous  stipitate  dark  glands: 
leaves  linear  and  entire  or  the  lower  commonly  oblong  and 
toothed  to  pinnatifid:  involucre  8  to  10  mm.  high:  rays  showy. 
1.5  to  2  cm.  long :  pappus  bright  white,  the  bristles  10  to  12,  with 
straight  hairs  toward  the  base  outside  and  woolly  tangled  hairs 
inside. 

Common  on  foothills  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  throughout 
Southern  California,  extending  barely  to  the  edge  of  the  Desert 
Area ;  north  to  British  Columbia ;  also  from  Idaho  to  New  Mexico. 
Rose-purple  and  pure-white  ligules  sometimes  occur  on  a  single 
plant,  as  in  specimens  from  near  Pasadena  (Greata,  no.  319), 
and  in  others  from  Victorville  (Hall,  no.  6208). 

Var.  heterotricha  (DC.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Madaroglossa  heter- 
otricha DC.,  Prodr.  v.  694  (1836).  Layia  heterotricha  H.  &  A., 
Bot.  Beech.  358  (1840).  Blepharipappus  heterotrichus  Greene. 
Pitt.  ii.  245  (1892).  B.  glandulosus  heterotrichus  Jepson,  Fl. 
W.  Mid.  Calif.  536  (1901).  Rays  8  to  18,  white  (rarely  roseate)  : 
hairs  of  the  pappus-bristles  all  straight  and  erect,  there  being  no 
crisped  or  woolly  inner  ones. — Very  common  in  the  Upper  So- 
noran and  Transition  zones  of  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  nos. 
6346,  6493,  6529;  Fort  Tejon,  Kern  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6280;  north  to 
Inyo  and  Mendocino  counties. 


158          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

This  variety  passes  directly  into  the  species  through  forms 
(Hall,  no.  6208,  etc.)  in  which  the  inner  crisped  hairs  of  the 
pappus-bristles  are  present  but  very  sparse.  All  of  my  specimens 
from  Mt.  Pinos  and  Fort  Tejon,  as  well  as  a  specimen  in  Dr. 
Davidson's  herbarium  without  locality,  and  also  Hall  &  Babcock, 
no.  5043,  from  the  Greenhorn  Range,  Kern  Co.,  Pur  pus,  no.  5017. 
etc.,  belong  to  a  form  with  entire  leaves  and  short  ligules,  these 
latter  scarcely  longer  than  broad  (4  or  5  mm.)  and  only  8  or  10 
in  number.  This  form — apparently  a  product  of  the  arid  mon- 
tane district  to  the  west  of  the  Mohave  Desert — bears  the  same 
relation  to  var.  heterotricha  that  Professor  Greene 's  L.  hispida,37 
from  the  * '  high  mountains  south  of  Tehachapi ' '  bears  to  typical 
L.  glandulosd.  L.  hispida  has  also  been  reported  from  near  Los 
Angeles  by  Professor  Abrams38  but  the  description  in  his  flora 
(under  Blepharipappus  hispidus  Greene)  is  that  of  L.  glandulosa. 
The  original  description  of  L.  hispida  calls  for  a  plant  with  nar- 
row entire  leaves,  small  heads,  inconspicuous  rays,  and  a  pappus 
with  the  inner  hairs  interlaced. 

BLEPHARIPAPPUS  NUDATUS  Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  168  (1897),  is  a 
form  from  Lower  California  with  entire  leaves,  short  rays,  and 
few  or  no  glands:  approached  in  specimens  from  Del  Mar,  San 
Diego  Co.,  Brandegee. 

L.  CARNOSA  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.,  said  by  Nuttall  to  have  been  col- 
lected on  the  beach  at  San  Diego,  has  not  been  found  south  of 
Monterey  Co.  by  recent  collectors.  Mr.  Parish39  thinks  that 
either  it  has  become  extinct  at  San  Diego  or  there  was  an  error 
in  Nuttall's  locality.  It  has  a  succulent  herbage,  minute  white 
rays,  and  20  or  more  pappus-bristles,  these  sparsely  plumose  with 
straight  hairs. 

2.  L.  elegans  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  394  (1843).  Madaro- 
glossa  elegans  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  393  (1841). 
Blepharipappus  elegans  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  246  (1892). 

Simple  or  diffuse,  1.5  to  8  dm.  high:  herbage  short-hispid, 
the  stems  often  brown-dotted;  stipitate  glands  small  and  scat- 

37  Pitt.  ii.  20    (1889). 

38  Bull.   So.   Calif.  Acad.   ii.   14    (1903),   and  Abrams,   Fl.   Los  Angeles 
and  Vic.,  424   (1904). 

soZoe  v.  119   (1901). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California,.  159 

tered :  leaves  linear,  the  lower  toothed  or  pinnately  parted :  rays 
10  to  13,  yellow,  sometimes  tipped  or  edged  with  white,  .8  to  2 
cm.  long :  pappus  white,  villous  with  copious  and  interlaced  hairs, 
much  shorter  than  the  awn-like  bristles. 

Very  common  on  plains  and  in  the  foothills  from  Lower 
California  to  San  Bernardino  and  Santa  Barbara ;  less  plentiful 
in  middle  California.  A  plant  gathered  near  Riverside  (Hall. 
no.  3981)  has  one  head  with  deep-yellow  ligules  and  two  heads 
in  which  the  ligules  are  straw-color  with  rose-purple  tips,  recall- 
ing the  purple-rayed  state  of  L.  glandulosa. 

3.  L.  hieracioides  (DC.)  H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  358  (1840). 
Madaroglossa  hieracioides  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  694  (1836).    Blephari- 
pappus  hieracioides  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  246  (1892). 

Coarse  erect  plant,  3  to  9  dm.  high :  stems  mostly  simple  below 
and  branching  above,  hispid  with  hairs  arising  from  dark  spots : 
lower  leaves  oblong,  4  to  8  cm.  long,  laciniate-dentate,  usually 
somewhat  narrowed  at  base ;  upper  leaves  broadest  at  the  sessile 
base,  the  teeth  fewer  and  mostly  toward  the  apex:  involucre  7 
or  8  mm.  high :  rays  yellow,  little  exceeding  the  disk :  pappus- 
bristles  about  15,  dull  white  or  rusty,  pubescent  with  straight 
hairs. 

From  Mendocino  Co.  to  Point  Sal,  Miss  Eastwood,  and  Santa 
Barbara,  Brandegee. 

4.  L.  graveolens  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  92  (1885).  Ble- 
pharipappus  graveolens  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  246  (1892). 

Commonly  simple  below,  sparingly  branched  above,  about  3 
to  5  dm.  high :  herbage  short-hirsute  and  with  numerous  black 
stipitate  glands,  or  succulent  and  nearly  glabrous  when  growing 
in  moist  places:  leaves  narrowly  lanceolate,  obtuse,  rarely 
toothed :  involucre  9  mm.  high :  rays  lemon-yellow  or  cream-color. 
1  to  1.5  cm.  long:  achenes  slenderly  clavate :  pappus  either 
bright  white  or  sordid,  the  hairs  of  the  15  to  20.  bristles  all  straight 
and  erect. 

Tehachapi,  Kern  Co.,  Jun.,  1884  (type),  and  May  17,  1905, 
Mrs.  Curran;  mouth  of  North  Creek,  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  at 
1600  m.  alt,,  Hall,  no.  6476;  Alcalde,  Fresno  Co.,  Brandegee;  all 
in  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone. 


160          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

5.  L.  platyglossa  (F.  &  M.)  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  103  (1849). 
Callichroa  platyglossa  F.  &  M.,  Ind.  Sem.  Petr.  ii.  31  (1835). 
Layia  platyglossa  breviseta  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  370  (1876).  Ble- 
pharipappus  platyglossus  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  246  (1892).  TIDY 
TIPS. 

Simple  or  more  commonly  branching  below,  erect  or  some- 
times diffuse,  2  to  6  or  8  dm.  high:  herbage  short-hirsute  and 
usually  with  some  small  stipitate  glands:  basal  leaves  oblong, 
toothed  or  pinnatifid,  the  rameal  narrower  and  either  toothed  or 
entire,  the  uppermost  linear  and  entire :  peduncles  turbinate- 
thickened  beneath  the  head :  involucral  bracts  linear,  with  broad 
tips:  rays  5  to  13,  sulphur-yellow,  the  tips  commonly  white,  1 
to  1.2  cm.  long :  disk-achenes  somewhat  flattened,  densely  clothed 
with  appressed  silky  hairs:  pappus  of  15  to  20  upwardly  sca- 
brous stout  awn-like  bristles,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  neither 
villous  nor  plumose,  rarely  wanting. 

Common  throughout  western  California;  east  barely  to  the 
edge  of  the  Colorado  Desert.  Mrs.  Brandegee  has  gathered 
specimens  near  San  Diego  to  illustrate  variation  in  coloring: 
in  some  the  rays  vary  from  lemon-yellow  to  orange-yellow  on  a 
single  plant,  while  others  have  yellow  rays  with  purple  tips. 
Here  also  the  pappus  is  occasionally  sepaloid,  the  bristles  being 
broad,  thin,  and  yellowish. 

L.  JONESII  Gray,  with  pale-yellow  ligules  and  a  pappus  of 
oblong-ovate  naked  paleae,  grows  in  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  not 
far  from  our  northern  boundary. 

58.  ACHYRACHAENA  Schauer. 

Soft-pubescent  annual  with  narrow  leaves,  the  lower  opposite, 
and  rather  large  heads  terminating  the  few  erect  branches.  In- 
volucre oblong-campanulate,  its  bracts  lanceolate,  each  enfolding 
a  ray-achene.  Bracts  of  the  receptacle  membranous,  in  a  single 
series  between  ray  and  disk.  Kay-flowers  5  to  10,  little  exceed- 
ing the  disk;  their  ligules  short  and  broad,  palmately  3-cleft. 
Kay-achenes  fertile,  linear-clavate,  all  the  ribs  or  the  alternate 
scabrous.  Disk-achenes  with  a  pappus  of  about  10  silvery  scales. 
the  outer  as  long  as  the  achene,  the  inner  nearly  twice  as  long. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositor  of  Southern  California.  161 

1.  A.  mollis  Schauer,  Del.  Sem.  Hort.  Vratisl/3  (1837). 

Erect,  simple  or  branching,  2  to  4  dm.  high,  pilose-pubescent : 
leaves  linear,  remotely  toothed  or  entire,  12  cm.  or  less  long: 
heads  solitary,  in  flower  15  to  20  mm.  high,  in  fruit  expanding 
and  becoming  globose,  then  3  or  4  cm.  broad:  rays  light  yellow, 
soon  changing  to  reddish-brown :  paleae  of  the  achenes  expanding 
or  rotately  diverging. 

In  open  places  toward  the  coast  throughout  the  Upper  Sonoran 
Zone  of  western  California,  but  not  common  in  the  south :  Ramona 
and  Ysidora,  San  Diego  Co. ;  Pasadena,  ace.  to  McClatchie ;  Santa 
Cruz  Island,  ace.  to  Greene40 ;  common  on  Santa  Catalina  Island, 
ace.  to  Brandegee41;  Ojai,  Ventura  Co. 


TRIBE  7.     HELENIEAE.     SNEEZEWEED  TRIBE. 

59.  JAUMEA  Pers. 

Perennial  glabrous  herbs.  Leaves  linear,  entire,  opposite, 
connate  in  pairs  at  base.  Heads  medium-sized,  many-flowered, 
solitary,  terminating  the  branches.  Flowers  yellow,  the  rays  pis- 
tillate, all  fertile.  Involucre  cylindraceous-campanulate,  its 
bracts  broad  and  imbricated,  the  outermost  short.  Receptacle 
naked,  conical.  Corolla  glabrous.  Style-branches  of  the  disk- 
flowers  thickened  upward  and  papillose.  Achenes  linear,  striately 
10-nerved. 

1.  J.  carnosa  (Less.)  Gray,  Wilkes.  Exped.  xvii.  360  (1874). 
Coinogyne  carnosa  Less.,  Linnaea  vi.  521  (1831). 

Stems  rather  slender,  many  from  the  fleshy  crown  of  the  tap- 
root, mostly  simple,  1  to  2  or  3  dm.  long,  decumbent  at  base  and 
rooting  at  the  nodes :  herbage  succulent :  leaves  semiterete,  about 
2.5  (1.5  to  5)  cm.  long:  involucre  1  cm.  high :  rays  mostly  5  to  10, 
not  longer  than  the  convex  disk :  achenes  glabrous :  pappus  none. 

Common  in  saline  soil  all  along  the  California  coast,  and  to 
British  Columbia. 


40  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  403  (1887). 
4iZoe  i.  139   (1890). 


162          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

60.  VENEGASIA  DC. 

Perennial  herb  with  tall  leafy  stems.  Leaves  petioled,  ovate, 
cordate  or  truncate  at  base,  acuminate,  crenate-dentate  to  sub- 
entire.  Heads  large,  few,  in  the  upper  axils  and  terminal,  short- 
pedunculate,  heterogamous.  Involucre  of  2  or  3  series  of  broadly 
oval  mostly  membranaceous  erect  bracts,  the  innermost  and  the 
herbaceous  outermost  narrower  than  the  intermediate  ones.  Re- 
ceptacle flat.  Corolla-tube  densely  glandular-bearded  at  base. 
Rays  numerous,  showy,  yellow.  Achenes  many-nerved.  Pappus 
none. — A  single  species  restricted  in  distribution  to  the  Coastal 
Subarea  of  Southern  California. 

1.  V.  carpesioides  DC.,  Prodr.  vi.  43  (1837). 

Erect,  sparingly  branched,  commonly  1  to  2.5  m.  high:  her- 
bage glabrous,  or  minutely  pubescent  above :  leaves  thin,  5  to  15 
cm.  long,  3  to  12  cm.  broad  at  base ;  petioles  2  to  5  cm.  long :  rays 
13  to  20,  about  2.5  cm.  long,  normally  entire  and  acute,  often 
toothed  or  irregularly  lacerate  at  tip :  achenes  about  12-nerved. 
papillose-roughened. 

In  moist  or  shaded  places  of  the  Coastal  Subarea,  especially 
in  ravines  of  the  hill  district,  from  Santa  Barbara  south  nearly 
to  San  Diego  Co. :  common  along  the  southern  foothills  of  the 
Santa  Inez  Mts.,  Santa  Barbara  Co. ;  also  plentiful  in  the  shade 
of  Live  Oaks  at  600  to  1000  m.  alt.  in  the  west  fork  of  Matilija 
Canon,  Ventura  Co. ;  Casitas  Pass,  Ventura  Co. ;  Santa  Rosa 
Island,  ace.  to  Brandegee42 ;  Santa  Cruz  Isl. ;  Santa  Monica  and 
Laurel  canons,  near  Los  Angeles ;  Sherman  and  Santa  Ana  Mts.. 
ace.  to  Abrams ;  Temecula,  Riverside  Co. ;  and  to  be  expected 
further  southward. — General  aspect  of  Helianthus,  for  which  it 
is  sometimes  mistaken. 

61.  PSILOSTROPHE  DC. 

Xerophytic  herbs  or  low  shrubs  with  narrow  alternate  leaves. 
Heads  rather  small  to  medium-sized,  solitary  or  cymose.  Ray- 
flowers  3  to  8,  pistillate,  the  yellow  ligule  persistent  and  becoming 
papery.  Disk-flowers  5  to  12,  perfect  and  fertile;  the  corollas 

42proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ser.  2,  i.  213   (1888). 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  163 

elongated-cylindraceous,  with  very  short  proper  tube  and  short 
externally  glandular-bearded  teeth.  Style-branches  truncate- 
capitate.  Achenes  narrow,  terete,  obscurely  nerved  or  angled. 
Pappus  of  4  to  6  hyaline  paleae. 

De  Candolle's  Psilostrophe  dates  from  1838,  whereas  Nuttall's 
Eiddellia,  a  better-known  name  for  the  same  genus,  dates  from 
1841.  By  the  rule  of  priority,  Psilostrophe  is  therefore  the  name 
to  be  retained. 

1.  P.  Cooperi  (Gray)  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  176  (1891)  ;  A.  Nelson, 
Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash.  xvi.  20  (1903).  Riddellia  Cooperi  Gray. 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  358  (1868). 

Shrubby  at  base,  the  rounded  clumps  about  5  dm.  high :  herb- 
age white  with  a  densely  pannose  tomentum:  leaves  linear  or 
narrowly  spatulate  and  obtuse,  entire,  1  to  5  cm.  long,  green  and 
glabrate  in  age :  heads  scattered,  on  evident  peduncles :  involucre 
5  to  7  mm.  high ;  bracts  15  to  30,  the  inner  ones  much  softer  than 
the  rigid  and  oblong  outer  ones :  rays  4  to  8,  broadly  oval,  1  or  2 
cm.  long,  shallowly  3-lobed  at  the  broad  ape£:  pappus-paleae 
oblong  or  lanceolate,  entire  to  erose-laciniate,  shorter  than  the 
achene. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone:  Chuckawalla  Bench,  Colorado  Desert, 
in  Riverside  Co.,  Sckellenger,  no.  24,  and  Hall,  no.  5890 ;  Provi- 
dence Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  Brandegee;  Arizona ;  Nevada ;  Lower 
California. 

62.  BAILEYA  Harv.  &  Gray. 

Densely  white-woolly  erect  annuals  or  perennials  of  the  Desert 
Area.  Lower  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  upper  entire,  all  alternate. 
Heads  solitary,  on  conspicuous  peduncles.  Involucre  of  numer- 
ous distinct  densely  floccose  bracts.  Ray-flowers  pistillate ;  ligules 
yellow  and  showy  when  young,  becoming  papery  and  reflexed  in 
age.  Disk-flowers  numerous,  fertile,  the  corolla  gradually  ex- 
panding above  the  short  proper  tube,  the  teeth  bearded.  Style- 
branches  short,  obtuse.  Achenes  oblong  or  clavate,  truncate  at 
the  obscurely  toothed  apex,  conspicuously  pluristriate.  Pappus 
none. 

Eays  5  to  8:  peduncles  under  3  cm.  in  length 1.  B.  pauciradiata. 

Bays  25  to  50 :  peduncles  often  much  elongated 2.  B.  multiradiata. 


164          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

1.  B.  pauciradiata  Harv.  &  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  105  (1849). 
Freely  branching,  1  to  5  dm.  high  from  a  perennial  root  (but 

flowering  the  first  year) ,  leafy,  clothed  throughout  with  a  white 
and  floccose  woolly  tomentum :  lower  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate. 
few-toothed  or  -lobed,  the  longest  over  7  cm.  long;  upper  leaves 
shorter,  oblong  or  lanceolate  to  linear,  closely  sessile:  involucre 

5  mm.  high:  rays  roundish-oval,  5  to  10  mm.  long,  the  nerves 
conspicuous:  achenes  muriculate  on  the  nerves,  obscurely  resin- 
ous-atomiferous. 

Rather  common  in  sandy  soil  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  from 
Palm  Springs,  Colorado  Desert,  and  Ash  Hill,  Mohave  Desert, 
east  into  Arizona. 

2.  B.  multiradiata  pleniradiata   (Harv.    &    Gray)     Coville, 
Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  133  (1893).    B.  pleniradiata  Harv. 

6  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  105  (1849).    B.  multiradiata  Gray,  Syn.  Fl. 
i.  pt.  2,  318  (1884)  ;  not  B.  multiradiata  Harv.  &  Gray,  in  Emory 
Kept.  144  (1848). 

Annual  or  perennial,  usually  taller  than  B.  pauciradiata; 
herbage  similarly  white-woolly  but  the  pubescence  more  ap- 
pressed:  branches  chiefly  basal,  ascending  or  erect:  lower  leaves 
variously  cleft  into  short  obtuse  lobes,  narrowed  to  a  wing- 
margined  petiole;  upper  leaves  small,  mainly  entire  and  sessile: 
heads  on  slender  often  much  elongated  peduncles :  involucre  hem- 
ispheric ;  its  bracts  narrowly  oblong,  acute :  rays  8  to  12  mm.  long, 
oblong  or  at  length  broader,  narrowed  below,  3-toothed  at  the 
truncate  apex :  disk-flowers  numerous :  achenes  as  in  B.  pauci- 
radiata. 

In  loose  or  sandy  soil  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  from  Rabbit 
Springs  and  Ludlow,  on  the  Mohave  Desert,  and  Paloverde,  Colo- 
rado Desert,  to  New  Mexico  and  Lower  California.  Also  in 
southwestern  Inyo  Co.  The  original  B.  multiradiata  is  the  form 
with  long  naked  peduncles  and  large  heads,  not  known  from 
California  (=var.  nudicaulis,  of  Syn.  Fl.) 

63.  PERITYLE  Benth. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs.  Herbage  glabrous  or  viscid-pubes- 
cent, never  white-woolly.  Leaves  petiolate,  the  upper  alternate, 
the  lower  often  opposite.  Heads  numerous,  on  evident  peduncles, 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  165 

many-flowered.  Involucral  bracts  in  a  single  series,  the  margins 
overlapping,  faintly  keeled  externally,  shallowly  grooved  on  the 
inner  surface,  the  groove  being  occupied  by  the  outer  edge  of 
the  ray-achene.  Disk-flowers  numerous,  yellow,  4-toothed.  Rays 
short,  white  or  yellow.  Achenes  flat  with  ciliate  or  cartilaginous 
margins.  Pappus  a  squamellate  or  cupulate  crown  and  often  a 
slender  awn  from  one  or  both  of  the  angles. 

1.  P.  Emoryi  Torr.,  Emory's  Kept.  N.  Mex.  142  (1848)  ;  Rose, 
Bot.  Gaz.  xv.  116  (1890).  P.  nuda  Torr.,  Pacif.  R.  Rept.  iv.  100 
(1857).  P.  California  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  321  (1884),  in 
part ;  not  P.  Calif  ornica  Benth.  P.  Greenei  Rose,  Bot.  Gaz.  xv. 
117  (1890). 

Three  to  6  dm.  high,  the  striate  stems  freely  branching  and 
widely  spreading  from  an  annual  or  more  enduring  root :  herbage 
viscid  and  glandular-pubescent  throughout  and  also  somewhat 
short-hirsute,  or  glabrate  below,  ill-scented:  leaves  roundish  or 
cordate  in  outline,  incisely  5  to  9-lobed  or  -cleft,  the  divisions 
acutely  few-toothed ;  lower  leaves  1.2  cm.  long  on  petioles  of  equal 
length ;  upper  smaller,  often  nearly  sessile :  peduncles  1  to  4  cm. 
long:  heads  7  mm.  high:  outer  involucral  bracts  oblong,  acute, 
ciliate ;  inner  bracts  narrower,  scarious-margined :  rays  about  12. 
2  or  3  mm.  long ;  all  the  corollas  glandular-pubescent :  style- 
branches  with  short  minutely  hirsute  appendages:  achenes  flat, 
oblong  to  subclavate,  black,  smooth  and  shining  or  rarely  puberu- 
lent  on  the  sides,  hispid-ciliate  on  the  margins :  pappus  an  incon- 
spicuous erose  or  lacerate  crown  and  a  single  slender  awn  about 
as  long  as  the  achene,  or  the  awn  usually  wanting. 

Lower  and  Upper  Sonoran  zones :  near  Santa  Monica,  Hasse; 
Catalin* Island,  Davidson;  San  Clemente  Island,  Nevin  &  Lyon, 
ace.  to  Rose;  San  Diego,  Hall;  throughout  the  Colorado  Desert, 
various  collectors ;  Newberry,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  Mohave 
Desert;  Panamint  Mts.  (in  the  epappose  form);  Arizona  and 
Mexico. 

Often  forming  dense  clumps  5  to  10  dm.  in  diameter,  covered 
with  a  profusion  of  flower-heads,  in  which  the  yellow  disks  are 
sometimes  as  conspicuous  as  the  white  rays.  Some  specimens 
have  been  referred  to  P.  microglossa  (=P.  acmella  of  Bot. 


166          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Calif.),  but  that  is  a  species  of  Mexico,  far  beyond  our  limits. 
The  form  in  which  the  pappus-awn  is  wanting  is  the  var.  nuda  of 
Gray  (=P.  nuda  Torr.).  Both  forms  occur  throughout  the 
range  of  the  species.  P.  Greenei  Rose,  of  Santa  Cruz  and  Cedros 
islands,  etc.,  is  an  indistinguishable  form.  Ace.  to  Greene  it  is 
strongly  aromatic.  Dr.  Rose  has  also  described  (Bot.  Gaz.  xv. 
117)  as  P.  Emoryi  var.  Orcuttii  "a  slender  form  with  small 
leaves,  achenes  with  small  crown  or  none,  and  often  with  faces 
quite  pubescent"  from  material  collected  at  Cantillas,  Lower 
California. 

P.  PLUMIGERA  Gray,  PI.  Fendl.  77  (1849).  Leaves  small: 
heads  narrow,  barely  6  mm.  high :  awn  solitary,  longer  than  the 
achene. — Known  only  from  Coulter's  ' *  Calif ornian  collection," 
but  it  is  probable  (ace.  to  Gray)  that  the  specimens  were  gath- 
ered in  Arizona.  Perhaps  only  a  form  of  P.  Calif  ornica. 

P.  LEPTOGLOSSA  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  1.2  to  2  cm.  long :  heads  1 
cm.  high,  witfy  rays  8  mm.  long:  disk-corollas  with  very  slender 
tube  and  long  and  narrow  cylindrical  throat :  awn  solitary,  longer 
than  the  achene,  exceeded  by  the  disk-corolla. — Likewise  reported 
from  California,  Coulter,  but  probably  Arizonan,  or  more  likely 
only  Mexican.  Dr.  Rose43  reports  that  there  is  a  specimen  in  the 
U.  S.  National  Herbarium  from  Guaymas,  Mexico,  collected  by 
Dr.  Palmer  in  1869. 

P.  ROTUNDIFOLIA  Brandegee,  Zoe  iv.  210  (1893).  Amauria  ro- 
tundifolia  Benth.,  Bot.  Sulph.  31  (1844).  Perityle  Fitchii  Torr.. 
Pacif.  R.  Report,  iv.  pt.  5,  100  (1857)  ;  Brandegee,  Proc.  Calif. 
Acad.  ser.  2,  ii.  177  (1889);  Rose,  Bot.  Gaz.  xv.  113  (1890). 
Laphamia  peninsularis  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  8  (1884). 
Best  distinguished  by  its  4-angled  achenes ;  the  faces  smooth,  the 
angles  slightly  hirsute  with  straight  appressed  hairs. — "Califor- 
nia, Rev.  A.  Fitch,"  according  to  the  label.  Since  it  has  been 
frequently  collected  in  Lower  California  but  not  again  reported 
from  upper  California,  it  seems  very  unlikely  that  it  occurs 
within  our  limits. 


43  Bot.  Gaz.  xv.  118    (1890). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  167 

64.  LASTHENIA  Cass. 

Glabrous  slightly  succulent  annuals.  Leaves  opposite,  mostly 
narrow  and  entire,  sessile.  Heads  on  slender  peduncles  terminat- 
ing the  branches.  Involucral  bracts  5  to  15,  more  or  less  united 
into  a  hemispheric  or  campanulate  toothed  cup.  Receptacle  coni- 
cal, covered  with  projecting  points  which  bear  the  linear  or  linear- 
oblong  flattened  achenes.  Flowers  yellow.  Pappus,  in  ours,  none. 

1.  L.  glabrata  Coulter!  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  324  (1884). 
L.  Coulteri  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  192  (1885). 

Usually  branching,  1.5  to  3  dm.  high :  leaves  linear  and  entire 
or  sometimes  the  upper  pair  broadly  lanceolate  and  toothed,  con- 
spicuously connate  and  sheath-like  at  base :  peduncles  erect,  often 
elongated :  involucre  broadly  hemispheric,  5  to  7  mm.  high :  ligules 
about  8  mm.  long :  achenes  narrowly  obovate,  mostly  with  obtuse 
edges,  the  surface  sprinkled  with  yellow  rough  gland-like  points. 

Common  along  borders  of  salt-marshes  near  the  coast  and  on 
inland  alkali  flats  from  San  Diego  to  Santa  Barbara  and  the  San 
Joaquin  Valley. 

There  has  been  an  attempt  to  specifically  separate  L.  Coulteri. 
the  southern  form,  from  L.  glabrata,  of  middle  and  northern 
California,  on  the  basis  of  achenial  characters,  but  these  char- 
acters are  inconstant.  The  achenes  of  the  typical  form  are  prob- 
ably never  "perfectly  smooth"  but,  as  viewed  through  the 
microscope,  are  always  more  or  less  roughened  with  minute  pa- 
pillae resembling,  except  for  size,  the  more  conspicuous  ones  of 
the  variety.  The  papillae  of  the  variety  are,  moreover,  quite 
variable.  They  are  commonly  globular  or  obtuse-cylindrical  in 
shape,  but  in  specimens  from  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  (Davy,  no. 
2430)  they  are  slender  and  acute  with  incurved  tips.  The  surface 
of  the  achenes  from  a  single  head  varies  in  color  from  silvery 
gray  and  shining  to  dull  brown  and  lustreless,  this  range  being 
shown  in  specimens  from  near  San  Diego  (Hall,  no.  3956).  The 
achenes  are  usually  more  obtusely  angled  in  the  variety  than  in 
the  species  but  sometimes  the  angles  are  decidedly  acute,  as,  for 
example,  in  specimens  collected  in  Ventura  Co.,  Apr.  7,  1902,  by 
Davy.  Since  these  achenial  characters  are  thus  shown  to  be  in- 
constant and  since  there  is  not  the  least  difference  between  the 


168          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

two  forms  as  regards  habit,  foliage,  or  flower,  there  is  no  ap- 
parent reason  for  assigning  specific  rank  to  L.  Coulteri.  It  may 
be  retained  as  a  variety  of  L.  glabrata,  however,  because  of  the 
more  conspicuous  papillae  of  its  achenes. 

65.  BAERIA  F.  &  M.    GOLD  FIELDS. 

Ours  low  and  mostly  slender  annuals.  Herbage  commonly 
pubescent  and  often  glutinous  but  never  hoary.  Leaves  opposite, 
linear,  entire  or  laciniate-pinnatifid.  Flowers  yellow,  the  heads 
on  slender  peduncles.  Involucre  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  its 
bracts  as  many  as  the  rays,  ovate  or  oblong  and  becoming  more 
or  less  carinate  below  the  middle  in  most  species.  Receptacle 
from  hemispheric  to  subulate,  usually  conical.  Ray-flowers 
mostly  5  to  18  (1  to  4  in  B.  micro  glossa) ,  pistillate,  showy  for 
the  size  of  the  heads,  or  the  ligules  sometimes  very  short.  Disk- 
flowers  hermaphrodite,  their  style-branches  obtuse  and  either  with 
or  without  a  minute  appendage.  Achenes  linear,  but  somewhat 
broadened  upward.  Pappus  of  paleae,  or  awns,  or  both,  or  none. 

All  of  our  species  of  Baeria,  save  only  the  first,  which  belongs 
to  the  monotypic  subgenus  Burrielia,  are  very  closely  related. 
This  relationship  is  so  close  that  even  Doctor  Gray's  division  into 
three  sections,  representing  the  three  genera,  Baeria,  Dichaeta. 
Ptilomeris,  of  earlier  botanists,  is  of  doubtful  value.44  These 
genera  were  based  on  characters  of  the  pappus,  receptacle,  and 
leaves.  Pappus  characters  are  entirely  unreliable  (as  I  shall  dem- 
onstrate under  B.  chrysostoma,  and  B.  aristata),  several  species 
of  Eubaeria  and  Ptilomeris  exhibiting  at  times  the  pappus  of 
Dichaeta,  while  epappose  forms  may  be  expected  in  any  species. 
The  receptacle  is  described  as  muricate-roughened  in  Eubaeria 
and  Dichaeta,  scrobiculate  in  Ptilomeris.  But  the  receptacle  in 
every  case  is  covered  wtih  papillae,  each  papilla  being  more  or 
less  concave  or  cup-shaped  at  summit  where  it  fits  around  the 
callous  base  of  its  achene.  Now,  if  the  papillae  are  elongated  and 
distinct  the  receptacle  will  appear  muricate,  as  is  always  the  case, 
so  far  as  I  am  aware,  in  Eubaeria  and  Dichaeta ;  but,  if  the  pa- 
pillae are  short,  thick,  and  close  together,  they  present  a  smooth 

44  Of  our  species,  no.  2,  belongs  to  Dr.  Gray's  §  Eubaeria;  no.  3  to  § 
Dichaeta;  no.  4  to  §  Ptilomeris. 


1907]  Hall. — Composite  of  Southern  California.  169 

surface  marked  only  by  the  depressions  which  once  surrounded 
the  bases  of  the  achenes,  and  such  a  receptacle  will  appear  scrobi- 
culate,  as  is  often,  but  not  always,  the  case  in  Ptilomeris.  In 
B.  aristata,  of  the  Ptilomeris  section,  the  receptacle  is  often  as 
plainly  muricate  as  in  species  of  Eubaeria ;  or  a  portion  of  the 
receptacle  may  be  muricate  while  the  remainder  is  merely  scro- 
biculate,  as  a  result  of  fusion  of  the  papillae.  The  receptacle  is 
commonly  glabrous  in  Eubaeria  and  Dichaeta,  glabrous  to  densely 
villous  in  Ptilomeris.  It  is  thus  seen  that  neither  pappus  nor 
receptacle  furnishes  characters  upon  which  to  found  species,  much 
less  sections  or  genera,  and  leaf  characters  are  likewise  elusive, 
as  may  be  inferred  from  the  specific  descriptions  beyond. 

Involucre  of  only  3  or  4  bracts:  ligules  obsolete  or  wanting:  pappus  of  at- 
tenuate paleae:  leaves  entire 1.  B.  microglossa. 

Involucre  of  more  numerous  bracts. 

Leaves  all  linear  and  entire 2.  B.  chrysostoma. 

Leaves  toothed,  cleft,  or  parted,  or  some  entire. 

Leaves  broadly  linear  to  oblong:  plants  robust:  pappus  either  of  two 

sorts  or  none 3.  B.  uliginosa. 

Leaves  or  their  divisions  filiform  or  linear  4.  B.  aristata. 

1.  B.  microglossa  (DC.)  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  438  (1897).    Bur- 
rielia  microglossa  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  664  (1836). 

Stems  very  slender,  the  plant  5  cm.  to  1  or  2  dm.  high :  her- 
bage more  or  less  hirsute :  leaves  linear,  1  to  3  mm.  wide  or  the 
upper  sometimes  more  dilated:  involucre  cylindric,  5  to  8  mm. 
high;  bracts  only  3  or  4,  oblong:  receptacle  subulate:  pistillate 
flowers  1  to  3,  their  ligules  shorter  than  the  styles  or  wanting: 
disk-flowers  not  over  15 :  achenes  fusiform-linear,  flattish,  sparsely 
short-pubescent :  pappus-paleae  2  to  4,  attenuate-subulate. 

Andreas  Canon,  near  Palm  Springs,  Colorado  Desert,  Apr., 
1882,  Parish,  no.  747;  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.  to  middle  California, 
on  low  ground. 

2.  E.  chrysostoma  F.  &  M.,  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  ii.  29 

(1835).     GOLD  FIELDS. 

Plant  low  and  with  unbranched  stems  when  growing  in  poor 
or  dry  soil;  becoming  robust,  profusely  branched,  and  10  to  25 
cm.  high  under  favorable  conditions:  herbage  strigulose  to  hir- 
sute :  leaves  narrowly  linear,  3  mm.  or  less  wide,  entire :  in- 


170          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

volucre  broad,  3  to  6  mm.  high;  bracts  10  to  15  (or  18)  or  in 
depauperate  plants  5  to  10 :  ray-flowers  as  many  as  the  bracts ; 
ligules  3  to  8  mm.  long:  style-tips  capitate  and  seldom,  if  ever, 
with  a  minute  apiculation :  achenes  in  the  typical  form  linear- 
clavate,  slightly  rounded  at  summit,  either  perfectly  smooth  and 
shining  or  with  minute  rounded  papillae:  pappus  in  the  typical 
form  none. 

Southern  Oregon  to  Lower  California  and  the  borders  of 
Arizona :  in  its  numerous  varieties  and  forms  very  abundant  in 
early  spring  on  plains  and  over  the  lower  foothills,  often  covering 
the  slopes  for  miles  with  its  golden-yellow  bloom;  rare  on  the 
deserts  and  not  found  in  the  mountains  above  the  Upper  Sonoran 
Zone.  The  typical  form,  distinguished  from  the  following  va- 
rieties only  by  the  achenes,  has  been  reported  as  rather  common 
around  Los  Angeles  and  may  occur  throughout  western  Cali- 
fornia. I  have  not  seen  it  south  of  Antelope  Valley.  A  specimen 
determined  by  Meyer,  now  in  the  Brandegee  Herbarium,  has 
clavate  achenes,  rounded  at  summit,  not  pubescent  but  minutely 
papillose ;  the  herbage  is  succulent  and  the  heads  large  with  broad 
involucre,  as  in  the  sea-coast  form. 

Var.  gracilis  (DC.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Burrielia  gracilis  DC.. 
Prodr.  v.  664  (1836).  Baeria  gracilis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix. 
196  (1874).  Achenes  linear,  truncate,  more  or  less  strigose- 
pubescent :  pappus  usually  present. — The  typical  form  of  this 
variety  has  a  pappus  of  3  or  4  awns  from  small  lanceolate  paleae, 
about  equalling  the  disk-corollas.  Very  abundant  in  Southern 
California.  The  following  forms,  most  of  them  treated  as 
varieties  of  B.  gracilis  or  as  distinct  species  in  Gray's  Synoptical 
Flora  (where  full  synonymy),  are  here  referred  to  the  var. 
gracilis. 

Var.  gracilis  f .  nuda  Hall,  form.  nov.  Pappus  none. — A  form 
very  close  to  typical  B.  chrysostoma  but  the  achenes  are  narrower, 
not  at  all  rounded  at  the  summit,  and  more  conspicuously  pubes- 
cent. However,  perfectly  glabrous  achenes  are  sometimes  very 
narrow  and  truncate,  and  all  degrees  of  pubescence  occur,  so  that 
these  characters  cannot  be  used  for  specific  diagnoses. — San  Fran- 
cisquito  Canon,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Hall,  no.  3100,  and  elsewhere 
with  the  typical  form  of  var.  gracilis. 


!907]  Hall. — Compositor  of  Southern  California.  171 

Var.  gracilis  f.  aristosa  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  B.  gracilis 
aristosa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  21  (1883).  B.  aristosa 
Howell,  Fl.  N.  W.  Am.  354  (1900).  Disk-pappus  of  3  or  4  awns 
very  gradually  and  slightly  widened  downward. 

Var.  gracilis  f.  tenerrima  (DC.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Burrielia 
tenerrima  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  664  (1836)  ?  B.  gracilis  tenerrima 
Gray,  Syn.  FL  i.  pt.  2,  326  (1884).  Disk-pappus  of  f.  aristosa 
but  awns  often  fewer :  stems  low  and  slender,  often  simple :  rays 
and  bracts  only  5  or  6  each. — A  starved  form  of  sterile  soil. 
Mr.  Parish  has  collected  in  the  San  Bernardino  Mts.  some  speci- 
mens (no.  235  as  represented  at  Univ.  Calif.  Herb.)  of  this  form 
in  which  the  receptacle  is  paleaceous,  each  achene  being  sub- 
tended by  a  cuneate  palea  of  its  own  length. 

Var.  gracilis  f.  paleacea  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  B.  gracilis 
paleacea  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  21  (1883).  B.  Clevelandi 
Gray,  1.  c.  22.  Disk-pappus  of  2  to  4  ovate  or  deltoid  paleae  more 
or  less  abruptly  contracted  to  a  slender  awn. — B.  Clevelandi  was 
described  as  glabrous  except  for  some  fine  deciduous  woolliness. 
the  style-tips  with  a  conical  or  subulate  appendage,  and  the 
pappus  of  only  2  paleae.  Mrs.  Brandegee,  after  having  examined 
the  type,  says  that  she  is  unable  to  detect  any  difference  between 
the  pubescence  or  style-tips  of  B.  Clevelandi  and  of  B.  gracilis, 
and  that  in  the  type  of  the  former  the  pappus-paleae  are  some- 
times 3  in  number.  Further  evidence  against  B.  Clevelandi  as  a 
species  is  the  following :  Specimens  from  Ocean  -Beach,  near 
San  Diego,  Apr.  21,  1894,  Brandegee,  have  all  the  characters  of 
B.  c.  gracilis  except  that  the  pappus-paleae  are  only  2  or  3  in 
number  and  with  the  shape  assigned  to  those  of  B.  Clevelandi; 
specimens  from  Rialto,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Hall,  no.  2941,  dup- 
licate the  pappus  characters  of  B.  Clevelandi  in  some  flowers, 
other  flowers  from  the  same  plant  have  4  awned  paleae,  and  still 
others  have  2  paleae  and  2  intermediate  squamellae,  etc.  The 
style-tips  and  pubescence  of  my.  no.  2941  are  as  in  the  common 
form  of  B.  c.  gracilis. 

Var.  gracilis  f.  Clementina  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  B. 
Palmeri  Clementina  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  452  (1886).  Paleae 
of  both  ray  and  disk-flowers  mostly  5,  ovate,  firm,  attenuate  into 
a  stout  awn,  sparingly  erose-laciniate  or  only  denticulate :  plants 


172          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

robust. — Known  only  from  the  Californian  islands,  but  almost 
duplicated,  so  far  as  pappus  is  concerned,  by  small  specimens 
from  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  (Davy,  no.  1739a),  in  which  the 
pappus-paleae  are  entire  to  erose,  or  even  dentate  with  long  sharp 
teeth. 

Var.  gracilis  f.  crassa  Hall,  form.  nov.  Disk-pappus  of  4  en- 
tire lanceolate  paleae  each  tapering  to  a  slender  awn :  stems  low, 
stout,  branched:  herbage  somewhat  succulent:  leaves  narrowly 
oblong,  obtuse,  1.5  to  3  mm.  broad — A  seashore  form:  Ocean 
Beach,  near  San  Diego,  May,  1906,  Mrs.  Brandegee. 

Var.  gracilis  f.  curta  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  B.  curta  Gray. 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  21  (1883).  Pappus  of  ovate  or  oblong 
paleae,  most  or  all  of  them  obtuse  or  truncate  and  destitute  of 
awn. — The  original  specimens  were  described  as  having  ' '  pappus 
of  ovate  or  oblong  pointless  paleae,  not  exceeding  the  breadth 
of  the  achene,  usually  4  or  5,  or  in  ray-flowers  reduced  to  a 
single  one,  in  some  plants  all  obsolete."  They  were  from  near 
San  Bernardino,  Wright,  Lemmon,  and  the  form  has  recently 
been  found  near  Riverside  by  Geo.  R.  Hall,  no.  1669.  I  have  exam- 
ined some  of  Mr.  Lemmon 's  plants  gathered  with  the  types  (no. 
135)  and  find  the  paleae  to  be  2  to  4  in  number  or  more  often 
entirely  .wanting.  Specimens  collected  by  myself  (no.  2971)  on 
Box  Springs  Mt,  not  far  from  San  Bernardino,  exhibit  the  fol- 
lowing variations  in  pappus,  all  the  achenes  being  taken  from  a 
single  head:  achene  (a),  one  lanceolate  palea  tapering  into  a 
slender  awn  (as  in  paleae  of  typical  B.  c.  gracilis)  the  whole 
equalling  the  achene,  no  other  pappus;  achene  (b),  2  erose  paleae 
equalling  the  breadth  of  the  achene;  achene  (c),  1  erose  palea 
equalling  the  breadth  of  the  achene  and  3  minute  scales ;  achene 
(d),  four  minute  scales;  achene  (e),  one  minute  scale;  achene 
(f),  pappus  none.  Other  combinations  could  be  cited  and  most 
of  the  specimens  under  this  number  have  achenes  destitute  of 
pappus.  This  demonstrates  the  extreme  variability  of  pappus 
characters  in  this  genus  even  on  individual  plants,  and  leads  one 
to  the  conclusion  that  species  founded  on  such  characters  alone 
cannot  stand. 

3.  B.  uliginosa  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  197  (1874). 
Dichaeta  uliginosa  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  383 
(1841). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  173 

One  to  3  dm.  high,  at  length  loosely  branched  and  diffuse: 
herbage  somewhat  succulent,  villous-tomentose  when  young,  com- 
monly glabrate:  leaves  narrowly  oblong  to  broadly  ligulate. 
laciniate-pinnatifid  (especially  above  the  middle)  or  the  upper 
entire;  the  larger  sometimes  5  to  10  cm.  long  and  with  the  con- 
spicuously nerved  undivided  portion  1  cm.  broad :  involucral 
bracts  and  oblong  exserted  rays  10  to  13 :  pappus  (rarely  want- 
ing) of  2  to  4  awns  and  about  6  truncate-fimbriate  intervening 
paleae. 

An  inhabitant  of  low  wet  places :  Santa  Barbara,  ace.  to  Gray ; 
Tulare,  Davy;  north  to  San  Francisco  Bay. 

4.  B.  aristata  (Nutt.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Ptilomeris  aristata 
Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  382  (1841).  P.  coron- 
aria  Nutt.,  1.  c.  Baeria  coronaria  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  23 
(1883). 

Stem  simple  to  diffusely  much  branched,  5  to  30  cm.  high: 
herbage  minutely  glandular-pubescent  throughout:  leaves  most- 
ly pinnately  parted  into  long  linear-filiform  divisions :  involucre 
4  or  5  mm.  high;  bracts  deciduous  with  ray-achenes;  midnerve 
prominent:  ray-flowers  usually  about  12  (8  to  15)  ;  ligules  4  to 
10  mm.  long:  pappus  of  8  to  12  lanceolate  or  oblong  paleae  in 
the  typical  form,  some  or  all  of  them  tapering  into  awns  about 
equalling  the  corolla. 

Very  common  at  San  Diego  (Pur pus,  Univ.  Calif,  no.  30414 ; 
etc.),  thence  to  Riverside  (and  Port  Ballona,  Los  Angeles  Co., 
ace.  to  Abrams).  First  described  as  Ptilomeris  aristata  Nutt., 
from  specimens  in  which  all  of  the  paleae  were  awned  in  disk- 
flowers;  two  of  them  awned,  the  remainder  muticous,  in  ray- 
flowers,  and  the  receptacle  naked.  In  P.  coronaria  Nutt.  none  of 
the  paleae  in  the  ray-flowers  are  awned  and  the  receptacle  is 
densely  villous.  That  these  characters  are  much  too  variable, 
even  in  individual  plants,  to  be  of  any  value,  is  very  evident  from 
the  abundant  material  now  at  hand. 

f.  mutica  (Nutt.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Ptilomeris  mutica  Nutt., 
Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  382  (1841).  Baeria  mutica 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  23  (1883).  Pappus  of  oblong 
paleae,  the  obtuse  or  truncate  summit  erose. — Likewise  common 
at  San  Diego  (Setchell,  Univ.  Calif,  no.  53902;  etc.),  thence  to 


174          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

San  Jacinto,  Beaumont,  and  Redondo.  Specimens  gathered  by 
myself  near  Riverside,  under  numbers  3714  and  3833,  belong 
partly  to  this  form,  partly  to  typical  B.  aristata,  while  some  ex- 
hibit the  characters  of  both.  The  paleae  of  disk-flowers  are 
sometimes  all  truncate  and  awnless,  or  from  1  to  4  of  them  may 
be  awned,  all  combinations  occurring  in  a  single  head. 

f.  anthemoides  (Nutt.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Ptilomeris  anthem- 
oides Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  382  (1841). 
Baeria  anthemoides  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  328  (1884).  Pappus 
none :  receptacle  usually  scrobiculate. — Known  only  from  south- 
western San  Diego  Co.  (Hall.  no.  3950,  etc.) 

Var.  affinis  (Nutt.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Ptilomeris  affinis  Nutt.. 
PL  Gamb.  173  (1848).  Baeria  affinis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix. 
23  (1874).  Stems  slender:  involucre  3  or  4  mm.  high:  ray- 
flowers  6  to  8 ;  ligules  4  mm.  or  less  long :  pappus,  in  the  typical 
form,  of  6  to  10  oblong  or  lanceolate  paleae  as  long  as  the  corolla- 
tube,  the  margins  erose  or  laciniate,  some  or  all  of  them  continued 
into  awns  about  equalling  the  corolla,  or  in  the  ray  all  blunt 
and  awnless:  herbage  (always?)  sweet-scented. — This  form  has 
been  collected  near  Los  Angeles  and  at  North  Pomona,  Clare- 
mont,  Cajon  Pass,  and  San  Bernardino.  It  differs  from  typical 
B.  aristata  only  in  being  generally  smaller  and  more  slender, 
and  in  having  smaller  heads  with  less  numerous  rays.  It  has  a 
pappus  form  (f.  truncata)  corresponding  to  f.  mutica  of  B. 
anthemoides. 

Var.  affinis  f.  truncata  Hall,  nom.  nov.  Ptilomeris  tenella 
Nutt.,  PL  Gamb.  173  (1848).  Baeria  tenella  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  xix.  23  (1883).  Not  Dichaeta  tenella  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am. 
Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  383  (1841),  which  is  Baeria  tenella  Greene. 
FL  Fr.  439  (1897)  and  Jepson,  FL  W.  Mid.  Calif.  520  (1901). 
Pappus  of  6  to  10  oblong  or  cuneate  paleae  mostly  shorter  than 
the  corolla-tube,  the  truncate  summit  erose  or  denticulate.— 
Piru,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  3122;  North  Pomona,  Braunton,  no. 
254,  in  part;  Claremont,  Chandler;  etc.  Often  found  with  the 
typical  form  of  var.  affinis,  from  which  it  differs  only  in  the 
pappus,  and  the  two  forms  are  not  infrequently  mounted  in  her- 
baria under  a  single  label.  Field  observations  on  the  odor  of 
the  herbage  are  desirable. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  175 

Var.  Parishii  (Wats.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  B.  Pariskii  Wats., 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxiv.  83  (1889).  Plant  very  slender,  seldom 
over  1.5  dm.  high :  stem  simple  to  much  branched  above :  herbage 
pubescent  with  loose  hairs:  leaves  narrowly  linear,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse, mostly  pinnately  cleft  into  one  to  several  pairs  of  slender 
lobes,  rarely  all  entire:  involucre  only  2  to  4  mm.  high;  bracts 
8  to  12,  scarcely  enfolding  the  ray-achenes  and  the  midvein  not 
prominent :  ray-flowers  8  to  12 ;  ligules  about  3  mm.  long :  style- 
tips  truncate-apiculate :  achenes  linear,  with  truncate  summit, 
sparsely  and  minutely  pubescent:  pappus  none  in  the  typical 
form. — Known  only  from  the  type  locality ;  namely,  on  clay  hill- 
sides at  about  450  m.  alt.  in  Waterman  Canon,  near  San  Ber- 
nardino: May  29,  1888,  Parish,  no.  2041  (duplicate  type),  in 
part;  May  8,  1895,  Parish,  no.  3642,  in  part. 

Var.  Parishii  f.  varia  Hall,  form.  nov.  Pappus  of  6  to  10 
quadrate  or  ovate  paleae  with  erose  summits,  some  of  them  pro- 
vided with  awns  as  long  as  the  corolla. — Claremont,  Feb.  10. 
1897,  Chandler.  Corresponds  to  the  typical  form  of  B.  aristata 
and  of  B.  aristata  affinis,  so  far  as  pappus  is  concerned. 

Var.  Parishii  f.  quadrata  Hall,  form.  nov.  Pappus  of  6  to  10 
quadrate  paleae  only  half  the  length  of  the  corolla-tube,  their 
summits  erose-truncate. — At  the  type  locality  of  var.  Parishii. 
Parish,  nos.  2041,  in  part,  and  3642,  in  part,  the  remaining  plants 
gathered  under  these  numbers  differing  only  in  the  eppapose 
achenes.  Bears  the  same  relation  to  f.  varia  that  B.  aristata  f. 
mutica  does  to  typical  B.  aristata,  and  similarly  corresponds  to 
f.  truncata  of  var.  affinis. 

66.  MONOLOPIA  DC. 

White-woolly  annuals  with  mostly  alternate  sessile  leaves  and 
long-peduncled  heads  of  golden-yellow  flowers.  Involucre  hemi- 
spheric, its  bracts  either  distinct  to  near  the  base  or  united  into 
a  cup  with  broad  or  triangular  teeth.  Receptacle  globular  or 
conical  in  our  species,  naked.  Ray-corollas  with  ample  3  or  4- 
toothed  or  -lobed  ligule  and  bearing  at  the  orifice  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  style  a  roundish  denticulate  appendage ;  lobes  of  disk- 
corollas  somewhat  hairy.  Achenes  obovoid,  angular,  black. 
Pappus  none. 


176          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

1.  M.  major  DC.,  Prodr.  vi.  74  (1837)  ;  Hook.,  Ic.  PL  t.  344 
(1841),  and  Bot.  Mag.  t.  3839  (1840). 

Stoutish,  simple  or  branching,  1.5  to  5  dm.  high:  tomentum 
floccose  and  tardily  deciduous :  leaves  mostly  oblong-lanceolate, 
low-denticulate  or  commonly  entire,  8  cm.  or  less  long :  involucre 
mostly  6  to  12  mm.  high;  bracts  united  into  a  broadly  campan- 
ulate  cup  with  triangular  teeth :  rays  .8  to  1.5  or  2  cm.  long,  the 
oblong  or  roundish  denticulate  appendage  less  than  1  mm.  in 
diameter. 

Common  in  the  central  part  of  the  state  and,  ace.  to  the  Botany 
of  California,  extending  southward  to  San  Diego. 

Var.  lanceolata  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  384  (1876).  M. 
lanceolata  Nutt.,  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  i.  175  (1847).  Bracts  of 
the  involucre  distinct  to  near  the  base ;  otherwise  as  in  the  species. 
—Grassy  slopes,  especially  on  heavy  soils ;  Upper  Sonoran  Zone ; 
apparently  rather  rare:  Highland  Park,  Los  Angeles,  Greata; 
Cahuenga  Pass,  Brewer,  no.  185 ;  San  Rafael  Mts.,  Santa  Bar- 
bara Co.,  Hall,  no.  7805;  Antelope  Valley,  Dr.  Vogt,  no.  51,  and 
Davy,  no.  2166;  head  of  San  Joaquin  Valley,  Davy,  nos.  1704, 
1893b,  1724,  1990.  Mr.  Davy's  specimens  nos.  1704  and  1724 
from  near  Bakersfield,  specimens  gathered  in  Tulare  Co.  by  Mr. 
G.  C.  Roeding,  and  also  Brewer's  no.  185  from  Cahuenga,  ap- 
proach in  the  size  of  their  involucres  and  achenes  very  closely 
to  M.  gracilens  Gray,  which  should  be  considered  only  a  small- 
flowered  variety  of  M.  major. 

67.  SYNTRICHOPAPPUS  Gray. 

Low  and  commonly  diffuse  white-woolly  annuals  principally 
of  the  Desert  Area.  Leaves  narrow,  entire,  or  lobed  at  the  apex, 
mostly  alternate.  Heads  small,  short-peduncled,  with  yellow  or 
purplish  ray-flowers  and  yellow  disk-flowers.  Involucre  narrow, 
of  5  to  8  narrow  bracts  partly  enfolding  the  ray-achenes.  Re- 
ceptacle small,  flat.  Style-branches  flattened,  acute.  Achenes 
linear-turbinate,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  numerous  bristles  united 
at  base  or  none. 

Kays  yellow:  pappus  of  numerous  barbellate  awns  1.  S.  Fremonti. 

Eays  rose-purple,  edged  or  marked  with  white:  pappus  none  

....2.  S.  Lemmoni. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  177 

1.  S.  Fremont!  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Kept.  iv.  106,  t.  15  (1857). 
Plant  low  and  spreading,  much  branched    from    the    base: 

leaves  broadly  linear  or  spatulate,  sometimes  shallowly  3-lobed 
near  the  apex,  5  to  15  mm.  long :  heads  short-pedunculate :  in- 
volucre 5  or  6  mm.  high,  the  bracts  scarious-margined :  rays 
golden-yellow,  3  to  6  mm.  long:  pappus  bright  white,  the  nu- 
merous barbellate  bristles  often  paleaceously  united  at  base,  de- 
ciduous. 

Abundant  from  Cajon  Pass  to  the  Mohave  River,  Parish,  no. 
1267,  and  Hall,  no.  6179;  Randsburg,  Mohave  Desert,  C.  M. 
Drake,  no.  8;  Cameron,  Tehachapi  Pass,  Brandegee-  Inyo  Co., 
Purpus,  Brandegee,  Coville  &  Funston;  Soda  Lake,  Cooper,  ace. 
to  Gray ;  east  to  Utah  and  Arizona. 

2.  S.  Lemmoni  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  20  (1883).    Act- 
inolepis  Lemmoni  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvi.  101  (1880).     Mi- 
crobahia  Lemmoni  Ckll.,  Muhlenbergia  iii.  9  (1907). 

Stem  very  slender,  often  erect,  only  a  few  cm.  high :  herbage 
glabrate  in  age:  leaves  linear  or  slightly  enlarged  above,  entire: 
involucre  4  or  5  mm.  high,  its  6  to  8  bracts  narrowly  oblong  and 
scarious-margined :  rays  7  or  8,  fading  from  rose  to  flesh-color, 
commonly  almost  white  on  the  upper  surface,  deep  rose  and 
with  dark-red  veins  beneath,  the  margins  white. 

Manzana,  Antelope  Valley,  Davidson  •  Cajon  Pass.,  Parish,  no. 
1250,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  6756;  San  Bernardino  Plains,  Mar., 
1880,  Lemmon. 

68.  HYMENOPAPPUS  L'Her. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  mostly  basal  pinnatifid  leaves.  Heads 
medium-sized,  discoid  in  most  species,  borne  in  an  open  .panicle 
or  solitary  and  terminal  on  the  elongated  branchlets.  Involucral 
bracts  6  to  12,  in  1  or  2  series,  broad,  the  margins  scarious  and 
often  colored.  Corollas  with  narrow  tube,  abruptly  dilated 
throat,  and  spreading  or  recurved  lobes.  Achenes  obpyramidal. 
4  to  5-angled.  Pappus  of  10  to  20  thin  obtuse  or  awned  paleae. 
sometimes  reduced  or  wanting. 
Pappus-paleae  not  awn-tipped:  flowers  yellow. 

Involucral  bracts  very  unequal  1.  H.  lugens. 

Involucral  bracts  nearly  equal  2.  H.  filifolius. 

Pappus-paleae  awn-tipped:  flowers  white  or  purplish  3.  H.  Wrightii. 


178          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

1.  H.  lugens  Greene,  Pitt.  iv.  43  (1899). 

Stems  erect,  from  a  perennial  multicipital  caudex,  3  to  5  dm. 
high :  herbage  loosely  tomentose,  the  stems  glabrate :  leaves  clus- 
tered near  the  base,  about  8  cm.  long  including  the  petiole,  twice 
or  thrice  pinnately  parted  into  linear  acute  lobes:  heads  scat- 
tered, on  slender  peduncles :  involucral  bracts  broadly  oblong  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  very  unequal,  the  short  outer  ones  with  broad 
reddish-brown  margins,  the  inner  somewhat  scarious  or  greenish : 
rays  none :  disk-flowers  yellow ;  throat  cylindric,  narrowed  to  the 
nearly  equal  tube :  anthers  exserted :  style-tips  conic  :  villous  hairs 
of  the  achene  somewhat  shorter  than  the  strongly  1-nerved  obtuse 
paleae,  which  either  equal  or  are  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
proper  tube  of  the  corolla. 

Mountains  and  foothills  bordering  the  deserts:  Transition 
Zone  at  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Parish,  no.  3717,  Hall. 
nos.  1339,  7558,  and  Abrams,  no.  2899 ;  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  at 
Coyote  Canon,  Riverside  Co.,  Hall,  no.  1178.1;  Warner's  Ranch. 
San  Diego  Co.,  ace.  to  Parish;  Cuyamaca  Mts.,  Jul.  16,  1906, 
Mrs.  Brandegee;  Tantillas  Mts.,  Lower  California,  Palmer,  no. 
183 ;  San  Pedro  Martir,  Lower  California,  Brandegee.  Professor 
Greene  includes  Inyo  Co.  in  the  range  of  H.  lugens,  but  he  had 
only  specimens  collected  by  Mr.  Parish  and  the  latter  informs  me 
that  he  has  not  botanized  in  Inyo  Co.  An  excellent  species,  well 
marked,  in  its  group,  by  the  very  unequal  bracts  of  the  involucre. 

2.  H.  filifolius  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i.  317  (1834). 

Stems  several  and  erect  from  the  perennial  caudex,  3  to  6  (Jm. 
high,  somewhat  leafy:  herbage  loosely  tomentose,  the  tomentum 
deciduous  except  from  the  leaf -axils :  leaves  once  or  twice  pin- 
nately parted  into  linear  lobes :  heads  few,  in  a  loose  terminal 
cyme ;  peduncles  1  to  8  cm.  long :  involucral  bracts  broadly  oblong 
or  narrowed  to  the  base,  very  obtuse,  nearly  equal,  tomentose  on 
the  back,  the  margins  greenish-white :  rays  none :  disk-flowers  yel- 
low, teeth  reflexed :  throat  cylindric,  narrowed  to  the  nearly  equal 
tube :  villous  hairs  of  the  achene  commonly  as  long  as  the  pappus- 
paleae  which  barely  equal  the  corolla-tube,  or  the  paleae  some- 
times much  shorter. 

Providence  Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  Jun.  6,  1902,  Brandegee; 
east  to  Nebraska. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  179 

3.  H.  Wrightii,  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Hymenothrix  Wrightii  Gray. 
PL  Wright,  ii.  97  (1853). 

Stems  rigid,  corymbosely  branched,  2  to  10  dm.  high,  from  a 
biennial  or  perennial  root:  herbage  somewhat  hirsute  below, 
glandular  or  glabrous  above,  no  woolly  tomentum :  leaves  once 
or  twice  ternately  divided  into  linear  or  filiform  divisions :  in- 
volucre (6  to  8  mm.  high)  of  obovate-oblong  and  very  obtuse  pur- 
ple-tinged bracts  and  a  few  smaller  narrow  accessory  ones :  rays 
none:  disk-flowers  white  or  purplish,  with  very  slender  tube, 
short  throat,  and  limb  5-parted  into  widely  spreading  lobes : 
style-tips  flat,  cuspidate :  anthers  exserted :  achenes  villous :  pap- 
pus-paleae  lanceolate,  the  strong  midrib  continued  as  a  scabrous 
awn  nearly  equalling  the  corolla. 

Pine  Valley,  San  Diego  Co.,  Alderson,  ace.  to  Parish;  Stone- 
wall Mine,  Cuyamaca  Mt.,  San  Diego  Co.,  Brandegee;  southern 
Arizona  and  Lower  California. 


69.  PALAFOXIA  Lag. 

Ours  a  robust  much  branched  herb  of  the  Desert  Area.  Leaves 
alternate,  entire.  Heads  narrow,  discoid,  the  flowers  either  all 
alike  or  the  outer  corollas  sometimes  with  very  unequal  lobes. 
Involucre  of  linear  nearly  equal  bracts.  Achenes  nearly  as  long 
as  the  involucre,  the  slender  pappus  therefore  much  exserted. 

1.  P.  linearis  (Cav.)  Lag.,  Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  26  (1816)  ; 
Hook.,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  2132  (1819).  Ageratum  lineare  Cav.,  Ic.  PL 
iii.  3,  t.  205  (1794). 

Flowering  as  an  annual  but  becoming  perennial  and  some- 
what lignescent  at  base :  herbage  scabrous  or  hispid,  the  leaves 
canescent:  leaves  linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  2  to  6  cm.  long  in- 
cluding the  petiole-like  base,  acute,  1-nerved:  involucre  about 
15  mm.  high;  bracts  linear,  acute,  lightly  clasping  the  outer 
achenes :  corolla-lobes  5,  subequal  or  in  the  outer  flowers  often 
very  unequal,  one-half  to  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  throat :  pappus 
of  4  or  5  linear  acute  paleae  nearly  as  long  as  the  achene,  trav- 
ersed by  a  strong  midrib  and  bordered  with  a  membranous  mar- 
gin; in  addition  sometimes  2  to  4  shorter  obtuse  ones,  or  the 
paleae  of  the  outer  flowers  sometimes  all  much  reduced. 


180          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

Common  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  throughout  the  Colorado 
Desert:  less  common  on  the  Mohave  Desert,  where  it  ranges  as 
far  north  as  Coso  Mts.,  ace.  to  Coville;  east  into  Arizona;  south 
into  Mexico. 

70.  ERIOPHYLLUM  Lag. 

Annual  and  perennial  herbs  or  suffruticose  plants.  Herbage 
white-woolly,  at  least  when  young.  Leaves  mainly  entire,  or 
variously  toothed,  divided,  or  incised.  Involucre  oblong  to 
hemispheric,  its  bracts  distinctly  rigid  and  permanently  erect, 
concave  and  disposed  to  enfold  the  mature  outer  achenes.  Re- 
ceptacle flat  or  convex.  Rays  4  to  13  or  15,  broad,  rarely  lack- 
ing. Tube  of  disk-corollas  commonly  glandular  and  hairy.  Style- 
branches  from  truncate  to  conical  or  subulate.  Achenes  linear 
or  linear-clavate.  Pappus  various,  sometimes  lacking. 
A.— Annuals:  low  (under  2  dm.)  and  diffuse. 
Heads  mostly  sessile:  receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so. 

Kays  2  mm.  long  1.  E.  multicaule. 

Kays  none  2.  E.  Pringlei. 

Heads  pedunculate:  receptacle  convex  or  conical:  rays  conspicuous. 
Achenes  linear:  leaves  entire  or  toothed. 

Pappus-paleae  very  unequal;  about  5  short  obtuse  paleae  alternat- 
ing with  as  many  longer  awned  ones  3.  E.  lanosum. 

Pappus-paleae  equal  or  wanting. 

Anther-tips  linear-subulate:  tomentum  copious,  persistent  

4.  E.  Wallacei. 

Anther-tips    obtuse    or    merely    acute:    tomentum    less    copious, 

deciduous 5.  E.  ambiguum. 

Achenes  clavate:   leaves  mostly  pinnately  parted 6.  E.  Heermanni. 

B.— Biennials  and  perennials:  taller  (3  dm.  or  more)  and  erect. 
Heads  small,  terminally  clustered:  leaves  mainly  divided  or  parted. 
Rays  6  to  10:  stems  mostly  over  6  dm.  high:  maritime  species. 

Leaves  green  above:  pappus-paleae  8  to  12  7.  E.  staechadifolium. 

Leaves  white-tomentose  on  both  sides:  pappus-paleae  4  to  6  

8.  E.  Nevinii. 

Rays  4  or  5,  or  none:  stems  mostly  under  6  dm.  high  

9.  E.  confertiflorum. 

Heads  large,  solitary  on  long  peduncles:  leaves  mainly  entire:  var.  obovatum 
of  10.  E.  lanatum. 

1.  E.  multicaule  (DC.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  24  (1883). 
Actinolepis  multicaulis  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  656  (1836)  ;  Hook.,  Ic. 
PI.  t.  325  (1841)  ;  Torr.,  Bot.  Hex.  Bound.  96,  t.  33  (1859). 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  181 

Diffusely  branched  from  the  base,  2  to  10  cm.  high,  often 
forming  mats  1  dm.  in  diameter :  flocculent  tomentum  deciduous 
except  from  the  heads :  leaves  1  cm.  or  less  long,  broadly  spat- 
ulate,  mostly  with  2  or  3  short  rounded  lobes  or  teeth  at  the  apex : 
heads  in  leafy-bracteate  close  terminal  clusters :  involucre  3  mm. 
high:  receptacle  nearly  flat:  rays  3  to  7,  yellow,  2  mm.  long: 
achenes  sparsely  pubescent,  soon  glabrate:  pappus  of  10  to  15 
narrow  somewhat  fimbriate  paleae,  continued  above  into  subulate 
awns,  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  sometimes  lacking  in  part  or 
all  of  the  disk-flowers. 

Common  in  Southern  California  west  of  the  mountains  and 
north  to  the  upper  Salinas  Valley.  Also  in  southern  Arizona, 
ace.  to  Gray,  and  therefore  to  be  expected  in  our  Desert  Area. 

2.  E.  Pringlei  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  25  (1883).     Actin- 
olepis  Pringlei  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  441  (1897). 

Stem  much  branched  from  the  base,  forming  dense  woolly 
tufts  1  to  5  cm.  high  and  15  cm.  or  less  in  diameter :  leaves  and 
heads  as  in  the  last  preceding  but  rays  lacking:  achenes  ap- 
pressed-pubescent :  pappus-paleae  silvery-scarious,  broadly  lan- 
ceolate, obtuse,  erose,  equalling  the  corolla-tube. 

Plentiful  in  gravelly  soil  on  the  Mohave  Desert  and  the  sur- 
rounding mountains  (even  to  1800  m.  alt.)  ;  ranging  west  to  Mt. 
Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6322,  north  to  the  Greenhorn 
Range,  Hall  &  Babcock,  no.  5075,  and  east  into  Arizona,  ace.  to 
Gray. 

3.  E.  lanosum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  25  (1883).     Bur- 
rielia  lanosa  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Rept.  iv.  107  (1857).     Actinolepis 
lanosa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  198  (1874). 

Plant  4  to  10  cm.  high,  the  few  to  numerous  branches  ascend- 
ing or  erect:  leaves  linear,  mostly  entire,  1  cm.  or  less  long:  heads 
scattered  on  more  or  less  elongated  naked  peduncles:  involucre 
narrow,  5  or  6  mm.  high :  receptacle  convex,  obtuse :  rays  white 
or  rose-color,  5  mm.  long:  anther-tips  subulate:  style-branches 
obtuse :  achenes  sparsely  pubescent :  pappus  of  about  5  paleaceous 
awns  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla  and  as  many  obtuse  alternating 
paleae  of  half  this  length. 

A  rare  species  occurring  from  Lower  California  and  along 


182          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

our  eastern  borders  to  southern  Nevada ;  Needles,  Feb.,  1886,  Mrs. 
Brandegee. 

4.  E.  Wallace!  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  25  (1883).    Bahia 
Wallacei  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Kept.  iv.  105  (1857).     Actinolepis  Wal- 
lacei  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  198  (1874). 

Stem  freely  branching  from  the  base ;  the  branches  ascending, 
2  to  10  cm.  high :  the  copious  matted  wool  tardily  or  not  at  all 
deciduous :  leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  obtuse,  mostly  entire,  1 
cm.  or  less  long :  heads  short-pedunculate :  involucre  5  mm.  high, 
its  overlapping  bracts  not  united :  receptacle  low-conical,  obtuse : 
rays  about  10,  yellow,  4  mm.  long  and  nearly  as  broad:  anther- 
tips  subulate:  style-branches  conical,  acutish:  pappus-paleae,  6 
to  10,  oblong  or  obovate,  obtuse,  erose,  one-half  to  one-fourth  as 
long  as  the  corolla. 

In  gravelly  or  sandy  soil:  San  Bernardino  Valley;  San 
Jacinto  Mts. ;  east  to  Arizona  and  southern  Utah. 

A  form  with  the  pappus  reduced  to  a  mere  border  comes  from 
the  Santa  Ana  Eiver  bottoms  near  Redlands,  F.  M.  Reed,  no.  784, 
and  Greata,  no.  572,  part,  but  it  passes  into  the  typical  form  at 
the  same  locality.  There  is  also  a  color  form  (Bahia  rubella 
Gray)  in  which  the  rays  are  pale  purple  and  white  or  even  dull 
rose-color :  western  borders  of  Colorado  Desert  at  San  Felipe,  San 
Diego  Co.,  Parry,  ace.  to  Gray,  also  Brandegee,  and  Apr.  25,  1899. 
Mrs.  Brandegee;  Vallecito,  San  Diego  Co.,  Parish,  no.  1625.  It 
will  probably  be  found  that  color  characters  are  no  more  con- 
stant here  than  they  are  in  Layia  glandulosa,  where  analagous 
forms  occur. 

5.  E.  ambiguum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  26  (1883),  and 
Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  330  (1884).     Lasthenia  (Monolopia)  ambigua 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vf.  547  (1865).     Bahia  parviflora  and  B. 
ambigua  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  382   (1876).     E.  paleaeeum  Bran- 
degee, Bot.  Gaz.  xxvii.  450  (1889). 

Annual,  .5  to  3  dm.  high:  stem  slender,  ascending  or  erect, 
freely  and  widely  branched,  especially  from  the  base :  tomentum 
tardily  deciduous  from  the  leaves  and  stems:  leaves  alternate, 
narrowly  oblanceolate  or  spatulate  and  obscurely  few-toothed,  or 
linear  and  entire,  1  to  2  or  4  cm.  long :  peduncles  1  to  5  cm.  long, 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  183 

each  bearing  a  solitary  head:  involucre  usually  5  mm.  high  (4  to 
6  mm.)  ;  its  rigid  carinate  bracts  about  8,  either  distinct  to  the 
base  or  lightly  united  for  about  two-thirds  the  way  up  into  a 
campanulate  cup  with  ovate  acute  teeth :  receptacle  acutely  coni- 
cal, varying  from  chaffy  to  scrobiculate :  rays  about  5  to  10,  yel- 
low, 4  to  10  mm.  long :  disk-corollas  funnel-form  with  a  short 
cylindric  glandular  tube :  anther-tips  ovate,  merely  acute :  style- 
branches  conical,  acute :  achenes  linear,  pubescent  with  appressed 
hairs :  pappus  commonly  a  mere  crown  of  quadrate  erose  scales, 
sometimes  conspicuous  and  lacerate,  sometimes  quite  obscure  or 
wanting. 

Confined  to  the  Desert  Area  and  surrounding  mountains,  from 
Palm  Springs,  Riverside  Co.,  to  Fort  Tejon,  Kern  Co.,  and  Owens 
Valley,  Inyo  Co. 

It  would  not  be  difficult  to  segregate  a  number  of  species  from 
the  aggregate  E.  ambiguum  if  one  had  only  the  extreme  forms. 
An  abundance  of  material  shows,  however,  that  species  based  on 
length  and  number  of  rays,  union  or  separation  of  involucral 
bracts,  character  of  pappus,  and  presence  or  absence  of  chaff  on 
the  receptacle,  are  neither  natural  nor  of  scientific  value.  Not 
only  do  these  characters  vary  greatly,  but  they  may  be  found  in 
almost  all  possible  combinations,  the  variations  not  being  con- 
commitant. 

The  original  Lasthenia  ambigua  had  united  bracts,  a  "scrobic- 
ulate, rarely  smooth"  receptacle,  and  a  coroniform  pappus  of 
short  erose-truncate  paleae.  It  came  from  near  Fort  Tejon, 
where  I  have  recently  re-collected  it  under  no.  6297. 

A  similar  form  but  with  the  bracts  distinct  and  the  rays 
hardly  longer  than  the  disk  was  described  as  Bahia  parviflora 
from  specimens  gathered  at  the  same  station.  It  has  not  been 
re-collected. 

E.  paleaceum  was  based  on  specimens  gathered  at  Kernville 
and  Olancha.  It  combines  distinct  bracts,  developed  rays,  and 
a  short  paleaceous  pappus,  with  a  chaffy  receptacle,  the  upper 
paleae  of  which  are  persistent  and  become  1  mm.  long.  Exactly 
the  same  form,  except  that  the  paleae  of  the  receptacle  are  usual- 
ly less  numerous  and  smaller  or  quite  obscure,  is  common  in  good 
seasons  from  the  Argus  and  Panamint  Mts.  south  to  Fremonts 


184          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Peak  on  the  Mohave  Desert  (Hall  &  Chandler,  nos.  6856,  6873. 
6941,  7092),  and  reappears  on  the  Colorado  Desert  at  Palm 
Springs,  where  the  receptacle  is  nearly  or  quite  smooth  (Parish. 
nos.  4120,.  6088;  Hall,  no.  5760).  This  is  perhaps  the  normal 
form  of  the  species,  it  being  common  and  widely  distributed.  In 
it  the  number  of  rays  is  normally  8. 

6.  E.  Heermanni   (Durand)    Greene,  Fl.    Fr.    445     (1897). 
Monolopia  Heermanni  Durand,  Jour.  Phila.  Acad.  ser.  2,  iii.  93 
(1855). 

Slender,  1  to  3  dm.  high,  from  an  annual  root,  freely 
branched :  herbage  tomentose,  tomentum  deciduous  from  at  least 
the  stems  at  time  of  flowering :  leaves  alternate,  mostly  pinnately 
parted  into  several  linear  segments  but  the  basal  ones  sometimes 
spatulate  and  merely  toothed,  the  upper  ones  linear  and  entire : 
heads  solitary,  on  peduncles  1  to  5  cm.  long:  involucre  about  5 
mm.  high;  bracts  about  8,  united  below  the  middle:  receptacle 
conical,  naked:  rays  8  to  10,  yellow,  4  to  8  mm.  long:  tube  of 
disk-corollas  glandular-pubescent :  anther-tips  ovate,  acute : 
style-branches  linear,  obtuse:  achenes  clavate,  4-angled,  pubes- 
cent: pappus  none,  or  represented  by  1  or  more  minute  paleae. 
ace.  to  Greene. 

On  the  Mohave  Desert  at  Kramer,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  May 
30,  1892,  Mrs.  Brandegee;  Sierra  Nevada  foothills  of  middle 
California. 

7.  E.  staechadifolium  Lag.,  Nov.  Gen.  et  Spec.  28   (1816). 
Bahia  art emisiae folia  Less.,  Linnaea  vi.  253   (1831)  ;  Gray,  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  380  (1876).     LIZARD  TAIL. 

Robust,  6  to  9  dm.  high:  leaves  pinnately  parted  into  5  or  7 
lobes;  these  again  pinnately  parted,  or  toothed,  or  entire;  the 
margins  revolute  and  the  under  surface  white  with  a  dense  felt- 
like  tomentum,  green  and  glabrous  or  lightly  pubescent  above: 
tomentum  of  the  stems  deciduous:  heads  disposed  in  close  com- 
pact cymes:  involucre  broadly  oblong  or  somewhat  turbinate,  5 
mm.  high ;  bracts  linear,  rigid,  becoming  carinate  at  base :  rays  6 
to  8,  yellow:  pappus-paleae  9  to  12,  those  at  the  angles  of  the 
achene  longer. 

Along  the  coast  from  Santa  Barbara,  ace.  to  Gray,  and  the 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  185 

Channel  Islands,   ace.  to  Brandegee,45   northward;   near   Santa 
Maria,  Miss  Eastwood,  no.  837. 

1 1  Lagasca  's  original  appears  to  have  been  a  branch  of  the  form 
with  uppermost  leaves  entire." — Gray.  This  form  has  been  re- 
collected by  Heller,  no.  6704,  along  the  beach  at  Pacific  Grove, 
Monterey  Co.,  presumably  the  type  locality.  In  Mr.  Heller's 
specimens  the  main  branches  are  woody  and  leafless,  the  twigs 
densely  clothed  with  linear  entire  leaves.  In  the  ordinary  form 
only  the  small  bract-like  leaves  of  the  inflorescence  are  entire. 

8.  E.  Nevinii  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt  2,  452  (1886). 
Decidedly  woody  below,  about  10  dm.  high:  leaves  15  cm.  or 

more  long,  ovate  in  outline,  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into 
numerous  oblong  obtuse  lobes,  equally  white-tomentose  on  both 
sides:  tomentum  of  the  stems  deciduous:  heads  numerous, 
crowded  in  naked-pedunculate  broad  flat-topped  compound 
cymes :  involucre  cylindrical,  6  to  7  mm.  high ;  bracts  oblong, 
obtuse,  rather  loose :  rays  7  to  10,  yellow,  short :  pappus  of  4  to  6 
erose  paleae,  often  unequal,  the  longer  ones  lanceolate  and  acute. 
San  Clemente  Island,  on  rocks  overhanging  the  sea,  Apr.. 
1885,  Nevin  &  Lyon,  ace.  to  Gray,  Aug.,  1894,  Brandegee;  Santa 
Catalina  Island,  on  the  sea-cliff,  Jun.,  1896,  Mrs.  Blanche  Trask. 
May,  1890,  Brandegee. 

9.  E.  confertiflorum  (DC.)   Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  25 
(1883).     Bahia  confertiflora  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  657  (1836). 

Plant  2  to  6  dm.  high :  stem  slightly  woody  at  base,  often  un- 
branched:  herbage  with  a  close  dense  (at  length  deciduous)  to- 
mentum :  leaves  of  the  flowering  branches  3  cm.  or  less  long,  ter- 
nately  or  pinnately  parted  into  3  to  7  narrowly  linear  divisions : 
heads  in  compact  terminal  clusters:  involucre  obovoid-oblong,  4 
mm.  high :  its  bracts  about  5,  ovate :  rays  4  or  5,  yellow,  about  4 
mm.  long:  paleae  8  to  10,  nearly  equal,  about  one-half  as  long 
as  the  achene. 

Abundant  on  dry  hills  from  San  Diego  north  throughout 
western  California. 

Var.  trifidum  (Nutt.)  Gray,  I.e.  Bahia  trifida  Nutt.,  Trans. 
Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  374  (1841).  Leaves  small,  entire 


45Zoe  i.  139   (1890). 


186          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

except  near  the  apex  where  they  are  cleft  into  3  to  5  short  linear 
lobes. — With  the  ordinary  form  and  in  the  mountains  to  at  least 
2000  m.  alt 

Var.  laxiflorum  Gray,  1.  c.  Leaves  as  in  the  species :  heads 
more  loosely  cymose,  the  peduncles  being  mostly  5  to  10  cm.  long. 
— Also  with  the  species;  an  uncommon  form. 

Var.  discoideum  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  443  (1897).  Stems  more 
leafy:  heads  large,  in  congested  cymes,  destitute  of  rays. — First 
known  from  Sonoma  Co. ;  since  collected  by  Miss  Alice  King  at 
Arroyo  Grande,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  and  by  Mrs.  C.  M.  Wilder 
in  the  San  Antonio  Mts.  at  altitudes  of  2100  to  2400  m.,  no.  594. 
In  Mrs.  Wilder 's  specimens  the  leaves  are  palmately  trifid  and 
the  involucres  6  mm.  high. 

Var.  latum  Hall,  var.  nov.  Leaves  broadly  spatulate  or  ob- 
ovate  (7  to  14  mm.  wide),  with  few  very  blunt  and  short  lobes 
or  the  upper  entire :  heads  mostly  on  evident  peduncles :  rays 
present. — Plains  near  Riverside,  E.  L.  Koethen,  no.  20  (type). 
Specimens  collected  at  San  Bernardino  by  8.  B.  &  W.  F.  Parish. 
May,  1888,  also  belong  here. 

10.  E.  lanatum  obovatum  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  E. 
obovatum  Greene,  Eryth.  iii.  123  (1895),  and  iv.  67  (1896). 

Stems  numerous,  seldom  branched,  erect  from  a  decumbent 
base  or  strong  perennial  root,  2  or  3  dm.  high,  not  woody,  ter- 
minated by  solitary  long-peduncled  heads:  herbage  densely  and 
permanently  tomentose :  leaves  obovate  to  narrowly  lanceolate, 
obtuse,  either  entire  or  the  broader  ones  with  several  teeth  or 
lobes,  mostly  2  cm.  but  the  lower  sometimes  as  much  as  5  cm. 
long:  involucre  7  to  10  mm.  high,  its  rigid  acute  bracts  more  or 
less  united  at  base :  rays  about  13,  broad,  1  cm.  long,  deep  yellow : 
achenes  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  pappus  variable,  usually  of  about 
8  short  obtuse  erose  paleae,  some  of  these  rarely  elongated  and 
acute. 

Not  uncommon  in  the  Transition  Zone  of  the  San  Bernardino 
Mts.  at  1200  to  2200  m.  alt. :  Wright,  no.  1811  (type  of  E.  obova- 
tum1!); Parish,  nos.  1086,  1451,  3344,  3714,  3716;  Davidson; 
Hall,  nos.  1070,  1289.5 ;  etc. 

In  Mr.  Wright's  specimen  and  in  some  others  the  tomentum 
has  a  greenish-yellow  tinge,  while  in  some  cases  it  is  dull  white. 


1907]  Hall. — Compogitae  of  Southern  California.  187 

But  specimens  collected  together,  as  under  Hall,  no.  1289.5,  ex- 
hibit both  sorts  of  tomentum  and  intermediate  shades  occur.  Mr. 
Wright 's  plant  is  the  only  one  seen  in  which  the  longer  lanceolate 
pappus-paleae  occur.  This  var.  can  be  distinguished  from  cer- 
tain Sierran  forms  of  E.  lanatum  Pursh45*  (=E.  caespitosum 
Dougl.45b)  only  by  its  larger  size. 

71.  AMBLYOPAPPUS  H.  &  A. 

Low  annual  with  gummy  sweet-scented  herbage.  Heads 
small,  discoid,  in  loose  elongated  cymes  and  racemes  terminating 
the  simple  erect  stems.  Involucral  bracts  4  to  6,  rather  broad, 
obovate-oblong.  Receptacle  small,  conical.  Achenes  small,  4- 
angled,  narrowed  below.  Pappus  of  8  to  12  oblong  obtuse  paleae, 
oftened  colored. 

1.  A.  pusillus  H.  &  A.,  Journ.  Bot.  iii.  321  (1841).  Aromia 
tcnuifolia  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  396  (1841). 
Infantea  Chilensis  Remy,  in  Gay,  Fl.  Chil.  iv.  259,  t.  48,  f.  1. 
(1849-1866). 

Plant  about  2  (rarely  5)  dm.  high:  leaves  alternate,  linear, 
entire  or  the  lower  pinnately  3  to  5-parted  and  sometimes  op- 
posite: involucres  3  mm.  high:  flowers  5  to  25  (  !),  yellowish. 

From  Monterey,  ace.  to  Parry,46  to  Lower  California  and  re- 
appearing in  Peru  and  Chile.  Common  near  the  sea  from  Los 
Angeles  Co.  to  San  Diego  and  on  the  islands  from  San  Miguel47 
to  San  Martin. 

72.  RIGIOPAPPUS  Gray. 

Slender  annual  with  alternate  linear  leaves.  Heads  rather 
small,  solitary,  on  filiform  peduncles  terminating  the  simple  stems 
or  branches.  Bracts  subulate,  similar  to  the  upper  leaves.  Re- 
ceptacle flat.  Flowers  yellow,  white,  or  purple.  Pistillate 
flowers  5  to  15,  their  ligules  scarcely  or  not  exceeding  the  disk. 
Style-branches  of  the  perfect  disk-flowers  with  a  slender-subulate 
hispidulous  appendage.  Achenes  linear.  Pappus  of  mostly  3 
to  5  subulate  awns,  rarely  wanting. 

45*Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  560  (1814). 

45»DougL,  in  Lindl.,  Bot.  Eeg.  xiv.  t.  1167   (1828). 

4c  Bot.  Mex.  Bound  96    (1859). 

47  Ace.  to  Greene,  Pitt.  i.  90   (1887). 


188          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

1.  R.  leptocladus  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  548  (1865). 

Slender,  erect,  a  few  cm.  to  3  dm.  high:  herbage  short-hairy 
or  nearly  glabrous :  involucre  6  mm.  high ;  bracts  becoming  con- 
cave around  the  ray-achenes :  achenes  hispidulous. 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone:  San  Francisquito  Canon,  Los  Angeles 
Co.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  7395 ;  Santa  Inez  Mts.,  Santa  Barbara 
Co.,  Brandegee;  Cuyama,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  May  7,  1896,  Miss 
Eastwood;  Fort  Tejon  and  San  Emigdio  Potreros,  Kern  Co.. 
Hall,  nos.  6269,  6432 ;  Tehachapi,  Kern  Co.,  Hasse  &  Davidson. 
no.  1675;  north  to  Washington  and  east  to  Nevada  (Miss  Stokes). 

73.  CHAENACTIS  DC. 

Annuals  and  low  perennials  with  alternate  pinnately  parted 
or  dissected  or  sometimes  entire  leaves  and  yellow  or  white 
flowers.  Heads  peduncled,  solitary  or  cyj^osely  arranged.  In- 
volucre campanulate;  its  bracts  herbaceous,  linear  to  lanceolate, 
commonly  equal,  in  one  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corollas 
with  short  tube  and  long  throat,  or  the  marginal  corollas  in  some 
species  with  the  limb  palmately  enlarged,  forming  a  kind  of  ray. 
Pappus  of  hyaline  paleae,  the  paleae  in  the  outer  flowers  com- 
monly shorter  and  fewer,  early  deciduous  or  wanting  in  the  last 
species. 

A.— Pappus-paleae  persistent,  entire  or  merely  erose. 

Flowers  yellow:  annual  1.  C.  glabriuscula. 

Flowers  white  or  purplish  tinged. 
Annuals. 

Stamens  exserted  from  the  corolla-tube. 

Pappus   of   disk-flowers   of  4   equal  paleae,   or  these   sometimes 
unequal  (paleae  rarely  5  to  6  in  C.  Fremonti). 

Involucral  bracts  setaceously  acuminate  2.  C.  carphoclinia. 

Involucral  bracts  obtuse  or  merely  acute. 

Leaves  pinnatifid,  with  short  thick  lobes 3.  C.  stevioides. 

Leaves  entire  or  with  a  few  elongated  slender  lobes  

4.   C.  Fremonti. 

Pappus  of  4  equal  paleae  about  as  long  as  corolla  and  2  to  4 

very  small  outer  ones  5.  C.  Xantiana. 

Stamens  included  6.  C.  macrantha. 

Perennials:  pappus  of  8  to  15  equal  paleae. 

Leaf -lobes  crowded,  crispate  7.  C.  santolinoides. 

Leaf-lobes  fewer,  not  crispate,  mostly  entire  8.  C.  Parishii. 


1907J  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  189 

^.—Pappus  of  deciduous  fimbriate  paleae   or  none. 

Achenes  flat,  obovate  or  clavate:  glandular-pubescent  annual  

9.   C.   artemisiae  folia. 

1.  C.  glabriuscula  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  659  (1836). 

Annual,  1.5  to  5  dm.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence,  com- 
monly branching  only  above:  herbage  thinly  floccose,  soon  gla- 
brate :  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  linear  lobes  or 
the  upper  linear  and  entire :  involucre  7  to  10  mm.  high ;  its  bracts 
broadly  linear,  with  obtuse  thickish  tips:  corollas  pubescent 
throughout  or  the  tube  nearly  glabrous ;  marginal  corollas  with 
ampliate  palmate  limb  surpassing  the  disk:  pappus-paleae  4. 
rarely  5 ;  those  of  the  disk-achenes  as  long  as  the  corolla,  acute ; 
those  of  the  marginal  achenes  either  as  long  as  the  corolla  and 
acute  or  of  varying  lengths  and  the  shorter  ones  obtuse. 

Including  its  various  forms  and  varieties,  this  species  has  a 
range  extending  from  Lower  California  to  the  northern  tier  of 
counties  in  Alta  California.  It  is  very  common  west  of  the 
Sierra  Nevada  and  San  Bernardino  Mts.  and  extends  to  the  bor- 
ders of  the  Desert  Area.  While  apparently  very  easy  to  dis- 
tinguish several  well  marked  species  when  only  a  few  specimens 
are  at  hand,  this  separation  is  seen  to  be  inadvisable  when  the 
forms  are  studied  in  the  field  or  when  several  hundred  sheets 
from  as  many  localities  are  examined.  Pappus  characters  are 
here  entirely  unreliable  and  distinctions  based  on  the  size  or  shape 
of  the  marginal  corollas  are  of  no  value.  Perhaps  the  best  char- 
acters are  to  be  found  in  the  involucre  but  here  all  intermediate 
stages  between  broad  flat  bracts  with  thick  obtuse  tips  and  linear 
deeply  concave  bracts  with  thin  acute  tips  may  be  found,  and 
the  two  forms  often  occur,  moreover,  in  a  single  head. 

KEY  TO  THE  VARIETIES  AND  FORMS  OF  C.  GLABRIUSCULA. 

Stem  branching  only  above,  or  also  at  base:  peduncles  never  scape-like. 
Involucral  bracts  narrowly  oblong;  their  tips  thick,  obtuse:  marginal 

corollas  mostly  with  palmate  limb. 
Pappus-paleae  of  inner  achenes  about  as  long  as  the  corolla,  acute: 

typical  C.  glabriuscula. 

Pappus-paleae  all  much  shorter  than  the  corolla,  very  obtuse  and 

in  two  series;  the  outer  minute var.  heterocarpha. 

in  one  series;  all  very  short  var.  heterocarpha  f.  curia. 


190          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Involucral  bracts  linear,  acute:  marginal  corollas  regular. 
Leaf -lobes  slender,  elongated. 

Stems  and  leaves  moderately  slender:  the  common  form  

var.    tenuifolia. 

Stems  and  leaves  exceedingly  slender:  extreme  form  

var.    tenuifolia   f.   filifolia. 

Leaf -lobes  short,  thick,  obtuse:  inflorescence  glandular  

var.    Orcuttiana. 

Stem   branching   only    near    the   base:    peduncles    mostly   elongated,    the 
earlier  ones  scape-like:  herbage  lanate  var.  lanosa. 

The  typical  form  of  this  species  is  represented  by  such  speci- 
mens as  the  following,  all  from  middle  California :  Madera,  Apr. 

22,  1897,  Setchell;  Sierra  foothills  of  Fresno  Co.,  Apr.  3,  1898; 
Woolsey ;  Summerville,  Contra  Costa  Co.,  Apr.  16,  1889,  Chesnut 
&  Drew;  Antioch,  Contra  Costa  Co.,  Davy,  no.  874;  same  locality. 
Mrs.  Curran,  no.  26.     The  following  collections  from  Southern 
California  approach  very  near  to  the  typical  form  and  may  be 
classed  with  it :  Bear  Valley,  Parish,  no.  2013 ;  Ballona,  Los  An- 
geles Co.,  Braunton,  no.  429  (very  robust  with  large  heads  and 
glandular  inflorescence  but  passing  through  other  forms  gathered 
in  the  same  locality  by  Mr.  Braunton  into  var.  tenuifolia)  ;  near 
Bardsdale,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  3238;  Ojai  Valley,  Hubby,  no. 
86. 

Var.  heterocarpha  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  heterocarpha 
Gray,  PL  Fendl.  98  (1849).  Disk-achenes  with  4  unequal  very 
obtuse  elliptic-oblong  paleae  one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla  or 
longer,  and  1  to  4  very  short  roundish  outer  ones  or  these  obsolete ; 
pappus-paleae  of  the  ray-achenes  all  short. — Humboldt  Co.,  Jul. 

23,  1888,  Chesnut  &  Drew;  San  Bernardino  Co.,  ace.  to  Gray, 
but  there  is  no  specimen  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  from  south  of 
Ventura  Co.,  ace.  to  Parish.474     J.  P.  Tracy  has  collected  a  form 
in  Napa  Co.  (no.  1571)  having  disk-achenes  with  5  principal  pap- 
pus-paleae nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla,  and  in  addition  an  outer 
series  of  5  short  ones. 

Var.  heterocarpha  f.  curta  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  hetero- 
carpha curta  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  452  (1886)  ;  Hall,  Bot.  Gaz. 
xxxi.  391  (1901).  Heads  often  small:  pappus  of  4  or  5  oval  or 
broadly  oblong  paleae,  either  equal  or  one  of  them  longer  but  not 


470  Zoe  v.  119  (1901). 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  191 

exceeding  one-half  the  length  of  the  corolla,  sometimes  reduced 
to  a  mere  crown ;  no  outer  series. — Western  end  Antelope  Valley. 
Davy,  no.  2661;  Gorman  Station,  Jun.,  1887,  Parish;  Estrella. 
San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  Jared  (pappus  very  short,  this  form  being 
therefore  near  C.  Nevii  Gray)  ;  Fort  Tejon,  Kern  Co.,  Hall,  no. 
6310;  near  Cahuenga  Peak,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Chandler,  no.  2008 
(very  slender;  some  paleae  elongated,  acute);  Greenhorn  Mts.. 
Kern  Co.,  Hall  &  Babcock,  no.  5086;  Box  Springs  Mt.,  near 
Eiverside,  Zumbro,  no.  525.  Mr.  Zumbro's  specimens  beautiful- 
ly combine  the  characters  of  this  variety  and  the  next.  They 
possess  exactly  the  habit  and  involucres  of  var.  tenuifolia  but  the 
marginal  corollas  are  enlarged  and  the  limb  palmate,  as  in  f. 
curta.  In  the  disk-flowers  the  pappus-paleae  are  5  in  number, 
one  slightly  longer  than  the  others  and  nearly  one-half  as  long 
as  the  corolla :  ray-pappus  short.  My  no.  6326,  from  Mt.  Pinos. 
Ventura  Co.,  has  light-yellow  or  whitish  flowers,  suggestive  of 
a  hybrid  origin  between  this  variety  and  C.  stevioides  brachy- 
pappa. 

Var.  tenuifolia  (Nutt.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  tenuifolia  Nutt.. 
Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  ser.  2,  vii.  375  (1841).  Slender  in  all  its 
parts:  leaves  or  their  divisions  usually  filiform  and  elongated: 
involucre  about  7  mm.  high;  its  bracts  linear,  thin,  acute:  mar- 
ginal corollas  often  enlarged  but  seldom  exceeding  the  disk  or 
with  palmate  limb :  pappus-paleae  of  disk-flowers  equalling  the 
corolla,  acute ;  of  the  marginal  flowers  similar  or  much  shorter 
and  obtuse. — Very  common,  usually  in  light  soil,  from  1500  m. 
alt.  in  the  mountains  to  the  Pacific  and  from  Santa  Barbara  to 
San  Diego — the  original  locality.  The  following  collections  may 
be  selected  as  fairly  typical  of  this  variety :  San  Diego,  Hall,  no. 
3937 ;  San  Jacinto  Mt.,  Hall,  nos.  2036,  2056 ;  San  Luis  Key,  San 
Diego  Co.,  Alderson,  no.  1192;  Santa  Maria  Rancho,  San  Diego 
Co.,  Parish,  no.  1395;  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6485. 
Specimens  gathered  near  Riverside  (Hall,  no.  3800)  are  perhaps 
best  referred  here  although  some  of  the  inner  paleae  are  obtuse 
and  the  marginal  corollas  sometimes  irregular,  thus  approaching 
the  var.  heterocarpha. 

Var.  tenuifolia  f.  filifolia  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  filifolia 
Gray,  PL  Fendl.  98  (1849).  The  most  slender-leaved  form,  both 


192          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

rachis  and  lobes  slenderly  filiform. — Pala,  San  Diego  Co.,  Parish. 
no.  4398;  Witch  Creek,  San  Diego  Co.,  1893,  Alderson. 

Var.  Orcuttiana  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  tenuifolia  Or- 
cuttiana Greene,  West  Am.  Sci.  iii.  157  (1887).  C.  Orcuttiana 
Parish,  Eryth.  vi.  92  (1898).  Stouter  than  var.  tenui  folia:  leaves 
2  or  3-pinnatifid,  the  ultimate  lobes  short  and  obtuse:  inflores- 
cence resinous-glandular :  involucre  about  7  mm.  high ;  its  bracts 
linear,  acute:  marginal  corollas  regular:  pappus-paleae  (at  least 
in  the  disk)  nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  acute. — Along  the  beach 
of  San  Diego  Co.,  passing  directly  into  var.  tenuifolia:  North 
Island,  Coronado,  Chandler,  no.  5168;  Encinitas,  Parish,  no. 
4435. 

Var.  lanosa  (DC.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  lanosa  DC.,  Prodr.  v. 
659  (1836).  Plant  commonly  1  to  3  dm.  high:  stems  leafy  only 
at  the  branching  base,  bearing  many  long  peduncles  which  are 
naked  and  scape-like :  herbage  whitish  with  floccose  wool  which 
is  only  tardily  deciduous:  leaves  thickish,  simply  pinnate  with 
few  narrowly  linear  and  mostly  short  lobes  or  the  upper  entire : 
marginal  corollas  usually  little  if  at  all  ampliate,  seldom  exceed- 
ing the  disk  (yet  sometimes  conspicuously  enlarged)  :  pappus- 
paleae  of  disk-flowers  4,  sometimes  5,  equal  or  nearly  equal,  acut- 
ish. — Common  in  dry  or  sandy  places  throughout  the  Lower  and 
Upper  Sonoran  zones  of  Southern  California,  except  in  the  Des- 
ert Area ;  north  to  Stockton.  The  extreme  form  of  this  variety, 
with  a  somewhat  persistent  lanate  tomentum  and  large  heads 
terminating  simple  scape-like  peduncles  from  the  much  branched 
very  leafy  base,  is  represented  by  such  collections  as  the  fol- 
lowing :  San  Jacinto  Mt.,  Hall,  nos.  1141,  2165 ;  Mohave  River 
district,  Parry  &  Lemmon,  no.  200 ;  Nascimiento  River,  Monterey 
Co.,  Brewer,  no.  541,  also  May,  1901,  Miss  Eastwood.  It  passes, 
however,  by  insensible  gradations  as  regards  all  its  characters 
into  the  var.  tenuifolia,  and  plants  with  all  the  other  characters 
of  var.  lanosa  sometimes  have  irregular  marginal  corollas  almost 
as  large  as  in  typical  C.  glabriuscula.  The  involucral  bracts  are 
always  narrower  than  in  the  species  and  somewhat  acute. 

2.  C.  carphoclinia  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  94  (1859). 
Annual,    3    dm.    or   less    high,    the    slender   stem    cymosely 
branched:  herbage  cinereous-pubescent,  not  at  all  woolly:  leaves 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  193 

once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  lobes :  heads  numer- 
ous, on  short  filiform  peduncles:  involucre  about  8  mm.  high; 
bracts  linear-lanceolate,  tapering  into  setaceous  often  pinkish 
awns :  receptacle  with  5  to  10  rigid  persistent  awns  nearly  equal- 
ling or  even  exceeding  the  flowers :  paleae  of  disk-achenes  usually 
4,  narrow,  acuminate,  nearly  equalling  the  flowers,  or  some  much 
shorter  and  obtuse ;  paleae  of  marginal  achenes  all  short  and 
sometimes  much  reduced. 

Common  in  the  Lower  and  Upper  Sonoran  zones  from  Inyo 
Co.  across  the  Mohave  and  Colorado  deserts  to  Utah,  Arizona, 
and  Lower  California  and  ascending  the  desert  side  of  the  moun- 
tains to  2000  m.  alt. :  Swansea  and  Independence,  Inyo  Co.,  Hall 

6  Chandler,  nos.  7173,  7307;  Morongo,  Colorado  Desert,  Parish, 
no.  769 ;  Upper  Lake,  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Parish, 
no.  1833 ;  Mohave  Desert,  Hall,  no.  6048 ;  Colorado  Desert,  Hall, 
nos.  5809,  5847,  5904;  Signal  Mt.,  Colorado  Desert,  Brandegee; 
Gold  Mt.,  Nevada,  1500  to  1800  m.  alt.,  Purpus,  no.  6002;  Cala- 
majuet,  Lower  California,  Brandegee,  in  part;  etc. 

Var.  attenuata  (Gray)  Jones,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ser.  2,  v.  699 
(1895).  C.  attenuata  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  73  (1874)  ;  Co- 
ville,  Contr.  U.S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  134  (1893).  Pappus-paleae  of 
even  the  central  flowers  very  short  and  obtuse,  erose,  or  some  of 
them  acute  but  not  more  than  one-third  the  length  of  the  corolla : 
fimbrillae  of  the  receptacle  said  to  be  few  in  number,  but  often 
numerous  in  otherwise  typical  plants. — Ehrenberg,  Arizona, 
1874,  Janvier  •  Death  Valley,  ace.  to  Coville ;  Independence,  Inyo 
Co.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  7307  (paleae  quadrate,  minute)  ;  Bor- 
rego  Springs,  Colorado  Desert,  Apr.  17,  1895,  Brandegee ;  San 
Felipe,  Colorado  Desert,  Brandegee ;  Calamajuet,  Lower  Califor- 
nia, Brandegee  (with  some  paleae  acuminate  and  one-half  as 
long  as  corolla,  others,  even  on  same  achene,  very  short  and  ob- 
tuse). 

3.  C.  stevioides  H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  353  (1840). 

Annual,  a  few  cm.  to  2  or  3  dm.  high :  herbage  clothed  with 
a  light  tomentum  which  is  somewhat  deciduous,  leaves  once  or 
twice  pinnately  parted  into  numerous  linear  lobes  which  are  only 

7  mm.  or  less  long,  or  a  few  of  the  upper  leaves  entire :  heads 
scattered  on  short  slender  peduncles :  some  of  the  marginal  co- 


194          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

rollas  commonly  more  or  less  enlarged :  involucre  6  to  9  mm.  high ; 
bracts  obtuse  or  merely  acutish,  the  midrib  obtuse :  pappus-paleae 
of  the  disk-achenes  4,  oblong-lanceolate,  in  the  typical  form  nearly 
equalling  the  corolla  and  acute. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  deserts, 
east  to  Arizona,  north  to  Idaho ;  very  common  and  mostly  typical 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  less  plentiful  in  the 
western  and  northern  parts  of  the  Mohave  Desert,  where  it  grades 
into  the  var.  brachypappa.  Specimens  examined :  Colorado  Des- 
ert, Hall,  nos.  5903,  5935,  6018 ;  Ash  Hill,  Mohave  Desert,  Hall 
no.  6099;  Antelope  Valley,  Hall,  no.  3033;  Morongo,  Colorado 
Desert,  Parish,  no.  1213 ;  Catalina  Mts.,  Arizona,  Lemmon,  no. 
194 ;  Diamond  Creek  Canon  and  near  Kingman,  Arizona,  Wilson; 
Diamond  Valley,  Utah,  Goodding,  no.  891. 

Var.  brachypappa  (Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  brachypappa 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  viii.  390  (1873).  Leaf-segments  thick 
and  short,  obtuse:  marginal  corollas  not  enlarged:  pappus  re- 
duced to  a  mere  crown  of  obtuse  erose  paleae  or  in  the  central 
flowers  one  of  these  often  twice  as  long  as  the  others,  but  even  then 
less  than  1  mm.  long. — Near  Independence,  Inyo  Co.,  S.  W.  Aus- 
tin, no.  500 ;  southeastern  Tulare  Co.,  in  the  Pinon  belt  between 
Kernville  and  Cannell  Meadows,  about  1500  m.  alt.,  Hall  &  Bab- 
cock,  no.  5101 ;  Panamint  Mts.,  Inyo  Co.,  Coville  &  Funston,  no. 
532,  also  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  6947 ;  Cuddy  Valley,  northeastern 
Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6318;  Frazier  Mt.,  Ventura  Co.,  in  the 
Transiton  Zone  (!),  Hall,  no.  6608;  Colorado  Desert,  Hall,  no. 
5874;  Maturango  Kange,  Purpus,  no.  5457;  Lone  Pine,  Brande- 
gee;  Johannesberg  and  Ord  Mts.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  nos.  6876. 
6778.  The  pappus  in  the  extreme  form  is  very  different  from 
that  in  typical  C.  stevioides,  but,  as  shown  under  C.  Fremonti, 
pappus  characters  are  of  little  specific  value  in  this  group.  My  no. 
3033,  cited  under  the  species,  is  an  intermediate  form,  the  disk- 
pappus  consisting  of  3  rather  obtuse  paleae  one-half  as  long  as  the 
corolla  and  an  additional  one  commonly  a  little  longer  and  acut- 
ish. The  series  is  completed  by  my  nos.  5874  and  6318  in  which 
the  pappus  consists  (in  central  flowers)  of  3  obtuse  paleae  nearly 
as  short  as  in  typical  brachypappa  and  a  fourth  palea  about  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  corolla  and  either  obtuse  or  acute. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  195 

4.  C.  Fremont!  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  30  (1883). 

Annual,  either  slender  or  robust,  .5  to  4  dm.  high,  branching: 
herbage  slightly  woolly  when  young  but  early  glabrate  except 
the  puberulous  or  tomentose  peduncles  and  involucres :  leaves  2 
to  5  cm.  long  (rarely  even  1  dm.),  narrowly  linear  and  entire,  or 
once  pinnately  parted  into  similar  lobes:  heads  terminating 
simple  erect  peduncles :  involucral  bracts  broadly  linear,  acutish, 
with  prominent  midrib:  marginal  corollas  often  much  enlarged 
and  irregular,  sometimes  developing  a  cuneate  4  to  5-cleft  ligule : 
pappus  of  central  achenes  usually  of  4  to  6  slender  acute  paleae 
nearly  equalling  the  corolla,  sometimes  of  1  long  and  several 
shorter  paleae,  these  often  of  varying  lengths  and  either  acute  or 
obtuse ;  pappus  of  marginal  flowers  also  variable  but  mostly  of  1 
long  acute  palea  and  3  short  obtuse  scales. 

Chiefly  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Mohave  and  Colo- 
rado deserts,  north  to  Bakersfield,  east  to  Arizona :  Coyote  Canon. 
Colorado  Desert,  Hall,  no.  2807  and  no.  2807a;  east  base  San 
Jacinto  Mt.,  Jepson  &  Hall  (Hall,  no.  1850)  ;  from  near  Palm 
Springs  to  Whitewater,  Colorado  Desert,  Parish,  nos.  343,  4119 ; 
same  locality  Oilman,  no.  33,  also  Copeland;  above  Whitewater, 
Schellenger,  no.  76;  Antelope  Valley,  Mohave  Desert,  Hall,  no. 
3032  (Palmdale)  and  no.  3042  (Rock  Creek)  ;  desert  slope  Cajon 
Pass,  Hall,  no.  6215 ;  Santa  Ana  Canon,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  at 
2100  m.  alt.  in  the  Transition  Zone  ( !),  Hall,  no.  7574  (very  rare 
at  this  altitude)  ;  Argus  Mts.  and  Bishop  Creek,  Inyo  Co.,  Hall  & 
Chandler,  nos.  6898,  7240 ;  Bakersfield,  Davy,  no.  1891 ;  Needles, 
eastern  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Miss  Warner,  no.  26 ;  Fort  Mohave, 
Arizona,  Cooper;  etc. 

The  variation  in  this  species,  as  exhibited  by  the  specimens 
cited  above,  is  remarkable.  The  disk-pappus  commonly  consists 
of  4  equal  lanceolate  acute  paleae  about  as  long  as  the  corolla, 
while  the  marginal  achenes  have  one  of  these  long  paleae  and  3 
short  obtuse  scales.  But  the  following  deviations  occur:  (a)  two 
or  three  of  the  paleae  reduced  and  obtuse  in  some  of  the  inner 
flowers  (Hall,  nos.  1850,  3042)  ;  (5)  all  the  achenes,  marginal 
as  well  as  central,  with  4  long  acute  paleae  (Cooper)  ;  (c)  some 
of  the  marginal  achenes  with  4  long  equal  paleae,  some  with  1 
long  palea  and  3  short  obtuse  unequal  ones  (Parish,  no.  4119. 


196          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Copeland,  Miss  Warner,  no.  26)  ;  (d)  central  achenes  with  4  to  6 
slender  paleae  about  as  long  as  corolla  (Hall,  no.  3032,  and  paleae 
sometimes  5  in  Davy,  no.  1891)  ;  (e)  all  the  achenes  with  1  long 
acute  palea  and  3  short  ones,  the  latter  of  varying  lengths  and 
attenuate  to  obtuse  (Hall,  no.  2807a).  It  is  a  common  occurrence 
for  the  flowers  of  the  second  circle  from  the  involucre  to  have 
paleae  of  several  different  lengths  on  a  single  achene.  Since  such 
numerous  variations  as  those  enumerated  above  are  found  in 
plants  growing  near  together,  and  even  within  single  heads  of 
some  plants,  pappus  characters  can  be  of  no  value  in  separating 
species  of  this  group.  It  should  be  noted,  however,  that  an  outer 
series  of  paleae  occurs  only  in  C.  Xantiana  and  C.  macrantha. 
two  species  also  well  marked  by  other  characters. 

5.  C.  Xantiana  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  545  (1865)  ;  Hall, 
Bot.  Gaz.  xxxi.  391  (1901).  C.  Xantiana  integrifolia  Gray,  Bot. 
Calif,  i.  390  (1876). 

A  stout  and  somewhat  fistulous-stemmed  annual,  1.5  to  3  dm. 
high:  herbage  early  glabrate,  except  on  the  involucres  and  pe- 
duncles, which  commonly  retain  a  slight  woolliness :  largest  leaves 
4  to  8  or  10  cm.  long,  all  linear  and  entire  or  usually  once-parted 
into  similar  lobes:  heads  scattered  on  stout  commonly  fistulous 
peduncles:  involucral  bracts  extremely  variable,  sometimes 
shorter  than  the  disk,  often  with  spreading  obtuse  foliaceous  tips 
much  exceeding  the  disk,  traversed  by  1  strong  nerve  and  several 
obscure  ones:  flowers  white  or  flesh-colored,  the  marginal  ones 
scarcely  enlarged :  inner  paleae  of  the  pappus  as  long  as  or  longer 
than  the  flowers;  outer  paleae  conspicuous,  obtuse,  as  broad  as 
long. 

Common  in  and  around  Antelope  Valley  from  the  Mohave 
River  to  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  and  Fort  Tejon,  Kern  Co.,  as- 
cending the  mountains  to  2200  m. ;  north  along  the  eastern  base 
of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  to  Oregon.  This  species  and  C.  Fremonti 
are  much  alike  in  general  appearance  and  exhibit  similar  ecolog- 
ical variations  but  differ  in  pubescence,  in  the  pappus,  and  in 
the  involucre,  the  bracts  of  which  have  a  strong  tendency  to  end 
in  foliaceous  tips  in  C.  Xantiana,  In  alkaline  soil  the  plants  be- 
come more  robust  and  succulent,  and  the  involucral  bracts  and 
pappus  much  elongated. 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  197 

6.  C.  macrantha  Eat.,  Bot.  King  Exped.  171,  t.  18  (1871). 
Annual,  commonly  2  dm.  or  less  high,  much  branched  from 

the  base:  herbage  floccose-tomentose,  glabrate  at  least  below: 
leaves  2  to  4  cm.  long,  the  expanded  upper  portion  1  to  2-pin- 
natifid  with  oblong  lobes,  or  the  uppermost  entire :  heads  short- 
peduncled,  or  the  earlier  on  long  peduncles :  involucre  nearly  15 
mm.  high;  the  loose  bracts  linear,  acuminate  but  obtuse  at  the 
very  tip,  strongly  1-nerved :  corollas  flesh-color,  much  exceeding 
the  involucre,  the  marginal  not  appreciably  enlarged:  anthers 
included :  pappus  of  4  oblong-linear  paleae  only  half  as  long  as 
the  corollas  and  2  to  4  very  short  oblong-cuneate  outer  ones,  or 
these  sometimes  obsolete. 

Originally  known  from  Nevada  and  Utah  but  now  collected 
at  the  following  stations  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Mo- 
have  Desert:  Cushenberry  Springs,  Parish,  no.  1255;  Camp 
Cady,  Parish,  no.  1256 ;  Newberry  and  Daggett,  Hall,  nos.  6138, 
6828;  Barstow,  Mrs.  Brandegee;  Keeler,  Brandegee.  It  also 
comes  from  Tucson,  Arizona,  W.  F.  Parish,  no.  122,  and  is  prob- 
ably widely  distributed  over  the  Desert  Area,  although  nowhere 
very  common.  Mr.  Marcus  E.  Jones  has  noted48  that  the  flowers 
are  more  expanded  at  night  than  during  the  day. 

7.  C.  santolinoides  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  ix.  17  (1882)  ; 
Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  341  (1884). 

Stems  scapose,  1  to  3  dm.  high,  mostly  simple  and  numerous, 
from  a  perennial  lignescent  base :  herbage  densely  and  perma- 
nently white-tomentose  below,  glandular-pubescent  above :  leaves 
crowded  on  short  tufted  basal  shoots,  3  to  10  cm.  long,  narrowly 
oblong  in  outline  with  many  obtusely  few-lobed  crispate  divi- 
sions, these  oblong  and  only  a  few  mm.  long:  involucre  10  to  13 
mm.  high ;  its  bracts  oblong,  obtuse,  obscurely  nerved,  a  few  of 
the  outer  ones  commonly  very  short  and  spreading:  achenes 
densely  hispid:  pappus-paleae  8  to  10,  a  little  shorter  than  the 
corolla. 

Dry  gravelly  slopes  of  the  Transition  Zone,  rarely  in  the 
Upper  Sonoran ;  not  common :  near  Talmadge  's  Mill,  Little  Bear 
Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Parish,  no.  1045  (type  collection)  ; 


48Zoe  v.  41   (1900). 


198          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Bear  Valley,  Parish;  Fish  Creek,  •  Grinnell;  San  Antonio  Mt., 
Mrs.  Wilder,  nos.  257,  592 ;  Mill  Creek  Falls,  Parish,  no.  2515 ; 
Swartout  Canon,  San  Antonio  Mts.,  1900  m.  alt.,  Hall,  no.  1508 ; 
Wilsons  Peak,  San  Gabriel  Mts.,  McClatchie,  Grant,  no.  164; 
Mt.  Gleason,  San  Gabriel  Mts.,  2000  m.  alt.,  Barber,  no.  269; 
Pah  Ute  Peak,  Southern  Sierra  Nevada  Mts.,  1500  to  2100  m.  alt., 
Purpus;  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  nos.  6321,  6646,  6671; 
Frazier  Mt.,  ace.  to  Coville. — Mr.  Parish  informs  me  that  the 
type  material  certainly  came  from  Little  Bear  Valley,  although 
probably  labeled  '  *  Bear  Valley. ' '  He  did  not  submit  any  speci- 
mens from  Bear  Valley  to  either  Dr.  Gray  or  to  Professor  Greene 
until  after  the  publication  of  the  species. 

8.  C.  Parishii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xx.  299  (1885). 

Low  bush-like  plants  often  several  dm.  in  diameter;  the  base 
perennial  and  suffrutescent ;  the  annual  branches  numerous,  erect, 
2  to  5  dm.  high,  leafy  only  below,  merely  bracteate  above,  where 
they  either  branch  and  bear  2  or  3  long-pedunculate  heads  or  are 
simple  and  monocephalous :  herbage  very  white  with  close  wool, 
glabrate  only  above:  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long  (including  the  broad 
petiole  of  half  this  length)  ;  the  blade  oblong  in  outline,  pinnately 
parted  into  obtuse  linear  lobes  about  5  mm.  long,  these  rarely 
toothed:  involucre  12  to  15  mm.  high;  its  very  unequal  bracts 
loose,  linear,  obtuse :  pappus-paleae  9  to  15,  linear,  nearly  as  long 
as  the  corolla. 

Western  borders  of  the  Colorado  Desert,  south  to  Lower  Cali- 
fornia ;  ascending  the  mountains  to  2100  m.  alt.  but  only  where 
the  conditions  are  influenced  by  hot  and  dry  ascending  air- 
currents  from  the  desert:  Aguanga,  San  Diego  Co.,  Parish,  no. 
1396  (duplicate  type)  ;  Coyote  Caiion,  Santa  Rosa  Mt.,  1500  m. 
alt.,  Hall,  nos.  1178,  1901,  2128 ;  Tahquitz  Peak,  San  Jacinto  Mt.; 
Hall,  no.  2326 ;  Cuyamaca  Peak,  Brandegee. 

That  this  species  cannot  be  separated  from  C.  suffrutescens. 
with  which  it  was  first  confused,  by  the  number  of  pappus-paleae. 
is  shown  from  the  fact  that  in  our  southern  species  this  number 
varies  from  9  to  15,  while  in  C.  suffrutescens  it  is  9  or  10.  More- 
over, the  paleae  of  C.  Parishii  are  often  toothed  or  even  cleft  one- 
half  or  two-thirds  of  the  way  down  and  this  splitting  is  undoubt- 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  199 

edly  sometimes  continued  to  the  base,  thus  producing  2  distinct 
paleae  from  one.  But  the  paleae  are  always  much  narrower  and 
less  obtuse  than  in  C.  suffrutescens.  C.  suffrutescens  has  been 
re-collected  (JuL,  1887,  Brandegee,  also  Hall  &  Babcock,  no. 
4081)  at  what  Mr.  Lemmon,  the  discoverer  of  the  species,  informs 
me  is  probably  the  type  locality,  namely,  upper  Shasta  Valley  at 
about  1200  m.  alt.,  and  Mr.  Lemmon  has  permitted  me  to  ex- 
amine the  original  specimens  also.  Although  the  pappus  char- 
acters are  unsatisfactory,  there  are  others  which  clearly  mark 
C.  Parishii  as  a  distinct  species,  particularly  the  smaller  leaves 
and  their  shorter  divisions  and  the  lack  of  all  glandular  pubes- 
cence ;  the  peduncles  and  involucres  of  C.  suffrutescens  being 
minutely  but  densely  glandular  after  the  fall  of  the  tomentum. 
In  the  latter  species  the  involucral  bracts  are  inclined  to  end  in 
foliaceous  tips  sometimes  exceeding  the  disk,  after  the  manner  of 
C.  Xantiana,  a  tendency  not  yet  observed  in  C.  Parishii. 

9.  C.  artemisiaefolia  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  74  (1874). 
Acarphaea  artemisiaefolia  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  98  (1849)  ;  Bot.  Mex. 
Bound.  95,  t.  32  (1859).  Chaenactis  lacera  Greene,  Pitt.  i.  291 
(1889). 

Erect  from  a  perpendicular  annual  taproot,  3  to  15  dm.  high, 
simple  below,  branching  above  into  a  rather  open  leafless  often 
paniculate  cyme:  herbage  furfuraceous-pubescent  below,  viscid 
and  glandular-hirsute  above:  leaves  sometimes  2  dm.  long  and 
two-thirds  as  wide  but  usually  only  half  this  size,  2  to  3-pin- 
nately  divided  and  parted,  the  ultimate  divisions  numerous  and 
irregularly  oblong  or  linear:  involucre  about  1  cm.  high;  its 
bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute:  flowers  white:  achenes  attenuate 
at  base,  flat,  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  pappus  of  deciduous  fimbri- 
ate  paleae  or  usually  none. 

Bather  common  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  away  from  the 
sea ;  from  the  Sierra  Santa  Monica  to  San  Jacinto  and  south  into 
Lower  California.  Apr.-Jul.  An  exceedingly  robust  form  has 
been  collected  by  Mr.  Ernest  Braunton  in  the  Cahuenga  Hills, 
near  Los  Angeles  (no.  273).  One  plant  measures  16  dm.  in 
height,  some  of  the  leaves  are  over  2  dm.  long,  and  the  involucral 
bracts  are  strongly  reddish-tinged. 


200          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

OROCHAENACTIS  THYSANOCARPHA  (Gray)  Coville,  of  the  south- 
ern Sierras  is  to  be  looked  for  in  the  Tehachapi  Mts.  It  is  a 
slender  annual  with  linear  entire  leaves,  yellowish  discoid  heads, 
clavate-obovate  achenes,  and  a  deciduous  pappus  of  8  or  9  spatu- 
late  paleae  fimbriate  nearly  to  the  base.  It  has  an  exact  synonym 
in  Bahia  Palmeri  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxiv.  83  (1889),  as 
already  pointed  out  by  Mrs.  Brandegee  in  Zoe  v.  142  (1901). 

74.  HULSEA  T.  &  G. 

Biennial  or  perennial  montane  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  ses- 
sile, scattered  or  in  many  species  mainly  basal.  Heads  rather 
large,  yellow  or  purple,  solitary  or  paniculate.  Involucral  bracts 
in  2  or  3  series,  narrow,  acute.  Receptacle  flat.  Style-append- 
ages of  hermaphrodite  flowers  obtuse.  Achenes  linear-cuneate, 
compressed,  soft-villous  especially  on  the  margins.  Paleae  of  the 
pappus  mostly  4,  from  nearly  entire  to  lacerate  at  the  truncate 
summit. 

Floccose-woolly  when  young:   upper  leaves  reduced  and  bract-like:   rays 

yellow  to  saffron. 
Leaves  mostly  green  at  time  of  flowering,  the  tomentum  deciduous: 

rays  12  to  20  mm.  long  1.  H.  Calif ornica. 

Leaves  white-tomentose,  the   tomentum   usually  permanent:   rays   not 

over  15  mm.  long,  or  wanting  2.  H.  vestita. 

No  woolly  pubescence,  very  glandular:  upper  leaves  not  bract-like:  rays 
saffron  3.  H.  heterochroma. 

1.  H.  Californica  T.  &  G.,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  98  (1849). 
Robust  biennial,  6  to  9  dm.  high,  leafy  throughout:  herbage 

clothed  with  a  loose  woolly  tomentum  when  young,  this  deciduous 
with  age  exposing  the  glandular  hairs :  lower  leaves  ample,  spatu- 
late,  the  upper  ones  lanceolate  to  linear :  heads  several,  in  a  leafy  - 
bracted  panicle :  involucre  12  to  17  mm.  high :  rays  very  numer- 
ous, 12  to  15  mm.  long:  pappus-paleae  erose-denticulate  at  the 
truncate  summit. 

Mountains  of  Southern  San  Diego  Co.  and  Lower  California, 
not  common:  near  Campo,  Parish,  no.  297;  San  Pedro  Martir. 
Brandegee. 

2.  H.  vestita  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  547    (1865).     H. 
Parryi  Gray,  1.  c.  xii.  59  (1876). 


1907]  Hall — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  201 

The  typical  form  with  several  to  numerous  simple  scape-like 
stems  1  to  2  dm.  high  from  a  stout  perennial  root :  leaves  mainly 
basal,  oblanceolate  or  obovate,  2  to  6  cm.  long,  about  1  cm.  or  less 
broad  near  the  obtuse  summit,  entire  or  sinuate-dentate,  clothed 
with  a  heavy  permanent  white  tomentum :  heads  commonly  soli- 
tary on  the  viscid-pubescent  scapes  which  usually  bear  a  few 
linear  bracts:  rays  20  to  30  (sometimes  very  few  or  wanting), 
linear-oblong,  short,  yellow  or  saffron :  pappus-paleae  toothed. 

Mono  Craters,  Brewer,  no.  1824,  and  Soda  Springs  of  the  San 
Joaquin,  Congdon,  south  to  Southern  California  whence  the  fol- 
lowing collections,  all  from  the  Transition  Zone:  Frazier  Mt.. 
Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6598 ;  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Grinnell,  no. 
14,  and  Parish,  nos.  1833,  3380.— Like  the  other  species  of  Hulsea, 
H.  vestita  grows  only  in  loose  gravelly  soil. 

Var.  pygmaea  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  343  (1884).  Much 
depressed,  the  heads  sessile  or  subsessile  in  the  tuft  of  basal 
leaves:  rays  perhaps  always  saffron. — In  the  Canadian,  Hud- 
sonian,  and  Alpine  zones  of  San  Gorgonio  and  neighboring  peaks 
of  the  San  Bernardino  Mts. ;  also  on  Mt.  Whitney  and  perhaps 
elsewhere  in  the  High  Sierra  Nevadas.  A  series  gathered  at 
many  places  in  the  San  Bernardino  Mts.  shows  the  variation  to 
be  gradual  and  strictly  altitudinal.  Subsessile  and  long-pedunc- 
ulate heads  sometimes  occur  on  the  same  plant. 

Var.  callicarpha  Hall,  Univ.  Calif.  Pub.  Botany  i.  129  (1902). 
H.  callicarpha  Wats.,  in  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  342  (1884),  as 
synonym.  EL  CAPAROSSA.  Stems  from  an  annual  or  biennial 
root,  loosely  branched  above;  the  whole  plant  2  to  6  or  8  dm. 
high:  leaves  mainly  basal  but  also  scattered  along  the  branches, 
passing  above  into  small  bracts  of  the  elongated  peduncles :  rays 
yellow,  sometimes  with  a  purplish  base,  12  mm.  or  less  long. — 
Open  hillsides  and  beneath  pines,  often  in  sand-washes,  at  1200 
to  2700  m.  alt.  in  the  Lower  Transition  (and  Upper  Sonoran?) 
zones  of  the  San  Jacinto,  Palomar,  and  Cuyamaca  Mts.  A  form 
from  the  summit  of  Mt.  Gleason,  San  Gabriel  Range,  Barber,  no. 
261  belongs  here  although  the  root  is  sometimes  perennial.  Owing 
to  the  wide  range  of  climatic  and  other  conditions,  it  is  not  un- 
usual for  plants  which  are  normally  annual  to  become  biennial 
or  even  perennial  with  us. 


202          University  of  California  Publications  in^  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

3.  H.  heterochroma  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  359  (1868). 

Robust,  5  to  15  dm.  high,  from  an  annual  root :  herbage  very 
viscid,  exhaling  a  rank  disagreeable  odor :  leaves  oblong,  strongly 
dentate,  the  largest  sometimes  15  cm.  long :  heads  racemosely  dis- 
posed on  the  simple  ascending  branches:  involucral  bracts  lan- 
ceolate, attenuate,  about  15  mm.  long:  rays  50  to  60,  narrowly 
linear,  purple,  usually  conspicuous  but  said  to  be  sometimes  in- 
conspicuous or  obsolete:  disk-corollas  yellow;  tube  hirsute: 
pappus-paleae  unequal,  lacerate. 

At  middle  altitudes  on  the  San  Jacinto  and  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  north  to  the  Yosemite ;  also  in  the  Coast  Ranges  of  Monterey 
Co.,  ace.  to  Brandegee  ;49  rarely  collected. 

75.  TRICHOPTILIUM  Gray. 

Low  and  spreading  floccose-woolly  desert  annual  with  alter- 
nate (or  the  lower  opposite)  leaves.  Heads  yellow,  discoid,  scat- 
tered on  slender  ascending  peduncles.  Involucre  hemispheric; 
bracts  about  20,  nearly  equal,  those  of  the  outer  series  ovate- 
lanceolate  and  acute,  the  thin  inner  ones  narrowly  spatulate  and 
often  obtuse.  Corolla  with  very  short  proper  tube  and  elongated 
throat,  the  short  lobes  pubescent  externally,  spreading;  outer 
corollas  slightly  enlarged :  style-branches  linear,  obtuse.  Achenes 
oblong-turbinate,  villous.  Pappus-paleae  5,  much  cut  into  un- 
equal slender  fimbriae,  the  middle  ones  approximating  the  corolla. 

1.  T.  incisum  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  97  (1859).  Psathy- 
rotes  incisa  Gray,  PL  Thurb.  322  (1854). 

Plant  1  to  1.5  dm.  high:  leaves  1  to  5  cm.  long,  narrowly 
spatulate  to  obovate,  narrowed  below  to  a  margined  petiole,  more 
or  less  incised-dentate  with  acute  teeth:  peduncles  about  5  cm. 
long  on  the  larger  plants,  glandular-pubescent,  not  woolly :  invo- 
lucre 6  to  8  mm.  high ;  outer  bracts  ovate-lanceolate,  acute. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone,  in  stony  soil  or  in  cracks  of  rocks :  Colo- 
rado Desert  (Coyote  Canon,  Palm  Springs,  Indio  Mt,  Chucka- 
walla  Bench,  Signal  Mt.,  etc.)  to  Arizona  and  Lower  California. 
Probably  also  in  the  southeastern  part  of  the  Mohave  Desert, 
since  it  comes  from  Ft.  Mohave,  Arizona.  In  some  specimens 

49Zoe  iv.  154  (1893). 


Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  203 

the  pappus  and  achenial  hairs  are  reddish-brown,  in  others  white, 
but  no  other  difference  can  be  detected. 

76.  HYMENOXYS  Cass. 

Herbaceous  plants  with  aromatic  herbage,  alternate  leaves, 
and  pedunculate  heads.  Ray-flowers  pistillate  or  the  heads 
homogamous.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  in  two  series,  in  our 
species  the  narrow  and  rigid  outer  bracts  united  at  base  into  a 
shallow  cup  enclosing  the  broadly  oblong  obtuse  inner  ones. 
Flowers  yellow.  Achenes  turbinate,  hairy.  Pappus  of  5  to  12 
conspicuous  hyaline  paleae. 

For  reasons  stated  by  Dr.  Cockerell  in  his  revision  of  the 
North  American  Species  of  Hymenoxys,50  it  seems  advisable  to 
unite  Hymenoxys  and  Picradenia  into  one  genus.  The  oldest 
tenable  name  for  this  group  is  Hymenoxys  Cass.  (1828),  Picra- 
denia Hook,  dating  from  1834.  This  group  cannot  take  the  name 
Actinella,  since  Actinella  Nutt.  (1818)  is  apparently  a  distinct 
genus,  distinguished  by  habit  and  involucre  (=  Tetraneuris 
Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  265).  There  is  also  an  earlier  Actinella  Pers. 
(1807),  the  only  species  of  which  is  now  referred  to  Cephalophora 
(Gray  says  wrongly  so  referred) . 

Leaves  pinnatifid. 

Pappus-paleae  very  obtuse,  erose  at  summit  1.  H.  Cooperi. 

Pappus-paleae  acuminate  or  cuspidate. 

Involucre  hemispheric,  about  12  mm.  broad;  outer  bracts  12  to  14 

2.  H.  biennis. 

Involucre  campanulate,  6  to  9  mm.  broad;  outer  bracts  8  to  10:  var. 

excurrens  of  3.  H.  chrysanthemoides. 

Leaves  entire  4.  H.  latissima. 

1.  H.  Cooperi  (Gray)  Ckll.,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxxi.  495  (1904). 
Actinella  Cooperi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  359  (1868). 

Plant  6  dm.  or  more  high,  the  stems  paniculately  branched 
above:  herbage  puberulent:  leaves  much  parted  into  nearly  fili- 
form lobes :  involucre  nearly  hemispheric ;  outer  bracts  6  to  10 : 
achenes  densely  covered  with  ferruginous  hairs :  pappus-paleae 
5,  of  firm  texture,  ovate  or  oblong,  with  very  obtuse  erose  summit, 
not  half  the  length  of  the  disk-corolla. 


so  Cockerell,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxxi.  461   (1904). 


204          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Providence  Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  at  1500  m.  alt.,  1860-61, 
Cooper,  ace.  to  Gray;  this  is  the  only  collection  of  the  typical 
form,  but  several  subspecies  or  varieties  have  been  found  in  Ari- 
zona by  Lemmon,  Wilcox,  MacDougal,  and  others. 

2.  H.  biennis    (Gray)    Hall,   comb.  nov.   Actinella  biennis 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xiii.  373  (1878).    Hymenoxys  canescens 
biennis  CklL,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxxi.  482  (1904). 

Plant  4  to  6  dm.  high :  stem  stout,  much  branched,  probably 
from  a  biennial  root :  herbage  puberulent  or  green  and  glabrate : 
leaves  divergent,  numerous  at  base,  scattering  above,  simply  3  to 
5-parted  into  narrow  linear  lobes:  heads  loosely  cymose:  invo- 
lucre hemispheric,  10  or  12  mm.  broad;  outer  bracts  12  to  14. 
acuminate,  nearly  distinct;  inner  bracts  slightly  longer,  with 
short  subulate  tips:  rays  12  to  14,  12  to  25  mm.  long:  achenes 
with  ferruginous  hairs:  pappus-paleae  ovate-lanceolate  or  cuspi- 
date, about  half  as  long  as  disk-corolla. 

Providence  Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  Brandegee ;  Arizona  to  Utah. 

3.  H.  chrysanthemoides  excurrens  CklL,  Bull.  Torr.   Club 
xxxi.  501  (1904). 

Three  to  6  dm.  high:  stem  striate,  much  branched,  from  a 
strong  annual  taproot :  herbage  minutely  pubescent,  the  growing 
parts  somewhat  tomentose :  leaves  2  to  5  cm.  long,  3  to  5-parted 
into  nearly  filiform  lobes  which  are  sometimes  again  divided: 
heads  numerous,  scattered  on  elongated  peduncles:  involucre 
campanulate  or  almost  cylindric,  5  to  9  mm.  broad ;  outer  bracts 
about  8,  lanceolate,  rigid,  5  mm.  long;  inner  bracts  ovate  and 
slightly  longer,  entire:  rays  8  to  10  (rarely  11  or  12),  yellow,  7 
to  10  mm.  long,  merely  toothed  at  apex:  pappus-paleae  ovate, 
pointed,  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  corolla. 

Abundant  on  overflow  land  of  Paloverde  Valley,  Riverside 
Co. ;  Schellcnger,  no.  10,  and  Hall,  no.  5914.  Also  near  Yuma. 
on  the  Arizona  side  of  the  Colorado  River,  Vasey,  ace.  to  Cock- 
erell,  and  Parish,  no.  198.  Perhaps  plentiful  along  the  river 
both  north  and  south  of  these  localities,  which  are  within  the 
Lower  Sonoran  Zone. 

4.  H.  latissima  CklL,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxxi.  498  (1904). 
Herbage  glabrous  save  for  some  loose  white  hairs :  cauline 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.       .        205 

leaves  sessile,  elongate-oval,  acute,  entire,  about  3  cm.  long :  heads 
on  slender  peduncles,  hemispheric,  about  2  cm.  broad  excluding 
rays,  very  woolly  at  base:  inner  bracts  with  long-pointed  tips: 
receptacle  high-conic,  obtuse:  achenes  pubescent:  pappus-paleae 
white,  nearly  three-quarters  as  long  as  disk-corolla,  long-pointed, 
the  tip  sometimes  bifid. 

Known  only  from  a  scrap  in  the  herbarium  of  Dr.  E.  L. 
Greene,  labeled  as  coming  from  Southern  California  and  com- 
municated by  Prof.  Wickson ;  but  possibly  not  Calif ornian. 

H.  RICHARDSONII  (Hook.)  Ckll.,  in  some  of  its  forms,  is  to  be 
looked  for  along  our  northeastern  borders.  Stems  usually  low 
(2  dm.  or  less),  from  large  perennial  roots:  leaves  pinnatifid,  the 
radical  with  wool  in  their  axils :  pappus-paleae  long-acuminate  or 
aristate. 

H.  FLORIBUNDA  uTiLis  Ckll.  is  the  Colorado  Rubber  Plant,  at 
home  in  the  mountains  of  Colorado  and  New  Mexico.  All  parts 
of  the  plant,  but  especially  the  thick  yellow  roots  and  stems,  yield 
a  caoutchouc-like  substance. 

77.  HELENIUM  L.  SNEEZEWEED. 

Erect  herbs,  ours  perennial  and  with  resinous-dotted  foliage. 
Leaves  alternate,  sessile  except  the  lower,  often  decurrent  on  the 
stem.  Heads  solitary  or  cymose,  borne  on  long  naked  peduncles. 
Flowers  yellow,  or  the  lobes  of  the  disk-corolla  turning  yellowish 
or  brownish,  either  all  perfect  or  the  ray-flowers  pistillate  or 
neutral.  Rays  several,  usually  drooping.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear,  reflexed.  Receptacle  globose  or  hemispheric,  naked. 
Achenes  turbinate,  ribbed.  Pappus  of  5  to  12  thin  or  hyaline 
paleae,  in  ours  short-pointed. 

Kays  shorter  than  the  disk,  2  to  8  mm.  long 1.  E.  puberulum. 

Kays  equalling  or  longer  than  the  disk,  10  to  20  mm.  long 2.  H.  Bigelovii. 

1.  H.  puberulum  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  667  (1836).  Heleniastrum 
puberulum  Ktze.,  Rev.  Gen.  i.  342  (1891).  ROSILLA. 

Paniculately  branched,  6  to  15  dm.  high,  the  branches  ending 
in  long  slender  peduncles :  herbage  puberulent :  basal  leaves  ob- 
lanceolate,  usually  sinuate-margined ;  cauline  leaves  lanceolate, 
oblong,  or  the  upper  ones  linear,  entire,  sessile  and  strongly  de- 


206          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

current  on  the  stem:  disk  10  to  15  mm.  broad:  rays  reflexed. 
short  and  inconspicuous :  disk-flowers  red-brown :  pappus-paleae 
ovate,  short-awned. 

Along  streams  and  in  meadows  and  wet  places  generally, 
within  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone:  Lower  California,  Brandegee; 
Witch  Creek,  San  Diego  Co.,  Alderson,  ace.  to  Parish;  Santa 
Catalina  Island,  Mrs.  Trash;  southern  base  of  San  Bernardino 
and  San  Gabriel  Mts. ;  thence  to  northern  California,  where  it  is 
abundant  near  the  coast. 

2.  H.  Bigelovii  Gray,  Pacif.  K.  Kept.  iv.  107  (1857).  Helen- 
iastrum  Bigelovii  Ktze.,  1.  c.  BIGELOW  SNEEZEWEED. 

Branching  above  into  several  erect  peduncle-like  branches,  6 
to  12  dm.  high :  herbage  almost  glabrous :  leaves  lanceolate,  thick- 
ish,  1  to  2.5  dm.  long,  conspicuously  decurrent:  rays  showy, 
golden-yellow,  10  to  20  mm.  long :  disk  brownish-yellow :  pappus- 
paleae  5  to  8,  ovate-lanceolate,  tapering  into  a  slender  awn : 
achenes  hairy. 

Stream  banks  and  wet  meadows  of  the  Transition  Zone  in  the 
San  Jacinto  and  San  Bernardino  Mts. ;  north  to  Oregon.  Our 
form  differs  from  typical  H.  Bigelovii  in  its  coarser  and  thicker 
foliage  which  is  harsh  to  the  touch.  It  belongs  to  what  Professor 
Greene  has  characterized  as  Heleniastrum  rivulare,51  but  the 
other  characters  assigned  to  this  species — nature  of  pubescence, 
pappus,  etc. — are  inconstant. 

78.  BLENNOSPERMA  Less. 

Low  annual  herbs  with  alternate  pinnately  parted  leaves  and 
peduncle-like  branches  bearing  solitary  yellow  heads.  Involucral 
bracts  equal,  broadly  oblong,  united  only  at  the  base.  Receptacle 
naked.  Heads  many-flowered.  Ray-flowers  fertile;  disk-flowers 
perfect  but  sterile.  Achenes  obovate,  not  compressed  or  angled, 
densely  covered  with  minute  papillae  which  swell  up  and  form  a 
mucilaginous  covering  when  moistened.  Pappus  none. 

1.  B.  Californicum  (DC.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  272  (1842).  Conio- 
thele  California  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  531  (1836). 


51  Greene,  Fl.  Fr.  435   (1897). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  207 

Steins  branching  from  near  the  base,  becoming  diffuse,  about 
1  dm.  high,  often  naked  above:  herbage  glabrous,  slightly  suc- 
culent :  leaves  parted  into  narrowly  linear  remote  lobes :  invo- 
lucre greenish  with  purple  markings :  ray-flowers  8  to  11,  the 
ligule  of  the  corolla  4  to  6  mm.  long,  or  the  alternate  pistils  des- 
titute of  corolla ;  style-branches  of  ray-flowers  broad :  disk  flowers 
20  to  45,  shorter  than  the  involucre,  their  styles  undivided  and 
capitate  at  summit:  achenes  obscurely  8  to  10-ribbed. 

In  moist  places;  not  so  common  in  Southern  California  as  in 
the  middle  and  northern  parts  of  the  state :  Cuyamaca,  San  Diego 
Co.,  Orcutt,  Brandegee;  Wilmington,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Lyon,  ace. 
to  Parish,  also  Barber,  no.  294;  Gardena,  McClatchie,  ace.  to 
Parish. 

79.  NICOLLETIA  Gray. 

Perennial  very  glabrous  and  somewhat  succulent  erect  herbs 
of  the  Desert  Area.  Leaves  narrow,  pinnately  parted  into  short 
linear  pungent  lobes.  Involucre  oblong  or  cylindraceous,  either 
with  or  without  2  or  3  short  outer  bracts ;  its  principal  bracts  8 
to  12,  broadly  oblong,  acute,  dotted  with  oil-glands  and  often 
colored.  Style-appendages  long,  filiform.  Achenes  attenuate  at 
base,  truncate  at  apex,  rusty-pubescent.  Pappus  of  two  sorts; 
the  outer  of  numerous  capillary  bristles ;  the  inner  of  5  lanceolate 
paleae,  the  costae  of  which  are  continued  into  scabrous  awns. 

1.  N.  occidentalis  Gray,  Kept.  Fremont.  2nd  Exped.  816 
(1845). 

Stout,  erect,  2  to  6  dm.  high :  herbage  ill-scented :  heads  nearly 
sessile  among  the  upper  leaves :  involucre  about  15  mm.  long  and 
two-thirds  as  broad:  rays  normally  8,  lurid  purple  striped  with 
pink,  5  to  7  mm.  long. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone  from  the  northern  borders  of  the  Colo- 
rado Desert  north:  first  collected  by  Fremont,  ace.  to  Gray; 
Twenty-nine  Palms,  Riverside  Co.,  Brandegee;  Mohave  Desert, 
about  1200  m.  alt.,  Parish,  no.  3712 ;  Mohave  River  near  Hesperia, 
Palmer,  no.  195,  Parish,  no.  2403 ;  Daggett,  Hall,  no.  6149 ;  plains 
near  Indian  Wells,  Kern  Co.,  Purpus,  no.  3042,  Hall  &  Chandler. 
no.  7365. 


208          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 


80.  DYSODIA  Cav. 

Ours  strong-scented  perennial  desert  herbs  with  conspicu- 
ously striate  stems  and  rather  large  terminal  heads.  Herbage 
either  -glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent  but  the  involucres  blotched 
with  large  purple  oil-glands.  Involucre  with  an  inner  series  of 
nearly  or  quite  distinct  bracts  and  an  outer  series  of  much  shorter 
calyculate  ones.  Achenes  cylindrical  or  angled,  striate,  glabrous 
in  our  species.  Pappus-paleae  about  10,  each  resolved  into  numer- 
ous capillary  divisions. 

Leaves  spinulose-dentate :  involucre  12  to  15  mm.  high 1.  "D.  Cooperi. 

Leaves  3  to  5-parted:  involucre  10  to  12  mm.  high 2.  D.  poroplvylloides. 

1.  D.  Cooperi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  201  (1874). 

Plant  3  to  9  dm.  high,  with  numerous  erect  stems  (simple  or 
branched)  from  a  more  or  less  woody  base:  leaves  alternate,  15 
mm.  or  less  long,  broadly  ovate  or  orbicular  to  lanceolate,  spinu- 
lose-dentate:  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  20  to  30,  acumi- 
nate: rays  usually  8  to  12,  orange-yellow  (said  to  turn  reddish). 
1  cm.  long. 

From  the  Mohave  and  Colorado  deserts  (Lower  Sonoran 
Zone)  east  into  Arizona:  Hesperia  to  Cushenberry  Springs,  Par- 
ish, nos.  1257,  2392,  3721;  Mohave  River  district,  Palmer,  no. 
194;  near  Hesperia,  May,  1901,  Parish  &  Greata;  near  Barstow. 
Hall,  no.  6168 ;  Mountain  Springs,  near  the  southern  boundary  of 
Imperial  Co.,  Parish,  no.  2096;  Providence  Mts.  and  Warren's 
Well,  Brandegee;  near  Kingman,  Arizona,  Jun.,  1893,  Wilson. 

2.  D.  porophylloides  Gray,  Mem.  Am.  Acad.  v.  322  (1855). 

Size  and  habit  of  the  last  preceding :  lower  leaves  (some  oppo- 
site or  even  alternate)  petioled,  parted  into  cuneate  to  lanceolate 
entire  or  incised  divisions ;  upper  leaves  reduced,  entire  and  linear 
or  simply  incised :  principal  bracts  of  the  involucre  14  to  20,  ab- 
ruptly acute  or  mucronate:  rays  yellow,  few  and  inconspicuous 
or  none. 

In  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  from  the  western  borders  of  the 
Colorado  Desert  east  into  Arizona,  south  into  Mexico :  eastern 
base  of  San  Jacinto  Mt.,  Parish,  Hall,  no.  2109 ;  San  Felipe. 
Parish;  near  Dale,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6038. 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  209 

81.  POROPHYLLUM  Vaill. 

Slender  perennial  herbs  of  arid  districts;  very  glabrous  but 
the  involucres  dotted  with  oil-glands.  Leaves  narrowly  linear, 
entire.  Heads  solitary,  narrow,  discoid.  Involucre  of  about  5 
broadly  oblong  equal  bracts,  with  no  calyculate  outer  ones.  Style- 
appendages  subulate.  Achenes  (in  our  species)  attenuate  at 
apex,  rusty-pubescent.  Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  bristles. 

1.  P.  gracile  Benth.,  Bot.  Sulph.  29  (1844). 

Plant  3  to  9  dm.  high,  with  numerous  very  slender  branches : 
leaves  few,  filiform-linear,  1  to  5  cm.  long,  entire :  involucre  10 
to  15  mm.  high,  naked  at  base,  often  purplish-tinged;  its  bracts 
oblong,  obtuse,  bordered  with  a  hyaline  margin :  corollas  dull 
white  arid  purple. 

Common  on  arid  plains  and  hillsides  from  near  the  coast  of 
San  Diego  Co.  across  the  Colorado  Desert  to  Arizona  and  Texas ; 
south  into  Mexico.  Also  collected  in  the  Cismontane  Area  (that 
is,  west  of  the  mountains)  near  Riverside;  and  on  the  Mohave 
Desert  at  Needles.  Herbage  strongly  and  disagreeably  scented. 

82.  PECTIS  L. 

Low  branching  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  connate,  usually  bear- 
ing glands  containing  an  essential  oil,  hence  often  aromatic. 
Heads  medium-sized  or  small,  mostly  radiate,  solitary  or  sub- 
corymbose.  Involucre  cylindrical  or  campanulate,  of  a  single 
series  of  equal  bracts  which  are  inclined  to  embrace  the  ray- 
achenes.  Style  hispidulous,  the  short  branches  obtuse  and  with- 
out appendages.  Achenes  fertile  in  both  disk  and  ray,  terete. 

1.  P.  papposa  Harv.  &  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  62  (1849)  ;  Fernald, 
Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxxiii.  85  (1897).  CHINCH- WEED. 

Plant  low,  divergently  much  branched,  the  branches  com- 
monly short,  but  vigorous  specimens  often  forming  mats  4  dm. 
in  diameter:  leaves  opposite,  narrowly  linear,  1  to  5  cm.  long, 
entire  or  with  a  few  sharp  lobes,  bearing  2  to  5  pairs  of  basal 
setae:  heads  6  mm.  high,  on  peduncles  6  to  20  mm.  long:  rays  4 
to  8  mm.  long,  yellow :  achenes  rusty-pubescent :  ray-pappus  a 
mere  crown,  rarely  1  or  2  awns;  disk-pappus  of  12  to  20  bristles, 
or  sometimes  reduced  to  a  crown. 


210          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [ VoL-  3 

In  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  from  the  Mohave  and  Colorado 
deserts  east  to  Utah  and  New  Mexico.  Common  in  sandy  irri- 
gated places  on  the  Colorado  Desert,  where  known  as  Chinch- 
weed,  because  of  its  strong  disagreeable  odor,  similar  to  that  of 
the  Chinch-bug. 

Reported  from  San  Diego,  but  erroneously  so,  as  pointed  ou1 
by  Mr.  Parish.52 

P.  ANGUSTIFOLIA  Torr.  has  a  coroniform  pappus  of  4  or  5 
short  squamellae  and  sometimes  2  slender  upwardly  scabrous 
awns  in  addition  (the  awned  form  being  var.  subaristata  Gray)  ; 
heads  short-peduncled  and  more  or  less  fastigiate.  Colorado  to 
Lower  California  and  to  be  expected  along  our  eastern  border. 

P.  FILIPES  Gray  may  be  known  by  the  pappus  of  1  to  4  rigid 
upwardly  scabrous  awns  with  usually  some  very  short  interposed 
squamellae;  heads  on  elongated  capillary  peduncles;  first  re- 
ported from  "California,  Coulter/'  but  many  of  Coulter's  plants 
labeled  as  Californian  were  collected  in  Arizona. 

P.  COULTERI  Gray  has  a  pappus  of  2  to  6  retrorsely  barbed 
awns  and  a  puberulent  herbage.  Likewise  reported  from  Coul- 
ter's "California"  collection,  but  probably  restricted  to  Arizona 
and  Mexico.53 

P.  LINIFOLIA  L.  (P.  punctata  Jacq.)  has  a  pappus  of  2  or  3 
corneous  nearly  smooth  divergent  awns.  The  Synoptical  Flora 
credits  it  to  Southern  California  by  an  evident  typographical 
error  for  Lower  California.  It  occurs  in  Arizona  as  the  var. 
marginalis  Fernald.54 

TRIBE  8.     ANTHEMIDEAE.     MAYWEED  TRIBE. 

83.  ANTHEMIS  L.  CAMOMILE. 

Aromatic  branching  herbs  with  alternate  never  entire  leaves. 
Heads  solitary  on  terminal  peduncles.  Ray-flowers  white  or 
yellow;  disk-flowers  yellow.  Involucre  hemispheric.  Receptacle 
conical,  chaffy  toward  the  summit.  Achenes  not  flattened,  gla- 
brous. Pappus  none. 

52Zoe  v.  120   (1901). 

ssCoville,  Bot.  Gaz.  xx.  528   (1895). 

54Froc.  Am.  Acad.  xxxiii.  85    (1897). 


Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  211 

1.  A.  Cotula  L.,  Sp.  PL  894  (1753).     MAYWEED. 

Annual,  2  to  6  dm.  high,  nearly  glabrous:  leaves  mostly 
sessile,  finely  and  pinnately  dissected  into  linear  acute  lobes: 
involucre  about  7  mm.  broad,  shorter  than  the  disk,  its  bracts 
imbricated  in  several  series :  rays  10  to  20,  white,  8  to  10  mm. 
long,  at  length  reflexed :  chaff  of  the  receptacle  narrow  and  acute 
or  bristle-like :  achenes  rugose,  10-ribbed. 

Pastures  and  waste  ground.    Naturalized  from  Europe. 

84.  ACHILLEA  L. 

Ours  an  erect  strongly  scented  perennial  herb  with  finely 
dissected  alternate  leaves.  Heads  radiate,  cymose  at  the  ends  of 
the  stem  and  branches.  Kay-flowers  few,  pistillate,  fertile.  In- 
volucral  bracts  appressed,  imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer 
shorter.  Receptacle  nearly  flat,  the  chaff  membranous  and  sub- 
tending fertile  disk-flowers.  Achenes  linear  or  oblong  to  obovate. 
obcompressed.  Pappus  none. 

1.  A.  Millefolium  L.,  Sp.  PL  899  (1753).  COMMON  YARROW. 
MILFOIL. 

Perennial  from  horizontal  rootstocks,  the  stems  simple,  3  to  9 
dm.  high:  herbage  glabrate  or  sparsely  villous  to  lanate-pubes- 
cent:  leaves  linear-lanceolate  in  outline,  the  petiole  with  dilated 
base,  the  ultimate  segments  linear  and  generally  with  setaceous 
callous  tips :  cyme  compound,  mostly  flat-topped :  involucre  ovoid, 
about  5  mm.  high :  rays  4  to  6,  white  or  pink,  about  3  mm.  broad : 
achenes  linear,  with  a  more  or  less  obvious  wing  or  margin. 

Widely  distributed  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  North  America.  In 
Southern  California  we  have  two  forms,  as  follows : 

f.  Calif ornica  (Pollard)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  A.  Calif ornica 
Pollard,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxvi.  369  (1899).  Plant  robust,  the 
lower  branches  of  the  inflorescence  elongated :  stems  sparsely  pu- 
bescent, the  foliage  green  and  glabrate :  tips  of  the  ultimate  leaf- 
segments  harsh  and  spinulose :  achenes  narrowly  margined. — The 
type  of  A.  Calif  ornica  was  "collected  by  Mr.  H.  W.  Henshaw  on 
the  Calif ornian  sea  coast  at  Santa  Ysabel,  May,  1893,"  ace.  to 
Pollard ;  Santa  Ysabel,  at  the  western  base  of  Cuyamaca  Mt.,  San 
Diego  Co.,  and  about  20  kilometers  inland,  being  probably  in- 


212          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

tended.  The  same  form  comes  from  San  Diego,  Palmer,  no.  191 ; 
from  Reche  Canon,  near  San  Bernardino,  Parish  (who  thinks 
it  a  waif  at  this  station)  ;  and  from  Laurel  Canon,  near  Los 
Angeles,  May  12,  1901,  Braunton.  The  only  difference  I  am  able 
to  detect  between  this  form  and  certain  European  specimens 
of  typical  A.  Mille folium  is  the  slightly  more  obvious  subspinu- 
lose  tips  of  the  leaf -segments.  It  is  apparently  the  common  east 
American  and  European  form  introduced  at  a  few  isolated  sta- 
tions in  Southern  California  and  slightly  modified  by  its  new 
environment.  Specimens  recently  distributed  from  the  seaboard 
of  middle  California  (Heller,  no.  6740,  etc.)  under  the  name  of  A. 
Californica,  do  not  belong  to  this  form. 

Var.  lanulosa  (Nutt.)  Piper,  Fl.  Palouse  Reg.  198  (1901). 
A.  lanulosa  Nutt.,  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  vii.  36  (1834).  Herbage 
lanate-pubescent :  leaves  finely  dissected,  the  segments  closely 
approximate :  achenes  rather  broadly  margined. — Very  common 
in  the  pine  belt  of  all  our  mountains  (San  Jacinto  Mts.,  Hall,  no. 
2507,  etc.)  ;  also  near  the  coast  and  on  the  islands,  ranging  far 
north  and  east  of  our  district.  Almost  certainly  a  native  in 
Southern  California. 

85.  MATRICARIA  L. 

Ours  glabrous  annuals  with  alternate  leaves  pinnately  dis- 
sected into  narrowly  linear  segments.  Heads  solitary  or  some- 
what cymose,  with  many  greenish-yellow  or  white  flowers.  Re- 
ceptacle mostly  slender-conical,  naked.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer  ones  a  little  shorter  than  the 
inner,  persistent,  scarious-margined.  Corollas  tubular  and  wiMi- 
out  limb  in  our  species.  Pappus  reduced  to  a  coroniform  border, 
or  none.  Achenes  glabrous,  irregularly  nerved. 

Heads  5  to  8  mm.  high:  achenes  with  an  obscure  margin  at  summit 

1.    M.    matricarioides. 

Heads  mostly  8   to  14  mm.  high:    achenes  with  a  broad  irregularly  lobed 

crown 2.  M.  occidentalis. 

1.  M.  matricarioides  (Less.)  Porter,  Mem.  Torr.  Club  v.  341 
(1894).  Artemisia  matricarioides  Less.,  Linnaea  vi.  210  (1831). 
Matricaria  fr'scoidea  DC.,  Prodr.  vi.  50  (1837). 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  213 

Stems  leafy,  at  length  much  branched,  the  whole  plant  1  to  3 
dm.  high:  herbage  glabrous,  sweet-scented:  heads  short-pedun- 
cled,  5  to  7  or  8  mm.  high:  involucral  bracts  broadly  oblong  or 
the  outer  ones  lanceolate,  hardly  half  as  long  as  the  greenish- 
yellow  ovoid  disk :  pappus  reduced  to  an  obscure  border. 

Common  on  low  ground.    Native  of  the  Old  World. 

2.  M.  occidentalis  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  150  (1886)  ; 
K.  Brandegee,  Zoe  ii.  76  (1891). 

Two  to  6  dm.  high,  the  stems  either  branching  or  simple  below 
the  cymose  summit:  herbage  not  so  strongly  scented  as  in  the 
preceding :  mature  heads  8  to  12  or  14  mm.  high :  achenes  sharply 
angled,  crowned  by  a  broad  margin  which  bears  two  approximate 
lobes  and  is  thus  one-sided. 

San  Jacinto,  1890,  Mrs.  Gregory;  near  San  Bernardino  (High- 
lands), Parish,  no.  3648;  middle  California. 


86.  COTULAL. 

Low  herbs  with  mostly  alternate  leaves.  Flowers  yellow. 
Heads  slender-peduncled,  discoid,  low-hemispheric.  Bracts  of 
involucre  greenish,  nearly  equal,  in  1  or  2  ranks.  Receptacle  flat 
or  nearly  so,  naked.  Outer  series  of  flowers  pistillate  only.  Disk- 
flowers  with  4-toothed  corolla,  perfect,  fertile  or  infertile.  Ma- 
ture achenes  raised  on  pedicels,  in  our  species  compressed  and 
spongy-margined  or  narrowly  winged.  Pappus  none. 

Annual:  leaves  pinnately  dissected:   pistillate  flowers  in  2  or  3  rows 

.....1.   C.  australis. 

Perennial:   leaves  pinnatifid  to  entire,  sheathing  at  base:   pistillate  flowers 
in  a  single  row 2.  C.  coronopifolia. 

1.  C.  australis  (Sieb.)  Hook  f,  Fl.  Nov.  Zel.  128  (1853). 
Anacyclus  australis  Sieb.,  in  Spreng.,  Syst.  iii.  497  (1825-8). 

One-half  to  2  dm.  high,  with  slender  branching  stems :  herbage 
not  succulent,  sparsely  pubescent  with  soft  spreading  hairs :  leaves 
once  or  twice  pinnately  dissected  into  linear  lobes:  heads  2  to  5 
mm.  broad:  bracts  of  the  involucre  brownish-tipped  and  with 
scarious  edges :  pistillate  flowers  in  2  or  3  rows,  pediceled,  apeta- 
lous ;  disk-flowers  nearly  or  quite  sessile :  marginal  achenes  some- 


214          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     LV°L-  3 

what  compressed,  minutely  hispid  on  both  faces  but  the  margin 
glabrous. 

Occurs  sparingly  as  a  waif  along  the  streets  of  San  Diego. 
Riverside,  and  Los  Angeles.  Native  of  Australia. 

2.  C.  coronopifolia  L.,  Sp.  PL  892  (1753). 

Herbaceous  perennial,  often  subaquatic  and  then  rooting  from 
the  lower  nodes :  herbage  somewhat  succulent,  glabrous :  stems 
commonly  many  and  clustered,  decumbent  or  ascending,  1  to  4 
dm.  long:  leaves  linear,  lanceolate,  or  oblong,  entire  to  coarsely 
toothed  or  pinnatifid  on  the  same  plant,  dilated  at  base  into  a 
short  sheath  around  the  stem :  heads  depressed,  8  to  10  mm.  broad : 
pistillate  flowers  in  a  single  row,  their  pedicels  becoming  one- 
half  as  long  as  the  involucre,  without  corolla ;  disk-flowers  on 
much  shorter  pedicels. 

Well  established  along  streams  and  in  wet  ground.  Native 
of  South  Africa. 

87.  SOLIVA  R.  &  P. 

Small  depressed  herbs  with  petioled  and  pinnately  dissected 
leaves  and  small  discoid  heads  of  greenish  flowers  sessile  in  the 
forks.  Involucre  of  nearly  equal  bracts  in  1  to  3  series.  Re- 
ceptacle naked.  Outer  series  of  flowers  pistillate  and  apetalous ; 
innermost  flowers  perfect  but  sterile,  the  corolla  4-toothed. 
Achenes  obcompressed,  pointed  with  the  hardened  persistent 
style,  callous-margined  or  winged,  each  wing  continuing  above 
as  a  bristle  or  tooth.  Pappus  none. 

1.  S.  sessilis  R.  &  P.,  Prodr.  113  (1794). 

Plant  commonly  5  to  10  cm.  across,  minutely  pubescent  or 
rusty-villous :  one,  two,  or  three  of  the  heads  sessile  at  the  very 
base,  the  somewhat  tortuous  stems  radiating  from  under  these: 
involucral  bracts  7  or  8,  oblong,  acute,  greenish,  pilose-pubescent : 
pistillate  flowers  9  to  12 :  staminate  flowers  7  to  9 :  style  stout, 
subulate,  conspicuously  exserted  beyond  the  disk-corolla :  each 
wing  of  the  achene  terminating  above  in  an  incurved  tooth. 

Moist  ground  near  the  coast  in  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  ace.  to 
Gray;  Arroyo  Grande,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  Miss  King.  Prob- 
ably introduced  from  Chile. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  215 


88.  ARTEMISIA  L.  WORMWOOD. 

Herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  mostly  bitter  and  aromatic,  with 
alternate  leaves.  Heads  small,  discoid,  nodding  or  erect,  in  pan- 
icled  spikes  or  racemes.  Flowers  yellow  or  purplish,  all  tubular ; 
disk-flowers  perfect  and  marginal  ones  pistillate,  or  all  perfect. 
Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  2  or  3-toothed,  of  the  perfect 
flowers  5-toothed.  Involucre  imbricated,  dry  and  scarious.  Re- 
ceptacle nearly  flat  to  hemispheric,  naked  in  all  our  species  ex- 
cept the  last.  Achenes  obovoid  or  oblong,  glabrous  (except  in 
A.  Parishii),  with  a  small  terminal  areola.  Pappus  none. 

Flowers  of  the  margin  pistillate;  central  flowers  perfect  (their  achenes  abor- 
tive and  sterile  in  no.  1). 
Herbage  glabrous. 

Leaves  linear,  mostly  entire 2.  A.  dracunculoides. 

Leaves  serrulate  to  bipinnatifid 4.  A.  biennis. 

Herbage   (at  least  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaves)   tomentose. 

Branches  spinescent:   flowers  cobwebby  with  crisped  hairs 

1.  A.    spinescens. 

Branches  not  spinescent:  flowers  resinous. 

Shrubby:    leaves  or  their  segments  linear-filiform 

3.   A.   Calif ornica. 

Herbaceous  (except  at  base  in  some) :  leaves  or  their  segments 
broader. 

Leaves  wThite-tomentose  on  both  sides 5.  A.  Ludoviciana. 

Leaves  green  and  early  glabrate  above  6.  A.  heterophylla. 

Flowers  all  perfect  and  fertile:  shrubs. 

Eeceptacle  naked:   leaves  white-tomentose  or  canescent  on  both  sides. 
Achenes  glabrous. 

Accessory    bracts    of    the    involucre    short    and    ovate:    leaves    3- 

toothed  to  entire 7.  A.  tridentata. 

Accessory   bracts   of   the   involucre   oblong   or  lanceolate:    leaves 

3-cleft  or  -parted  to  entire  8.  A.  trifida. 

Achenes  arachnoid  with  long  hairs:   leaves  mostly  entire 

9.    A.   Parishii. 

Eeceptacle   chaffy,    most   of    the   flowers   being    subtended   by   scale-like 
bracts:   leaves  green  above 10.  A.  Palmeri. 

1.  A.  spinescens  Eat.,  Bot.  King  Exped.  180,  t.  19,  ff.  15  to 

21  (1871).    Picrothamnus  desertorum  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos. 
Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  417   (1841)  ;  not  Artemisia  desertorum  Spreng. 

(1825-8). 


216          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Stems  woody,  intricately  branched,  1  to  5  dm.  high,  the  per- 
sistent branches  becoming  stout  spines :  herbage  white-tomentose. 
especially  the  young  branchlets:  leaves  about  .5  to  .7  cm.  long 
including  the  petiole,  pedately  5-parted  and  the  divisions  3-lobed. 
the  lobes  spatulate:  heads  in  short  lateral  spikes:  involucre  glo- 
bose, 3  mm.  in  diameter;  bracts  5  or  6,  obovate,  obtuse:  flowers 
5  to  12,  both  corolla  and  achene  loosely  arachnoid  with  long 
crisped  hairs. 

Southern  part  of  the  Mohave  Desert  (Rabbit  Springs,  Hes- 
peria,  Lancaster,  etc.),  north  and  east  to  Oregon  and  Wyoming. 
Plentiful  in  sandy  soil  from  Owens  Valley  to  the  Panamint  Mts. 
Flowering  period  earlier  than  of  other  Artemisias  and  the  habit 
different,  but  plainly  congeneric  with  them. 

2.  A.  dracunculoides  Pursh,  Fl.  ii.  742  (1814). 

Six  to  12  or  15  dm.  high:  stems  not  woody,  either  virgately 
or  paniculately  branched  above :  herbage  glabrous,  strong- 
scented:  leaves  linear,  2  to  10  cm.  long,  2  to  4  mm.  wide,  entire 
or  the  lowermost  3-toothed  or  -cleft :  heads  numerous,  on  very 
slender  short  peduncles  in  a  close  or  open  panicle,  the  clusters 
sometimes  secund  on  the  slender  branches :  involucre  nearly  hem- 
ispheric, 2  or  3  mm.  high :  receptacle  hemispheric. 

Common  throughout  western  North  America ;  with  us  ranging 
from  the  seashore  to  2500  m.  alt.  in  the  mountains,  and  from 
National  City,  San  Diego  Co.,  north. 

3.  A.  Californica  Less.,  Linnaea  vi.  523  (1831).    HILL-BRUSH. 
Gray  shrub,  6  to  12  dm.  high :  herbage  aromatic,  clothed  with 

a  minute  appressed  pubescence,  varying  to  green  and  nearly  gla- 
brous: leaves  once  or  twice  parted  into  linear-filiform  segments, 
or  the  upper  ones  entire  and  more  or  less  fascicled :  heads  many, 
in  long  racemose  panicles,  nodding:  involucre  hemispheric,  2  or 
3  mm.  high :  achenes  with  a  minute  squamellate  crown. 

Common  on  hills  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  from  Lower 
California  (Guadalupe  Island,  Francesclii,  no.  11)  north  to  San 
Francisco  Bay;  most  plentiful  toward  the  coast  (including  Santa 
Catalina  Island)  but  ranges  as  far  inland  as  the  borders  of  the 
desert  in  San  Gorgonio  Pass  (Cabazon,  Scliellenger,  no.  44). 
Specimens  from  the  islands  have  broader  and  thicker  leaves  with 


1907]  Hall—Ccmpositae  of  Southern  California.  217 

less  numerous  and  shorter  lobes,  and  more  scattered  heads  of 
larger  size.  A  form  intermediate  betwen  this  and  the  mainland 
form  comes  from  the  Coronados  Islands. 

4.  A.  biennis  Willd.,  Phytogr.  11,  no.  39  (1794). 

Erect,  4  to  8  dm.  high,  from  an  annual  or  biennial  root :  her- 
bage glabrous,  inodorous :  leaves  3  to  8  or  the  lower  even  12  cm. 
long,  bipinnately  divided  into  lanceolate  or  broadly  linear  in- 
cised or  serrulate  divisions,  or  the  uppermost  only  pinnatifid  to 
nearly  entire :  heads  erect,  sessile,  crowded  on  the  short  branch- 
lets,  forming  a  spike-like  inflorescence,  which  is  more  or  less 
leafy :  involucre  hemispheric,  about  2  mm.  high :  achenes  with  a 
small  epigynous  disk. 

Sparingly  introduced  on  low  moist  ground  near  Los  Angeles 
and  Santa  Ana ;  to  be  expected  elsewhere.  Native  of  northwestern 
America. 

5.  A.  Ludoviciana  Nutt.,  Gen.  ii.  143  (1818). 

Three  to  10  dm.  high :  stems  scarcely  woody  below,  from  run- 
ning rootstocks,  simple  and  erect,  or  with  few  virgate  branches : 
herbage  whitened  throughout  with  a  lanate  tomentum  or  the 
upper  surface  of  the  leaves  rarely  somewhat  glabrate:  lower 
leaves  4  to  6  cm.  long,  narrowly  to  broadly  lanceolate,  somewhat 
dilated  above  and  coarsely  toothed,  cleft,  or  parted  into  entire 
acute  lobes :  upper  leaves  becoming  narrow  and  entire,  acute : 
heads  erect  or  horizontal,  the  dense  spikes  in  a  narrow  compact 
panicle  the  lower  part  of  which  is  leafy-bracteate :  involucre 
hemispheric,  15  to  25-flowered,  3  to  4.5  mm.  high. 

Western  North  America ;  not  common  in  our  district :  San 
Bernardino  Mts.  at  Bear  Valley,  etc.,  Blasdale,  Parish,  no.  1456, 
Abrams,  no.  2823,  Grant,  no.  6367 ;  Santa  Rosa  Mts.,  Mrs.  Trask. 
nos.  85,  112,  138;  Providence  Mts.,  Brandegee  (herbage  only). 

In  case  A  Ludoviciana  Nutt.,  and  A.  gnaphalioides  Nutt.55  are 
considered  not  distinct  then,  by  the  rule  of  priority  of  position, 
the  latter  name  has  precedence. 

6.  A.  heterophylla  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
400  (1841).    A.  Kennedyi  A.  Nelson,  Proc.  Biol.  Soc.  Wash,  xviii. 


55  Nuttall,  I.e. 


218          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 
175   (1905).     Not  A.  heterophylla  Besser   (1834).     CALIFORNIA 

MUGWORT. 

Stems  erect,  woody  at  base,  strict,  6  to  16  dm.  high :  leaves  4 
to  10  cm.  long,  lanceolate  to  broadly  oblong  or  elliptic,  sparingly 
pinnatifid  (with  downward  incisions),  cleft,  or  often  entire 
(especially  the  upper),  green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath: 
heads  mostly  erect,  the  spikes  in  an  open  or  more  commonly 
dense  terminal  panicle,  the  main  axis  leafy  below  and  bracteate 
above :  involucre  ovoid,  12  to  25-flowered,  3  or  4  mm.  high,  perma- 
nently arachnoid. 

Common  on  wet  ground  toward  the  coast,  less  plentiful  in  the 
mountains  up  to  1500  m.  alt.  (Upper  Sonoran  Zone),  from  Orange 
Co.  to  Washington  and  the  Rocky  Mts. :  San  Jacinto  Mt.,  Hall, 
no.  2633 ;  Verdugo  Canon,  near  Los  Angeles,  Chandler,  no.  2051 ; 
etc. 

From  Nuttall's  A.  heterophylla  have  been  segregated  two 
distinct  species :  A.  Suksdorfii  Piper,56  and  A.  Kennedyi  A.  Nel- 
son. Although  I  have  not  seen  the  type  of  A.  heterophylla  Nutt., 
I  judge  it  to  be  identical  with  A.  Kennedyi,  since  Nutt  all  had 
only  specimens  from  the  Rocky  Mountains.  A.  heterophylla 
Besser  being  an  unsustained  species,  our  plant  takes  the  name 
A.  heterophylla  Nutt.,  in  accordance  with  Art.  50  of  the  Vienna 
rules. 

It  has  been  assumed  that  this  is  not  a  seacoast  species,  but 
besides  occurring  on  the  seacoast  of  Southern  California,  as  noted 
above,  it  is  plentiful  along  the  seaboard  of  middle  California, 
whence  came  three  specimens  cited  by  Professor  Nelson,  viz., 
Heller,  no.  7195,  from  Pacific  Grove,  which  is  as  near  the  Pacific 
as  it  could  well  be,  Michener  &  Bioletti's  plant  from  Temescal 
Lake,  which  is  within  4  kilometers  of  San  Francisco  Bay,  and 
Heller,  no.  7209,  from  Los  Gatos,  also  near  the  coast.  However. 
A.  Suksdorfii  and  A.  heterophylla  (A.  Kennedyi)  do  belong  to 
distinct  geographic  areas;  the  former  to  a  narrow,  humid  coast 
belt  from  British  Columbia  to  Humboldt  Co.,  California,  the 
latter  to  the  interior  districts  from  Washington  to  Southern  Cali- 
fornia and  the  seaboard  from  San  Francisco  Bay  south.  This 
distribution  is  not  surprising  when  we  consider  that  numerous 

56  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxviii.  42   (1901). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  219 

other  species  of  the  northwest  coast  extend  south  to  middle  Cali- 
fornia, while  many  forms  belonging  to  the  interior  of  our  north- 
ern states  reach  the  seacoast  only  in  Southern  California. 

7.  A.  tridentata  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  398 
( 1841 ) .    SAGEBRUSH. 

Commonly  an  erect  much  branched  shrub  with  a  distinct 
trunk  and  shreddy  bark:  herbage  aromatic,  canescent  or  silvery 
throughout  with  a  fine  and  close  tomentum :  leaves  mostly  1.5  to 
3.5  cm.  long,  narrowly  cuneate,  the  truncate  summit  with  3  or  4 
obtuse  teeth  or  lobes,  the  uppermost  ones  linear  and  entire :  pan- 
icles diffuse,  commonly  3  dm.  or  more  long:  involucre  narrow,  5 
to  8-flowered,  about  4  mm.  high ;  accessory  bracts  short,  ovate. 

This,  the  true  Sagebrush,  ranges  from  Lower  California  north 
along  the  desert  ranges  to  the  high  plains  of  the  Great  Basin  and 
extends  even  into  Washington  and  Montana.  It  is  by  far  the 
most  abundant  and  best-known  shrub  in  this  whole  region,  in 
many  places  forming  the  principal  vegetation  of  thousands  of 
acres.  In  Southern  California  the  Sagebrush  is  abundant  on  the 
lower  slopes  of  mountains  facing  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  des- 
erts, where  it  occupies  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  and  often  extends 
into  the  Lower  Transition.  West  of  the  mountains  it  has  been 
found  at  the  following  stations:  Descanso,  San  Diego  Co.  Mrs. 
Brandegee;  Fallbrook,  San  Diego  Co.,  Parish;  Colton  and  San 
Bernardino,  Parish;  near  Riverside  Reed,  no.  832;  and  between 
Glendale  and  Burbank,  near  Los  Angeles  Bmunton,  no.  907. 

Var.  angustifolia  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  49  (1883). 
Leaves  all  narrower,  the  lower  barely  3-toothed,  the  upper  entire 
and  less  than  2  mm.  wide. — Idaho  and  the  Mohave  Desert  to 
southern  San  Diego  Co.,  ace.  to  Gray. 

8.  A.  trifida  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  398 
(1841).       A.  tripartite  Rydb.,  Mem.  N.Y.  Bot.    Gard.    i.    432 
(1900). 

A  much  branched  shrub,  2  or  3  to  rarely  6  dm.  high :  herbage 
silvery  or  canescent  with  a  very  fine  close  tomentum :  leaves  about 
1  cm.  long,  linear  except  the  dilated  upper  portion  which  is  cleft 
or  parted  into  3  linear  lobes ;  upper  leaves  entire :  inflorescence 
contracted,  sometimes  of  simple  spikes  only  a  few  cm.  long  ter- 


220          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

ruinating  the  slender  stems :  involucre  cylindric,  3  to  9-flowered. 
nearly  5  mm.  high,  the  accessory  bracts  oblong  or  lanceolate. 

Near  Lancaster,  Mohave  Desert,  Parish,  no.  1177  (identical 
with  Nuttall's  plants,  ace.  to  note  by  Gray  in  Herb.  Parish). 
More  common  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mts.,  Utah,  etc. 

9.  A.  Parishii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xvii.  220  (1885). 
Plant  distinctly  shrubby,  6  to  9  dm.  high:  herbage  densely 

and  closely  cinereous-pubescent:  leaves  2  to  4  cm.  long,  linear- 
spatulate,  strongly  1-nerved,  mostly  entire  but  some  of  the  lower 
ones  2  or  3-toothed  at  apex,  the  margins  revolute :  heads  inclined 
to  nod  when  mature,  in  small  close  glomerules  which  are  scat- 
tered on  short  branchlets  of  the  rather  loose  oblong  panicle: 
involucre  oblong,  5  to  7-flowered,  3  or  4  mm.  long:  achenes 
arachnoid-villous. 

Newhall,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Nov.,  1881,  Parish,  no.  1065  (dupli- 
cate type)  ;  Mohave  Desert,  Oct.  19,  1882,  Pringle;  Rosamond,  in 
the  creosote  belt  of  Antelope  Valley,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Oct.,  1896. 
Davy,  no.  2933 ;  all  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone.  The  report  that 
this  species  was  collected  at  Cajon  Pass  is  erroneous,  ace.  to 
Parish.57 

10.  A.  Palmeri  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xi.  79  (1876). 
Stems  herbaceous  or  somewhat  woody,  slender  and  erect,  tall. 

minutely  pubescent:  leaves  (about  5  cm.  long)  almost  glabrous 
above,  densely  cottony-tomentose  beneath,  linear  and  entire  or 
mostly  with  few  linear  lobes,  the  margins  closely  revolute :  heads 
mostly  nodding  when  mature,  either  glomerate  or  somewhat 
loosely  disposed  on  the  branches  of  the  elongated  panicle:  in- 
volucre hemispheric,  3.5  mm.  high :  receptacle  chaffy,  its  scarious 
bracts  subtending  at  least  many  of  the  flowers. 

From  the  vicinity  of  San  Diego  to  Lower  California:  Jamul 
Valley,  Palmer,  Miss  Bird,  ace.  to  Gray;  near  National  City, 
Purpus,  Brandegee,  etc. 


v.  120  (1901). 


1907]  Hall.— Composite  of  Southern  California.  221 

TRIBE  9.     SENECIONEAE.    GROUNDSEL  TRIBE. 

89.  RAILLARDELLA  Gray. 

Ours  a  low  scapose  perennial  of  the  Alpine  Zone,  with  entire 
silvery-tomentose  leaves  and  solitary  heads.  Involucral  bracts 
barely  overlapping.  Receptacle  flat.  Heads  discoid  in  our 
species.  Disk-corollas  with  short  tube,  elongated  throat,  and  5 
short  naked  teeth.  Style-appendages  flattish,  with  lanceolate  or 
cuspidate  tips.  Achenes  linear,  pubescent.  Pappus  of  12  to  25 
slender  soft-plumose  bristles. 

1.  R.  argentea  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  417  (1876).  Raillardia  ar- 
gent ea  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  550  (1865). 

Scapes  1  to  10  cm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks :  leaves 
crowded  in  a  basal  tuft  and  on  short  sterile  shoots,  linear-spat- 
ulate  to  oT^lanceolate,  acute,  from  less  than  1  cm.  to  4  or  5  cm. 
long:  involucre  narrowly  campanulate,  8  to  10  mm.  high,  its 
bracts  acuminate:  flowers  yellow. 

Known  to  occur  in  Southern  California  only  on  the  summit 
of  Mt.  San  Gorgonio  (Grayback),  where  a  depauperate  form  is 
common  in  gravelly  soil  above  timber  line :  plentiful  in  the  high 
Sierra  Nevadas. 

90.  LEPIDOSPARTUM  Gray. 

Ours  a  rigid  broom-like  shrub  with  alternate  leaves,  all  but  the 
earliest  of  which  are  reduced  to  scales.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
regularly  imbricated  in  3  or  4  series,  chartaceous,  oblong,  obtuse. 
Receptacle  naked.  Heads  discoid.  Corolla  with  long  tube;  the 
short  campanulate  throat  exceeded  by  the  spreading  lobes. 
Anthers  exserted,  sagittate  at  base,  the  tips  lanceolate.  Style- 
branches  flattish,  with  acute  tips.  Achenes  terete,  faintly  8  to 
10-nerved.  Pappus  of  numerous  minutely  scabrous  capillary 
bristles. 

1.  L.  squamatum  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  50  (1883). 
Linosyris  squamata  and  var.  Breweri  Gray,  1.  c.  viii.  290  (1870). 
Tetradymia  squamata  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  408  (1876). 

A  round-topped  bush,  1  to  2  m.  high,  with  ascending  virgate 
branches :  very  young  plants  tomentose  and  leafy  with  spatulate 


222          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

entire  leaves  1  cm.  or  so  long,  but  the  tomentum  early  deciduous 
and  all  the  later  leaves  reduced  to  ovate-acute  scales  (1  mm.  or 
less  long)  of  the  green  branches :  heads  solitary  terminating  the 
short  lateral  branchlets  and  thus  appearing  as  if  racemose  or 
spicate,  the  uppermost  nearly  or  quite  sessile  and  thus  glomer- 
ate :  involucre  campanulate,  5  to  8  mm.  high :  achenes  glabrous. 
Common  in  sand-washes  and  in  dry  gravelly  soil  of  the  Sono- 
ran  zones,  from  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.  to  Lower  California  and  east 
to  Arizona.  Also  near  Exeter,  Tulare  Co.,  in  the  San  Joaquin 
Valley,  Jul.  23,  1905,  Mrs.  Brandegee. 

91.  ARNICA  L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs  of  temperate  and  arctic  regions. 
Leaves  all  opposite  or  the  upper  alternate.  Heads  large,  yellow- 
flowered,  mostly  several  and  long-peduncled  at  the  summit  of  the 
single  stem.  Involucre  broadly  campanulate,  not  calyculate  at 
base;  bracts  equal.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked  to  fimbrillate  or  vil- 
lous.  Disk-flowers  many,  yellow;  ray-flowers  pistillate  when 
present,  yellow.  Style-branches  with  flattish  tips  acute  or  ob- 
tuse. Achenes  slender,  somewhat  5  to  10-costate  or  angled. 
Pappus  a  single  row  of  rather  rigid  and  strongly  roughened 
denticulate  white  bristles. 

Lower  leaves  cordate  or  ovate,  obtuse 1.  A.  cordifolia. 

Lower  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute 2.  A.  Bernardino,. 

1.  A.  cordifolia  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i.  331  (1834). 

Stems  3  to  6  dm.  high,  from  creeping  rootstocks:  herbage 
pubescent,  the  stems  and  peduncles  commonly  hirsute  or  villous: 
lower  leaves  long-petioled,  deeply  cordate  to  ovate,  obtuse,  den- 
tate; upper  leaves  small,  sessile:  heads  either  solitary  and  ter- 
minating the  simple  stem  or  several  and  long-peduncled  in  a 
loose  cyme :  involucre  about  15  mm.  high :  rays  about  2.5  to  3  cm. 
long:  achenes  somewhat  hirsute. 

Lower  Transition  Zone  on  Cuyamaca  Ml,  San  Diego  Co., 
Aug.,  1898,  Dunn;  Sierra  Nevadas  to  British  Columbia  and  Colo- 
rado. 

2.  A.  Bernardina  Greene,  Pitt.  iv.  170  (1900). 

Stems  2.5  to  5  dm.  high,  from  a  cluster  of  thick  roots :  herbage 
cinereous  with  a  fine  tomentose  pubescence,  this  overspread  (often 


1907]  Hall— Compositor  of  Southern  California.  223 

copiously)  with  long  arachnoid  hairs,  at  least  the  stems  glabrate 
in  age :  leaves  elliptic-lanceolate,  acute,  the  upper  partly  clasping 
by  a  narrowish  base,  the  lower  with  the  tapering  bases  connate 
in  pairs,  sparingly  denticulate  or  entire,  the  largest  12  cm.  long 
and  2  cm.  broad :  heads  peduncled,  2  or  3  in  a  terminal  cluster  or 
solitary :  involucre  8  or  9  mm.  high ;  its  oblong  bracts  comose  at 
the  obtuse  or  merely  acutish  apex :  rays  about  1.5  cm.  long :  disk- 
flowers  conspicuously  exceeding  the  involucre :  achenes  sparsely 
short-setulose. 

Meadows  of  the  Upper  Transition  and  Canadian  zones,  at  2000 
to  2750  m.  alt.,  San  Bernardino  Mts. :  Bear  Valley,  Parish,  no. 
3719;  Bluff  Lake,  Jul.,  1889,  Hall,  also  Grinnell,  no.  82;  Dry 
Lake,  on  north  side  San  Gorgonio  Mt.  (Grayback),  Mrs.  Wilder. 
no.  599. 

92.  PEUCEPHYLLUM  Gray. 

Desert  shrub  with  crowded  terete  resinous-punctate  leaves. 
Heads  discoid.  Involucre  campanulate,  foliaceous.  Receptacle 
naked,  flat.  Flowers  yellowish:  corolla  with  very  short  proper 
tube  and  long  cylindric  throat;  teeth  short,  ovate,  obtuse,  erect, 
puberulent.  Style-branches  linear,  semi-terete;  the  tip  broad, 
obtuse  and  destitute  of  appendage.  Anthers  with  oval  obtuse 
tips.  Achenes  turbinate-oblong,  very  hirsute.  Pappus  shorter 
than  the  corolla,  of  numerous  unequal  rather  sordid  and  roughish 
bristles,  the  longer  of  these  sometimes  toothed  or  with  hyaline 
toothed  margins  or  not  infrequently  flattened  and  passing  into 
linear  hyaline  paleae! 

The  affinities  of  this  peculiar  genus  are  not  known.  It  was 
once  placed  in  the  Eupatorieae,  but  its  yellow  corollas  and  flat 
style-branches  seem  to  indicate  a  different  relationship.  Mr.  M. 
E.  Jones58  would  place  it  near  Dysodia  and  it  may  belong  some- 
where in  the  Helenieae,  but  scarcely  in  Tagetineae,  the  nature  of 
the  oil-glands,  the  involucre,  and  the  habit  being  very  different. 
Mr.  Jones  was  the  first  to  point  out  the  sometimes  paleaceous 
nature  of  the  pappus  and  this  character  is  certainly  suggestive  of 
a  Helenioid  origin,  but  certain  species  of  Ligularia  (Senecillus). 
which  is  always  accepted  as  Senecioid,  has  short  flattened  almost 


58  Jones,  Contr.  W.  Bot.  viii.  42   (1898). 


224          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

paleaceous  toothed  bristles.  The  style-branches,  moreover,  are 
more  like  those  of  Luina,  than  of.  any  genus  in  the  Helenieae. 
while  in  corolla  and  some  other  characters  it  resembles  Psathy- 
rotes.  Since  its  affinities  are  so  doubtful  I  here  follow  Bentham59 
in  placing  Peucephyllum  in  the  Senecioneae,  at  least  provisional- 

ly. 

1.  P.  Schottii  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  74  (1859)  ;  Jones,  Zoe 
v.  41  (1900).  Psathyrotes  Schottii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix. 
206  (1874).  Inyonia  dysodioides  M.  E.  Jones,  Contr.  W.  Bot. 
viii.  42  (1898). 

Sometimes  only  3  dm.  or  so  high  and  spreading,  more  often  1 
to  3  m.  high  and  with  a  trunk-like  stem:  bark  rough:  leaves 
green,  crowded  on  the  ultimate  branchlets,  5  to  20  or  even  30  cm. 
long,  punctate  and  exuding  a  balsamic  resin:  heads  scattered, 
nearly  sessile  and  hidden  by  the  upper  leaves:  involucre  nearly 
1  cm.  high ;  bracts  green,  linear-subulate. 

In  canons  and  on  foothills  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  from 
Inyo  Co.  to  Lower  California  and  Arizona:  Panamint  canon. 
Inyo  Co.,  M.  E.  Jones;  Ord  Mts. ;  Warrens;  Whitewater;  Mo- 
rongo  Pass;  Thousand  Palms;  hills  near  Coachella;  Indio  Mts.; 
Palm  Springs ;  Canon  Springs  Wash ;  Split  Mt. ;  Calamujuet, 
on  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  May  11,  1889,  Bran-degee. 

93.  PSATHYROTES  Gray. 

Low  winter  annuals  (and  biennials?)  of  the  Desert  Area. 
Herbage  scurfy  or  tomentose.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  broad 
and  rounded.  Heads  discoid.  Involucre  broadly  hemispheric. 
Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla  with  very  short  proper  tube, 
elongated  cylindric  throat,  and  short  teeth  which  are  more  or  less 
woolly  or  glandular.  Style-branches  flattish,  obtuse.  Achenes 
turbinate,  villous.  Pappus  of  numerous  short  scabrous  bristles. 
varying  from  white  to  ferruginous  in  the  same  species. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  much  broader  than  the  inner,  the  obtuse  tips  spread- 
ing or  recurved:  leaves  thick 1.  P.  ramosissima. 

Outer  involucral  bracts  not  very  different  from  the  inner,  all  with  erect 
tips:  leaves  thinner 2.  P.  annua. 


59  Bentham,  in  Bentham  and  Hooker,  Gen.  PI.  ii.  438  (1873). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  225 

1.  P.  ramosissima   (Torr.)   Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vii.  363 
(1868).     Tetradymia   ramosissima  Torr.,   in   Emory  Kept.   145 
(1848). 

Stem  suffrutescent  at  base  and  persistent  for  at  least  one 
year:  much  branched  and  densely  leafy  forming  a  compact 
rounded  plant  15  cm.  or  less  high  and  5  to  20  cm.  across :  herbage 
white  with  a  dense  close  tomentum,  strongly  scented  with  a  tur- 
pentine-like odor :  leaves  thick,  coarsely  and  irregularly  toothed, 
subcordate  or  tapering  into  the  stout  petiole :  peduncles  either 
short  and  erect  or  longer  and  recurved,  so  that  the  heads  always 
remain  embedded  in  the  dense  foliage :  involucre  6  or  7  mm.  high ; 
outer  bracts  broadly  oblong,  obtuse,  the  broad  tips  somewhat 
spreading  or  recurved ;  inner  bracts  narrower,  sometimes  acutish : 
corollas  yellow  or  purplish :  achenes  short-turbinate. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone:  Borregos  Springs,  Colorado  Desert. 
Brandegee;  near  Palm  Springs,  Colorado  Desert,  Schellenger,  no. 
40 ;  Sheephole  Mts.,  Mohave  Desert,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  6071 ; 
Panamint  Valley,  Inyo  Co. ;  east  into  Arizona,  south  into  Lower 
California.  Very  common  on  ledges  of  rocks  and  in  stony  soil 
on  the  Colorado  Desert  of  eastern  Riverside  and  Imperial  coun- 
ties. 

2.  P.  annua  (Nutt.)  Gray,  PL  Wright,  ii.  100  (1853).     Bul- 
bostylis  annua  Nutt.,  Journ.  Phila.  Acad.  n.  ser.  i.  179  (1848). 

Root  strictly  annual :  stem  loosely  branched,  the  branches 
ascending,  5  to  15  cm.  high :  herbage  with  a  scurfy  tomentum : 
leaves  short-cuneate  at  base,  coarsely  and  irregularly  dentate,  the 
small  often  entire  ones  of  the  inflorescence  carried  beyond  the 
heads  by  their  petioles :  peduncles  very  short,  commonly  reflexed 
in  age :  involucre  7  to  9  mm.  high ;  bracts  ovate-oblong  to  linear- 
lanceolate,  usually  acute,  all  erect  and  the  outer  ones  not  larger 
than  the  inner :  corollas  pale  yellow  or  purplish :  achenes  oblong- 
turbinate :  pappus  less  copious  than  in  no.  1. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone:  alkaline  soil  near  Rabbit  Springs, 
southern  Mohave  Desert,  Parish,  no.  1260:  Red-rock  Canon,  east- 
ern Kern  Co.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  7375 ;  Owens  Valley ;  east  to 
Utah  and  Arizona. 


226          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [TOL-  3 


94.  TETRADYMIA  DC. 

Low  rigid  shrubs  of  arid  districts.  Herbage  clothed  with 
dense  and  matted  or  floccose  wool  which  is  deciduous  in  some 
species.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  solitary  or  fascicled,  the  prim- 
ary ones  often  modified  into  spines.  Involucre  cylindric  to  ob- 
long, composed  of  4  to  6  firm  concave  overlapping  bracts  which 
are  often  enlarged  and  thickened  at  base.  Heads  discoid,  4  to  9- 
flowered.  Receptacle  flat,  small.  Corollas  yellow ;  lobes  spread- 
ing, longer  than  the  short-campanulate  throat,  much  shorter  than 
the  elongated  tube.  Anthers  exserted,  sagittate  at  base,  the  tips 
triangular-lanceolate.  Style-branches  flat,  obtuse.  Achenes 
terete,  faintly  5-nerved.  Pappus  of  fine  and  soft  scabrous  capil- 
lary bristles,  white  or  whitish. 

Pappus  copious,   much   exceeding  the  hairs  of  the  achene,   or  the  achenes 

glabrous. 
Heads  4-flowered:  leaves  not  spiny. 

Leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  1  to  2  cm.  long,  not  glabrate 

1.   T.   canescens. 

Leaves  linear  to  subulate,  less  than  1  cm.  long,  glabrate 

2.  T.  glabrata. 

Heads  5-flowered:  upper  leaves  rigid,  spiny 3.  T.  stenolepis. 

Pappus-bristles   in   a   single   series,   scarcely   exceeding   the   long   ascending 
hairs  of  the  achene. 

Heads  pedunculate,  scattered  or  loosely  racemose 4.  T.  spinosa. 

Heads  nearly  sessile  in  a  close  terminal  cyme ..5.  T.  comosa. 

1.  T.  canescens  DC.,  Prodr.  v.  440  (1837). 

Stems  1  to  3  dm.  high,  freely  branching:  foliage  and  in- 
florescence white  with  a  permanent  close  tomentum :  leaves  some- 
what crowded  but  rarely  at  all  fascicled,  linear  or  linear-lanceol- 
ate, pungently  acute,  mostly  1  to  2  cm.  long :  heads  short-pedunc- 
ulate in  cymose  clusters  terminating  the  short  branchlets:  in- 
volucre 8  to  10  mm.  high,  4-flowered;  bracts  4  or  5,  strongly 
carinate,  oblong :  achenes  varying  from  glabrous  to  villous : 
pappus  copious,  sordid  or  yellowish. 

Upper  Sonoran  and  Transition  zones  below  2300  m.  alt:  San 
Bernardino  Mts.  (Barton  Flat,  South  Fork,  Bear  Valley,  Doble). 
San  Antonio  Mts.  (Rock  Creek),  Sierra  Nevada  and  Rocky  Mts. — 
Also  (in  the  var.  inermis  (Nutt)  Gray,  with  shorter  leaves  and 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  227 

involucres)  in  the  Coast  Ranges  near  San  Luis  Obispo  (Palmer. 
no.  261). 

2.  T.  glabrata  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Rept.  11.  pt.  2, 122,  t.  5  (1855). 
Stems  branching  to  form  rounded  bushy  plants  1  m.  or  less 

high:  leaves  early  glabrate,  mostly  5  to  10  mm.  long,  3  to  6  in 
each  fascicle;  the  primary  ones  rigid-subulate,  cuspidate,  mostly 
5  to  10  mm.  long,  early  deciduous;  axillary  fascicled  leaves  soft 
and  pointless,  persistent;  leaves  of  sterile  shoots  linear-subulate, 
appressed,  without  fascicled  ones  in  their  axils :  heads  in  terminal 
cymes  or  the  cymose  clusters  sometimes  racemosely  disposed :  in- 
volucre 7  or  8  mm.  high,  white-tomentose  or  glabrate  and  green, 
4-flowered;  bracts  4  or  5,  oblong,  carinate:  achenes  densely  vil- 
lous :  pappus  copious,  sordid. 

Lower  and  Upper  Sonoran  zones  from  the  Mohave  Desert  to 
Oregon  and  Utah:  Rabbit  Springs,  Parish;  Lancaster,  Davidson; 
Owens  Valley,  where  common  on  low  hills. 

3.  T.  stenolepis  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  92  (1885). 
Stems  about  6  or  8  dm.  high,  corymbosely  much  branched: 

herbage  permanently  white-tomentose  with  appressed  wool :  lower 
primary  leaves  oblanceolate,  tipped  with  a  sharp  mucro,  about 
2  cm.  long;  upper  (and  often  all)  primary  leaves  modified  into 
rigid  spreading  spines  2  to  3  cm.  long ;  secondary  fascicled  leaves 
oblanceolate  and  1  cm.  or  less  long,  or  entirely  wanting :  heads  in 
close  terminal  cymes:  involucre  10  to  12  mm.  high,  5-flowered; 
bracts  5,  oblong,  very  thick  and  rigid,  obtuse :  achenes  canescent 
but  glabrate :  pappus  comparatively  coarse. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Desert  Area  from  Antelope  Val- 
ley, Los  Angeles  Co.,  to  Inyo  Co. :  Hesperia,  San  Bernardino  Co.. 
Sept.,  1907,  Edw.  Hoykendorf;  Fairmount,  Los  Angeles  Co.. 
Hall,  no.  6712 ;  Kernville,  Purpus,  no.  5651 ;  Argus  Mts.,  Purpus. 
no.  5463 ;  Cottonwood  Ranch,  Inyo  Co.,  Brandegee.  Ace.  to  Mrs. 
Brandegee  the  type  specimens  were  gathered  a  short  distance 
southwest  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  between  Cameron  and 
Mohave  stations. 

4.  T.  spinosa  H.  &  A.,  Bot.  Beech.  360  (1840). 

A  rigidly  branched  shrub  6  to  12  dm.  high:  stems  densely 
white-tomentose :  primary  leaves  modified  into  rigid  spines  which 


228          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    tv°L-  3 

may  be  either  straight  or  recurved,  1  to  4  cm.  long,  tomentose  or 
glabrate;  secondary  fascicled  leaves  commonly  present,  small, 
linear-clavate,  glabrous  or  early  glabrate:  heads  on  stout  pe- 
duncles arising  from  the  leaf -axils :  involucre  about  8  mm.  high, 
usually  6  or  7-flowered ;  bracts  5  or  6,  the  outer  ones  oblong,  the 
inner  ones  from  broadly  oblong  to  nearly  orbicular,  all  obtuse: 
achenes  with  soft  white  wool  nearly  equalling  the  rigid  pappus- 
bristles. 

The  most  common  species  of  the  Desert  Area;  characteristic 
of  the  upper  portion  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone,  ace.  to  Coville : 
Warren's  Well,  at  the  eastern  end  of  the  San  Bernardino  Mts., 
Brandegee;  thence  to  Oregon,  Utah,  Arizona,  etc. 

5.  T.  comosa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xii.  60  (1876). 

Stems  with  many  virgate  branches  forming  an  erect  bush  6  to 
12  dm.  high :  herbage  permanently  and  densely  white-tomentose : 
earlier  primary  leaves  soft,  linear,  2.5  to  5  cm.  or  more  long ;  the 
later  ones  narrower,  rigid  and  more  or  less  spine-like ;  fascicled 
secondary  leaves  like  those  of  T.  spinosa,  or  usually  absent :  heads 
in  close  terminal  cymes:  involucre  8  to  10  mm.  high,  6  to  9- 
flowered ;  bracts  5  or  6,  oblong,  obtuse :  long  soft  wool  of  the 
achene  concealing  the  true  pappus. 

Scattered  throughout  the  warmer  and  drier  parts  of  the  Sono- 
ran zones  west  of  the  mountains,  from  Los  Angeles  Co.  to  San 
Diego  Co. :  Newhall,  ace.  to  Davidson ;  Pasadena,  ace.  to  Mc- 
Clatchie ;  Pomona ;  West  Riverside ;  San  Bernardino ;  Temecula 
Creek ;  Palomar ;  Buckmans  Springs ;  Campo ;  San  Diego.  Also 
at  Lancaster  and  Hesperia,  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the 
Mohave  Desert,  ace.  to  Parish ;  and  in  Nevada,  ace.  to  Gray. 

95.     SENECIO  L.     GROUNDSEL. 

Herbs  or  woody  plants  with  alternate  leaves  and  with  heads 
in  terminal  cymes  or  rarely  solitary.  Heads  many-flowered, 
radiate  or  discoid.  Flowers  in  our  species  yellow.  Involucre 
cylindrical  to  campanulate,  mostly  with  1  or  2  rows  of  outer  erect 
bracteoles  at  base,  these  elongated  and  exceeding  the  proper  in- 
volucre in  a  few  non-Californian  species.  Receptacle  flat,  naked. 
Anthers  mostly  rounded  at  base.  Style-branches  truncate. 
Achenes  terete.  Pappus  of  abundant  white  and  soft  bristles. 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  229 

A.— Perennial  herbs  and  suffrutescent  plants. 

Stems   herbaceous:    lower   leaves   either   undivided   or    with     broad    and 

rounded  lobes. 
Leaves  from  entire  to  serrate  or  pinnatifid. 

Heads  discoid:  leaves  ample 1.  S.  astephanus. 

Heads  radiate. 

Plant  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescenc :  leaves  acute. 

Blade  of  leaf  triangular-lanceolate,  2  to  5  cm.  wide 

2.  S.   triangularis. 

Blade  of  leaf  linear,  1  to  3  mm.  wide:  var.  sanctus  of 

3.   S.  serra. 

Plant  nearly  leafless  above  the  middle,  2  to  4  dm.  high:   leaves 

obtuse 4.  S.  ionophyllus. 

Leaves  mostly  pinnately  divided  or  parted  and  again  lobed  or  incised 

5.  S.  eurycephalus. 

Stems  suffrutescent  at  base:   leaves  pinnately  parted  into  linear  lobes   (ex- 
cept the  upper  ones). 

Leaf -lobes  acute:   involucre  copiously  bracteolate  6.  S.  Douglasii. 

Leaf -lobes  obtuse:   involucre  sparingly  bracteolate:  insular  species 

7.  S.  Lyoni. 

B.— Annuals. 

Eays  conspicuous , 8.  S.  Calif  orni<"us. 

Kays  wanting  or  very  inconspicuous. 

Indigenous  desert  annual:  leaves  ample 9.  S.  Mohavensis. 

Naturalized  weeds. 

Involucral  bracts  with  green  or  pale  tips:  rays  present,  minute 

10.  S.  sylvaticus. 

Involucral  bracts  black-tipped:  rays  none  11.  S.  vulgaris. 

1.  S.  astephanus  Greene,  Pitt.  i.  174  (1888).  8.  ilicetorum 
Davidson,  Eryth.  ii.  85  (1894). 

Stout,  erect,  4  to  10  dm.  high,  from  a  perennial  root,  leafy: 
herbage  floccose-woolly,  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves  and  the 
inflorescence  glabrate :  leaves  thin,  elliptic  or  oblanceolate,  acute, 
remotely  dentate  with  small  spreading  callous-tipped  teeth ;  lower 
leaves  2  to  3  dm.  long  including  the  petiole,  3  to  5  cm.  wide; 
upper  leaves  smaller,  tapering  to  a  sessile  base,  some  entire :  heads 
6  to  12,  nearly  sessile  in  a  compact  terminal  cyme:  involucre  8 
mm.  high ;  bracts  numerous,  linear-lanceolate,  acute,  some  of  the 
outer  ones  reduced  and  calyculate :  rays  none :  achenes  10-nerved. 
glabrous. 

Mountains  of  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  1887,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Lem- 
mon,  ace.  to  Greene ;  Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  on  the  trail  to  Wilsons 
Peak,  San  Gabriel  Mts.,  Davidson. 


230          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

2.  S.  triangularis  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i.  332,  t.  115  (1834). 
S.  trigonophyllus  Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  106  (1896). 

Erect,  1  or  2  m.  high,  simple  and  leafy  up  to  the  loose  terminal 
cyme:  herbage  glabrous:  leaves  thin  (usually  drying  black  under 
pressure),  triangular-lanceolate,  acute,  1  to  1.5  dm.  long,  2  to  5 
cm.  broad  at  the  truncate  or  cordate  base,  short-petiolate,  shal- 
lowly  sinuate-dentate  or  sometimes  with  salient  sharp  teeth; 
uppermost  leaves  smaller,  narrow,  with  tapering  base,  some  of 
them  entire:  involucre  narrowly  campanulate,  6  mm.  high,  with 
several  calyculate  bracts  at  base :  rays  6  to  12,  deep  yellow,  5  to  8 
mm.  long. 

Along  streams  and  in  bogs  of  the  Canadian  and  Hudsonian 
zones :  San  Jacinto  Mts.  at  2400  to  2800  m.  alt. ;  San  Bernardino 
Mts.  at  Bluff  Lake,  2200  m.  alt.,  and  on  South  Fork  of  the  Santa 
Ana  River  at  2500  m.  alt. ;  more  common  in  the  Sierra  Nevadas 
and  Rocky  Mts.,  extending  north  to  Saskatchewan.  Stems  com- 
monly several  or  numerous  in  a  close  clump,  carrying  their  rather 
showy  clusters  of  heads  above  other  herbaceous  vegetation.  Jul.- 
Sept. 

3.  S.  serra  sanctus  Hall,  var.  nov. 

Root  perennial,  woody,  perpendicular:  stems  several,  herba- 
ceous, erect,  very  leafy  up  to  the  flowering  branches,  the  whole 
plant  2  to  3.5  dm.  high :  herbage  completely  glabrous  except  the 
inflorescence  which  bears  a  minute  and  sparse  tomentum :  leaves 
ascending  or  spreading  or  even  deflexed,  often  curved,  linear,  all 
entire,  acute,  4  to  7  cm.  long,  1  to  3  mm.  wide :  heads  numerous 
in  a  loose  terminal  leafy-bracted  cyme:  involucre  nearly  cylin- 
dric  but  slightly  narrowed  downward,  7  mm.  high;  bracts  8  or  9, 
linear,  with  acute  pubescent  tips,  green,  the  margins  scarious; 
outer  calyculate  bracts  few  or  none :  rays  5,  yellow,  about  5  mm. 
It- ng :  disk-flowers  10  to  12 :  achenes  glabrous. 

Moist  north  slopes  South  Fork,  Santa  Ana  River,  San  Ber- 
nardino Mts.,  California,  along  the  lower  edge  of  the  Canadian 
Zone  at  2600  m.  alt.,  Hall,  no.  7610.  Nearest  to  8.  serra  integri- 
usculus  Gray,  differing  mainly  in  having  all  the  leaves  linear 
and  entire. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  231 

4.  S.  ionophyllus  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  20  (1889). 

Erect  from  a  thick  perennial  caudex:  stems  several,  2  to  4 
dm.  high,  densely  leafy  below,  nearly  naked  above  the  middle: 
herbage  lightly  floccose-woolly  when  young  but  early  glabrate. 
inclined  to  become  reddish  especially  on  the  lower  parts :  lower 
leaves  thick  and  somewhat  fleshy,  orbicular,  1  to  3  cm.  wide, 
cordate  at  base  or  somewhat  tapering  to  the  petiole  (this  2  to  6 
cm.  long) ,  coarsely  crenate :  middle  cauline  leaves  few,  pin- 
nately  parted  into  linear  lobes  or  the  terminal  lobe  commonly 
broader  and  crenate  or  coarsely  toothed :  heads  in  a  rather  loose 
terminal  cyme  (occasionally  solitary)  :  involucre  campanulate,  8 
to  10  mm.  high,  many-flowered,  sparingly  calyculate  and  more 
or  less  white-tomentose  at  base ;  bracts  15  to  22,  lanceolate :  rays 
showy,  light  yellow :  achenes  cylindric,  10-nerved,  5-angled  by  the 
strong  alternate  nerves,  glabrous. 

Upper  Sonoran  and  Transition  zones :  Tehachapi,  Kern  Co.. 
Jun.  25,  1889,  Greene  (type)  ;  Swarthout  Canon,  San  Antonio 
Mts.,  Jun.,  1899,  Hall:  head  of  Rock  Creek,  San  Gabriel  Mts.. 
JuL,  1893,  Davidson;  Corkscrew  Falls  of  Bear  Creek,  San  Ber- 
nardino Mts.,  2000  m.  alt.,  Parish,  no.  3604:  Fish  Creek,  San  Ber- 
nardino Mts.,  2000  m.  alt.,  Grinnell,  no.  30  (largest  leaves  only 
1.3  cm.  wide). 

Many  forms  of  this  species  are  found  in  the  mountains  of 
Southern  California  and  several  of  the  extreme  variations  have 
received  specific  names.  The  characters  on  which  they  are 
founded,  however,  are  not  constant,  as  shown  by  the  presence  of 
connecting  forms.  In  the  typical  form  the  caudex  is  stout  and 
horizontal,  in  others  it  is  short,  erect,  and  multicipital.  But 
plants  otherwise  identical  and  gathered  at  the  same  locality  differ 
in  this  respect,  and  the  direction  the  caudex  takes  is  of  course  in- 
fluenced by  the  slope  on  which  the  plants  grow.  The  amount  of 
woolliness  is  likewise  an  elusive  character.  In  certain  specimens 
some  of  the  basal  leaves  are  green  and  naked,  while  other  leaves 
just  above  them  are  white-tomentose  (Parish,  no.  3718).  The 
outline  of  the  leaf  may  be  of  value  in  segregating  varieties  but  is 
too  variable  to  furnish  specific  characters.  The  rounded  basal 
leaves  are  seldom  more  than  coarsely  crenate  or  dentate;  yet  in 
many  specimens  we  find  rounded  crenate  leaves  neighboring  with 


232          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

pinnately  parted  leaves  in  which  the  number  of  lobes  varies  from 
one  to  five  (Mrs.  Wilder,  no.  244,  in  part;  Parish,  no.  3604;  Hall. 
no.  1456).  In  type  specimens  the  leaves  are  generally  larger 
than  in  any  others  I  have  seen,  but  one  of  these  (on  Univ.  Calif, 
sheet  no.  35995)  has  no  leaf  more  than  15  mm.  wide.  The  num- 
ber and  height  of  the  stems  are  of  course  variable  characters. 

A  low  form  not  yet  segregated  is  represented  by  my  no.  1456 
from  Lytle  Creek  Canon,  San  Antonio  Mts.,  1830  m.  alt.,  in  the 
Lower  Transition  Zone.  These  specimens  are  only  1  to  1.5  dm. 
high :  leaves  mostly  basal  on  the  summit  of  a  thick  caudex,  rather 
small,  dentate  to  pinnatifid:  cyme  1  to  3-headed,  the  involucre 
sometimes  1  cm.  high.  Two  other  forms,  both  of  which  have 
received  specific  names,  may  be  characterized  as  follows : 

Var.  Bernardinus  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  8.  Bernardinus 
Greene,  Pitt.  iii.  298  (1898).  More  slender  than  typical  8. 
ionophyllus,  1.5  to  3  dm.  high :  tomentum  rather  persistent : 
leaves  crowded  at  the  base ;  the  blade  orbicular  or  cuneate-obovate. 
.5  to  1  cm.  wide,  merely  dentate  or  rarely  a  pair  of  small  lobes 
on  the  petiole :  heads  mostly  3  to  10  in  each  terminal  cyme. — Dry 
hillsides  in  the  Transition  Zone  at  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  2100  m.  alt.,  Parish,  nos.  1450,  3718,  and  Hall,  no.  7557. 

Var.  sparsilobatus  (Parish)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  8.  sparsilobatus 
Parish,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxviii.  462  (1904).  Very  slender,  1  to  2  dm. 
high :  herbage  tomentose  in  the  types  but  green  and  nearly  devoid 
of  tomentum  in  some  specimens  collected  under  the  same  number : 
leaves  usually  crowded  in  a  basal  tuft,  sometimes  clothing  the 
stem  to  the  middle ;  blade  1  to  2  cm.  broad,  occasionally  roundish 
and  merely  dentate,  more  commonly  pinnatifid  and  the  3  to  5 
broad  lobes  entire  or  coarsely  toothed:  heads  mostly  2  to  4  in 
each  terminal  cyme,  or  not  rarely  solitary. — Transition  Zone  of 
the  San  Bernardino  Mts.  from  the  upper  Santa  Ana  River  to  Mt. 
San  Gorgonio ;  not  common  in  any  one  place  but  well  distributed 
usually  in  open  forests  of  White  Fir:  Barton  Flats  and  South 
Fork,  2125  to  2600  m.  alt.,  Mrs.  Charlotte  M.  Wilder,  no.  244 
(type,  in  Herb.  Parish)  ;  Upper  Santa  Ana  Canon  (Coon  Creek, 
etc.)  to  Dry  Lake,  2300  to  2700  m.  alt.,  Hall,  nos.  7511,  7575, 
7626. 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  233 

5.  S.  eurycephalus  T.  &  G.,  in  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  109  (1849). 
8.  Breweri  Davy,  Eryth.  iii.  116  (1895). 

Rather  stout,  erect,  1  to  7  dm.  high,  from  a  perennial  root: 
herbage  nearly  glabrous  or  (in  northern  forms)  tomentose,  com- 
monly a  slight  woolliness  at  least  in  the  axils  of  basal  leaves: 
lower  leaves  1  to  3  dm.  long  including  the  long  petiole,  irregular- 
ly pinnately  parted  or  divided,  the  divisions  diminishing  in  size 
from  the  broad  rounded  terminal  lobe  to  the  minute  and  narrow 
lower  ones;  middle  cauline  leaves  narrower  and  with  narrower 
acute  divisions,  these  commonly  lanceolate  to  cuneate  and  vari- 
ously lobed  or  incised :  heads  3  to  30,  in  a  loose  terminal  cyme ; 
bracts  of  the  inflorescence  linear-lanceolate  or  subulate,  small :  in- 
volucre 8  to  11  mm.  high;  bracts  10  to  20,  linear-oblong,  acute, 
scarious-margined,  the  outer  calyculate  ones  few  and  very  short : 
rays  7  to  12,  oblong,  8  to  16  mm.  long. 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  commonly  on  moist  grassy  slopes :  Tejon 
Pass,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  1280  m.  alt.,  Parish,  no.  1893,  and  Hall,  no. 
6262 ;  Fort  Tejon,  Kern  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6273  ;  Tehachapi  Pass,  Kern 
Co.,  May,  1889,  Brandegee  (herbage  scurfy),  and  Jul.,  1895. 
Davidson  (glabrous)  ;  Blue  Mt.,  Kern  Co.,  Hall  &  Babcock,  no. 
5000;  Paso  Robles,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  Apr.  23,  1899,  Barber; 
thence  north  through  the  Coast  Ranges  to  northern  and  north- 
eastern California. 

With  the  exception  of  Mr.  Brandegee 's  collection,  all  of  the 
specimens  cited  are  glabrous  save  in  the  leaf-axils,  and  these 
often  also  glabrous.  In  northern  California,  at  least  the  leaves 
are  commonly  white-tomentose  even  at  time  of  flowering,  but 
some  from  even  so  far  north  as  Modoc  Co.  (Goose  Lake  Valley. 
Mrs.  Austin)  are  quite  smooth  and  green.  It  will  probably  be 
found  that  woolly  plants  come  only  from  arid  places,  the  most 
woolly  ones  at  hand  being  from  very  dry  soil  in  the  Sacramento 
Valley. 

6.  S.  Douglasii  DC.,  Prodr.  vi.  429  (1837).     8.  Blochmanae 
Greene,  Eryth.  i.  7  (1893). 

Stems  branching  from  the  suffrutescent  base  and  forming  a 
bushy  plant  usually  1  to  1.5  m.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence : 
herbage  at  first  whitish-tomentose,  later  more  or  less  glabrate : 


234          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.-S 

lower  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  5  to  9  narrowly  linear  revol- 
ute  lobes,  the  upper  with  only  3  lobes  (the  middle  one  several 
times  larger) ,  or  the  uppermost  entire :  heads  in  broad  terminal 
open  cymes:  involucre  8  to  10  mm.  high,  broadly  turbinate;  the 
bracts  linear  with  attenuate  tips,  dorsally  carinate  below:  rays 
about  13,  the  ligules  about  10  mrn.  long :  achenes  linear,  pubescent. 
Common  throughout  Southern  California  in  the  Upper  Sono? 
ran  Zone,  especially  in  sand-washes  and  other  gravelly  places ; 
north  to  Lake  Co.  and  east  to  Nebraska.  8.  Blochmanae  is  ap- 
parently a  form  with  glabrous  herbage  and  entire  leaves.  A 
plant  in  the  botanic  gardens  at  Berkeley  has  the  erect  woody  stem 
and  the  habit  of  typical  8.  Douglasii.  Specimens  gathered  by 
Miss  Eastwood  (no.  281)  at  the  type  locality  have  small-sized 
heads  and  puberulent  herbage.  Further  collections  will  prob- 
ably demonstrate  that  the  two  species  are  not  distinct. 

S.  MONOENSIS  Greene,  Leaflets,  i.  221  (1906).  Near  8. 
Douglasii  but  lower,  less  woody,  and  the  herbage  always  bright 
green  and  glabrous:  copiously  branched  from  the  short  woody 
portion ;  the  branches  5  dm.  or  less  high,  but  often  long,  flaccid, 
and  decumbent.  Near  Southern  Belle  Mine,  Mono  Co.,  Heller. 
no.  8330;  among  rocks  in  the  Panamint  and  Argus  Mts.  and  in 
the  Alabama  Hills,  all  in  Inyo  Co.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  nos.  6946. 
7071,  7181. 

7.  S.  Lyoni  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  456  (1886). 

Somewhat  suffrutescent  at  base,  probably  1  m.  or  so  high, 
freely  branching  and  leafy  throughout:  herbage  at  first  tomen- 
tose,  soon  glabrate  except  for  persistent  dense  tufts  of  wool  in  the 
leaf-axils  and  often  a  sparse  tomentum  on  the  under  side  of  the 
leaves :  leaves  once  or  twice  pinnately  parted  into  broadly  linear 
obtuse  segments  and  lobes,  sessile  by  an  auriculate  base  or  petiol- 
ate  and  the  petiole  dilated  at  base:  inflorescence  loosely  cymose. 
the  peduncles  bearing  a  few  subulate  bracts:  involucre  broadly 
turbinate,  7  or  8  mm.  high;  bracts  linear,  with  acute  pubescent 
tips,  the  medial  line  thickened  and  the  margins  scarious. 

First  collected  by  N.evin  &  Lyon  on  San  Clemente  Island,  ace. 
to  Gray;  Santa  Catalina  Island,  May  20,  1890,  Brandegee;  San 
Quentin  Bay,  Lower  California,  Palmer,  no.  644;  San  Martin 
Island,  Brandegee. 


1907]  Hall — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  235 

8.  S.  Californicus  DC.,  Prodr.  vi.  26  (1837). 

A  simple  or  diffusely  branched  erect  annual,  1.5  to  4  dm. 
high :  herbage  glabrous  or  early  glabrate :  leaves  linear  to  lanceol- 
ate, remotely  toothed  or  lobed  or  some  even  pinnately  parted  with 
short  obtuse  lobes,  the  upper  ones  auriculate-clasping  at  the  broad 
base:  heads  commonly  several  or  more  numerous  on  elongated 
peduncles:  involucre  6  to  8  mm.  high,  nearly  naked  at  base:  rays 
15  to  20,  oblong,  6  to  8  mm.  long :  achenes  canescent. 

Lower  California  to  Santa  Barbara :  very  common  in  loose 
soil  of  the  chaparral  belt  and  also  on  sand  dunes  along  the  sea- 
shore (where  commonly  robust  and  succulent).  Feb. -May. 

9.  S.  Mohavensis  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  454  (1886). 

A  slender  much  branched  annual,  a  few  cm.  to  4  dm.  high: 
herbage  glabrous:  leaves  ample,  broadly  oblong  or  oblanceolate. 
obtuse,  all  but  the  basal  with  broad  clasping  base,  coarsely  few- 
toothed  (the  largest  2  by  7  cm.,  but  commonly  much  smaller)  : 
heads  in  a  loose  terminal  cymose  panicle;  peduncles  slender, 
bracteolate:  involucre  7  or  8  mm.  high;  bracts  12  to  15,  linear, 
acute,  often  penicillate  but  not  black  at  tip ;  calyculate  bracts  few 
and  minute:  rays  commonly  wanting,  when  present  usually  de- 
formed and  not  longer  than  disk  (ace.  to  Gray)  :  achenes  densely 
canescent. 

Confined  to  the  Desert  Area:  near  the  Colorado  River,  Lem- 
mon,  ace.  to  Gray;  Signal  Mt.,  Colorado  Desert,  Brandegee; 
Panamint  Mts.,  Inyo  Co.,  ace.  to  Coville;  Lower  Sonoran  Zone. 
900  m.  alt.,  in  Pleasant  Canon,  Panamint  Mts.,  Hall  &  Chandler. 
no.  6910. 

10.  S.  sylvaticus  L.,  Sp.  PI.  868  (1753). 

A  slender  annual,  branching  more  or  less  from  the  base,  1  to 
3  or  4  dm.  high :  herbage  glabrous  or  nearly  so :  leaves  sessile  by 
an  auricled  base,  linear  or  oblong,  somewhat  pinnatifid  with  small 
oblong  lobes,  these  entire  or  dentate :  heads  evidently  peduncled. 
in  loose  terminal  clusters:  involucre  narrow,  6  mm.  high;  prin- 
cipal bracts  10  to  20,  not  black-tipped ;  minute  outer  bracts  acute, 
green  or  brown :  rays  about  5,  not  over  1  mm.  long :  achenes  ap- 
pressed-silky,  the  hairs  short. 

Seldom  seen,  or  passed  over  for  S.  vulgaris :  Lower  California ; 


236          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany. 

San  Diego,  Brandegee  (distr.  by  Baker  under  no.  3414  as  8. 
aphanactis  Greene,  but  rays  present!);  Saugus,  Davy.  Native 
of  Europe  and  Asia. 

11.  S.  vulgaris  L.,  Sp.  PL  867  (1753).    COMMON  GROUNDSEL. 

An  erect  annual,  1  to  3  dm.  or  more  high :  herbage  somewhat 
succulent,  glabrous  or  with  a  little  loose  tomentum :  leaves  sessile, 
auricled,  pinnatifid,  the  lobes  oblong  and  with  irregularly  dentate 
margin :  heads  in  terminal  cymose  clusters :  involucre  6  or  7  mm. 
high ;  principal  bracts  about  20,  their  tips  black  and  often  penicil- 
late ;  small  outer  bracts  several,  black :  achenes  slightly  pubescent. 

Common  in  waste  places,  flowering  throughout  the  year. 
Native  of  Europe. 

S.  PARRYI  Gray.  The  report  that  this  Senecio  grew  in  the 
San  Bernardino  Mts.  was,  with  scarcely  a  doubt,  due  to  an  error 
in  the  label. 

TRIBE  10.     CYNAREAE.    THISTLE  TRIBE. 

96.  ARCTIUM.     BURDOCK. 

Coarse  biennials,  unarmed  except  for  the  hooked  tips  of  the 
involucral  bracts  forming  the  bur.  Leaves  large  and  roundish, 
the  lower  on  stout  petioles.  Heads  hemispheric,  medium  sized, 
pink  or  purplish.  Keceptacle  densely  setose.  Filaments  glab- 
rous. Achenes  oblong.  Pappus  of  numerous  short  and  rigid  or 
chaffy  bristles  falling  separately. 

1.  A.  Lappa  L.,  Sp.  PI.  836  (1735). 

Plant  usually  1  or  2  m.  high :  leaves  more  or  less  cordate  at 
base,  mostly  green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath :  involucral 
bracts  narrow,  green  and  smooth,  strongly  uncinate. 

An  European  weed,  now  establishing  itself  near  a  deserted 
garden  at  West  Riverside,  Jul.,  1907,  Reed. 

97.  CARDUUS  L.  THISTLE. 

Spiny  herbs  with  mostly  lobed  or  pinnatifid  alternate  or  basal 
leaves,  all  of  ours  more  or  less  tomentose.  Heads  large,  solitary 
or  clustered,  homogamous  (rarely  dioecious)  ;  the  flowers  white, 
reddish,  or  crimson.  Involucral  bracts  imbricate,  the  outer  ter- 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California,  237 

minating  in  spines,  the  inner  inocuous.  Receptacle  soft-bristly 
or  hairy,  not  fleshy.  Corollas  tubular,  their  segments  linear- 
filiform.  Achenes  compressed  or  4-angled,  smooth  in  all  our 
species.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  bristles  connate  at  the  very 
base  and  deciduous  as  a  whole. 

The  subgenus  Cirsium,  which  includes  all  the  native  Ameri- 
can thistles,  is  distinguished  from  Eucarduus  only  by  the  plumose 
pappus-bristles  of  all  but  the  marginal  achenes.  Yet  some  bot- 
anists would  receive  it  as  a  distinct  genus. 

Leaves  moderately  if  at  all  decurrent. 

Heads  sessile  or  short-pedunculate,  bracteose-leafy  at  base. 

Involucral  bracts  entire,  the  innermost  often  with  scarious  tips. 
Corolla-lobes  with  callous  capitate  tips:    bracts  of   the  involucre 

not  appressed-imbricate,  narrow 1.  C.  edulis. 

Corolla-lobes  acute:    bracts  of  the  involucre  appressed-imbricate, 

the  short  outermost  ones  ovate 2.  C.  Drummondii. 

Involucral  bracts  finely  spinescent  on  the  margins  above  the  middle 
3.  C.  maritimus. 

Heads  solitary  on  long  peduncles,  not  bracteose-leafy  at  base. 

Flowers  red  or  crimson,  the  corolla-lobes  longer  than  the  throat 

4.    C.    occidentalis. 

Flowers  white  or  cream-color  to  pink,  the  corolla-lobes  equalling  or 

shorter  than  the  throat 5.   C.   Californicus. 

Leaves  strongly  decurrent,  the  middle  cauline  ones  for  one-third  their  length : 
desert  species 6.  C.  Mohavensis. 

1.  C.  edulis  (Nutt.)  Greene,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  for  1892,  362 
(1893).  Cirsium  edule  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
420  (1841).  Cnicus  edulis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  47  (1874). 

Stem  simple,  robust  but  tender  and  succulent,  2  or  3  dm.  high ; 
pubescent  and  leafy  up  to  the  terminal  cluster  of  nearly  or  quite 
sessile  heads:  leaves  narrowly  oblanceolate  or  oblong,  sinuate- 
pinnatifid,  very  prickly-ciliate  but  the  prickles  weak,  the  upper 
surface  green,  more  or  less  white-tomentose  beneath:  heads  de- 
pressed-globose :  involucre  2.5  to  3  cm.  high,  conspicuously 
arachnoid-woolly  when  young;  bracts  gradually  tapering  from  a 
narrow  base  to  a  weak  prickle  or  soft  point,  not  very  unequal: 
flowers  dull  purple  or  whitish,  segments  of  the  corolla  shorter 
than  the  throat  and  callous-thickened  at  apex. 

Rare  at  Pasadena  and  San  Bernardino ;  near  the  sea-coast  not 
far  from  Santa  Maria,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Miss  Eastwood,  no. 


238          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

847 ;  middle  California  to  British  Columbia.  Mr.  Parish,  who 
thinks  that  this  is  an  introduced  species  in  his  district,  writes  that 
it  first  appeared  at  San  Bernardino  about  1884,  by  a  roadside  and 
that  it  is  still  confined  to  the  immediate  vicinity  where  first  ob- 
served. It  was  not  reported  from  Pasadena  until  1896. 

2.  C.  Drummondii  (T.  &  G.)  Coville,  Contr.  U.S.  Nat.  Herb 
iv.  142  (1893).  Cirsium  Drummondii  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  459  (1843). 
Cnicus  Drummondii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  40  (1874).  C. 
Hallii  Parish,  Eryth.  vii.  97  (1899)  ;  not  Gray. 

Stem  simple,  4  dm.  or  less  high,  glabrous  and  leafy  up  to  the 
heads,  which  are  terminally  clustered :  leaves  oblong  or  oblanceo- 
late  in  outline,  from  deeply  sinuate-pinnatifid  with  spinulose 
lobes  to  nearly  entire,  somewhat  arachnoid-woolly,  especially  be- 
neath: involucre  3.5  to  4  cm.  high;  its  bracts  chartaceous,  the 
inner  with  weak  scarious  tips  which  vary  from  entire  and  acute 
to  obviously  dilated  and  fimbriate,  the  outer  gradually  shorter 
and  becoming  ovate,  their  tips  acute  and  short-spinose :  corollas 
white  (or  sometimes  rose-purple),  the  lobes  not  longer  than  the 
throat :  anthers  very  acuminate. 

Julian,  San  Diego  Co.,  Jun.  14,  1894,  Brandegee;  in  meadows 
at  Yucaipe,  near  Eedlands,  Parish,  no.  4594  and  Greata,  no.  571 ; 
Mt.  Pinos,  in  Ventura  and  Kern  counties,  Hall,  nos.  6684,  6364; 
near  Santa  Maria,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Miss  Eastwood,  no.  859; 
north  to  the  Arctic  Region. 

Var.  acaulescens  (Gray)  Coville,  Contr.  U.S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv. 
142  (1893).  Cnicus  Drummondii  acaulescens  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  x.  40  (1874).  Heads  smaller,  few  or  several,  sessile  in  thq 
center  of  a  rosette  of  radical  leaves. — Not  rare  in  meadows  of  the 
Transition  Zone  from  Lower  California  north.  A  mere  form, 
passing  directly  into  the  species,  with  which  it  sometimes  grows, 
as,  for  example,  on  Seymour  Creek,  Mt.  Pinos,  at  2000  m.  alt. 

3.  C.  maritimus  Elmer,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxix.  45  (1905). 

Stems  succulent,  numerous,  branched  to  form  a  rounded 
bushy  plant  1  m.  or  so  high:  herbage  clothed  with  a  densely 
matted  white  wool :  leaves  1  to  3  dm.  long,  narrowed  to  the  base, 
from  spinosely  lobed  to  deeply  pinnatifid ;  the  segments  tapering 
into  long  spines  and  spinose  on  the  margins,  the  lower  gradually 


1907]  Hall — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  239 

reduced  to  spines  of  the  broad  rachis :  heads  sessile  or  subsessile 
among  the  upper  leaves :  involucre  about  4  cm.  high ;  the  bracts 
very  unequal,  imbricated,  lanceolate-acuminate,  terminating  in  a 
short  spine  and  spinosely  ciliate  above  the  middle,  straight  and 
erect  or  ascending,  cobwebby-pubescent:  corolla-lobes  broad- 
linear,  acutish :  anther-tips  acute. 

In  saline  soil  near  the  coast  of  Santa  Barbara  Co.  at  Surf. 
Elmer,  no.  3631.  The  only  specimen  I  have  seen  is  the  type, 
preserved  at  the  Stanford  University  Herbarium.  A  similar  spe- 
cies, or  perhaps  only  a  form  of  this,  has  been  gathered  at  Santa 
Maria  by  Miss  Eastwood,  whose  specimens  were  unfortunately  de- 
stroyed in  the  San  Francisco  fire.  As  I  remember  them  they 
were  much  greener  than  Elmer's  type,  being  nearly  destitute  of 
tomentum,  and  with  more  nearly  equal  bracts. 

4.  C.  occidentalis  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
418  (1841).  Cnicus  occidentalis  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  x.  45 
(1874).  Cirsium  Occident  ale  Jepson,  Fl.  W.  Mid.  Calif.  509 
(1901). 

Stout,  5  to  10  dm.  high,  white  with  a  thick  coating  of  cottony 
wool  when  young :  leaves  from  sinuate-dentate  to  pinnatifid,  not 
very  prickly,  glabrate  above,  canescent  beneath :  heads  subglo- 
bose,  on  nearly  naked  peduncles :  involucre  3  to  6  cm.  high ;  its 
bracts  straight  and  subulate-lanceolate,  with  slender  spines,  not 
widely  spreading,  densely  festooned  with  cobwebby  hairs :  flowers 
red  or  purple :  corolla-segments  longer  than  the  throat :  anther- 
tips  narrow  and  acuminate :  pappus  rather  scanty. 

San  Diego  Co.  (Sweetwater,  Miss  Eastwood;  near  San  Diego. 
Cleveland)  to  Oregon ;  most  common  toward  the  coast  and  on  the 
islands  but  extending  inland  to  the  foothills  of  the  San  Bernar- 
dino, San  Gabriel,  and  Sierra  Liebre  Mts. 

Var.  Coulteri  (Harv.  &  Gray)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Cirsium  Coul- 
teri  Harv.  &  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  110  (1849)  ;  Eaton,  Bot.  King 
Exped.  195  (1871)  ;  Jepson,  FL  W.  Mid.  Calif.  508  (1901).  Car- 
dims  venustus  Greene,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  for  1892,  359  (1893). 

Herbage  loosely  lanate,  rarely  becoming  green :  involucre  3  to 
5  cm.  high,  arachnoid-woolly  (glabrate  in  specimens  from  the 
North  Coast  Ranges)  ;  its  bracts  lanceolate,  gradually  narrowed 


240          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

into  a  slender  spine;  the  outer  ones  appressed  at  base,  then 
spreading,  the  tips  either  again  incurved  or  straight  or  deflexed ; 
innermost  bracts  erect:  flowers  bright  crimson:  corolla-lobes 
longer  than  the  throat. — Zaca  Mt.,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Jun.,  1902. 
Miss  Eastwood;  eastern  base  of  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall, 
no.  6693 ;  inner  Coast  Ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mts.  to  Nevada. 

Var.  candidissimus  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  C.  candidissi- 
mus  Greene,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  for  1892,  359  (1893).  Whole 
herbage  almost  snow-white  with  a  close  persistent  tomentum: 
bracts  of  the  involucre  appressed  at  base,  all  but  the  innermost 
squarrose-spreading  or  recurved  from  the  middle,  festooned  with 
cobwebby  hairs:  flowers  crimson:  corolla-segments  longer  than 
the  throat,  their  tips  somewhat  dilated. — Near  the  coast  at  Santa 
Barbara,  ace.  to  Greene;  San  Emigdio  Canon  and  Tehachapi, 
Kern  Co.,  1894,  Miss  Eastwood:  plentiful  in  northeastern  Cali- 
fornia. 

Typical  C.  occidentalis  belongs  to  the  Coastal  Subarea;  the 
var.  Coulteri  to  the  mountains  bordering  on  the  hot  interior  val- 
leys and  deserts ;  var.  candidissimus  is  apparently  a  mere  form  of 
var.  Coulteri.  In  traversing  these  areas  all  gradations  from 
the  species  into  its  varieties  are  met  with.  Intermediate  forms 
between  the  type  form  and  var.  Coulteri  are  plentiful  in  the  vicin- 
ity of  Elizabeth  Lake,  Los  Angeles  Co.  The  bracts  of  var.  can- 
didissimus seem  much  more  rigid  than  those  of  var.  Coulteri,  but 
when  the  dense  wool  is  removed  this  apparent  difference  vanishes. 

5.  C.  Californicus  (Gray)  Greene,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  for 
1892,  359  (1893).  Cirsium  Calif ornicum  Gray,  Pacif.  E.  Kept, 
iv.  pt.  5,  112  (1857).  Cnicus  Californicus  Gray,  Proc.  Am. 
Acad.  x.  45  (1874).  Carduus  lilacinus  and  C.  neglectus  Greene 
Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  404  (1887). 

Stem  tall  and  paniculately  branching,  often  15  to  25  dm.  high, 
very  leafy  toward  the  base,  the  white  wool  more  or  less  deciduous, 
leaves  narrow,  mostly  1  to  2  or  3  dm.  long,  from  sinuately  to 
deeply  pinnatifid,  moderately  spinose :  heads  solitary  on  the  long 
peduncles:  involucre  hemispheric,  somewhat  woolly,  2  to  3  cm. 
high ;  outer  bracts  with  coriaceous  base  and  lanceolate  spreading 
but  at  last  incurved  upper  portion,  the  terminal  prickle  slender; 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  241 

inner  bracts  straight,  their  herbaceous  tips  often  crispate :  corollas 
cream-color,  white,  or  rarely  purple;  lobes  shorter  than  the 
throat :  anther-tips  ovate-acuminate. 

Occasional  in  dry  sandy  soil :  San  Pedro  Martir,  Lower  Cali- 
fornia, Brandegee;  Palm  Springs,  Colorado  Desert;  San  Jacinto 
Mt.,  to  1600  m.  alt.;  Reche  Canon,  near  San  Bernardino;  Santa 
Catalina  Island ;  Los  Angeles ;  Ojai ;  Elizabeth  Lake ;  Mt.  Pinos ; 
thence  north  to  Placer  Co. 

Var.  Bernardinus  (Greene)  Parish,  MS.,  comb.  nov.  C.  Ber- 
nardinus  Greene,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  for  1892,  361  (1893).  Stem 
slender,  not  very  tall :  leaves  narrow,  rather  sparsely  spinose : 
heads  globose  when  young,  hemispheric  in  age :  involucre  only 
1.5  to  2  cm.  high,  sparsely  tomentose,  glabrate;  bracts  appressed. 
somewhat  imbricated,  the  outer  minutely  ciliate  and  with  weak 
erect  or  spreading  spines :  corolla-lobes  about  equalling  the  throat. 
—Dry  hillsides  of  Little  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Par- 
ish, no.  1686  (type  collection)  ;  vicinity  of  San  Bernardino,  Par- 
ish, no.  3680;  near  Pomona,  May  11,  1897,  Chandler;  Palomar. 
Aug.,  1898,  Brandegee,  and  May,  1901,  Jepson;  Valley  Center. 
McClatchie,  no.  1159 ;  thence  to  San  Diego,  various  collectors. 
The  prevailing  thistle  in  the  Coastal  Subarea  of  San  Diego  Co. 

6.  C.  Mohavensis  Greene,  Proc.  Phila.  Acad.  for  1892,  361 
(1893). 

Somewhat  stout,  strict  or  moderately  branched,  10  to  15  dm. 
high :  leaves  from  narrowly  lanceolate  to  oblong  in  outline,  the, 
lobes  not  overlapping,  bearing  numerous  yellow  spines,  the  mid- 
dle cauline  decurrent  on  the  stem  for  one-third  their  length  or 
more  and  all  except  the  very  lowest  manifestly  decurrent :  invo- 
lucre oblong,  becoming  hemispheric,  2  cm.  high;  its  bracts  ovate 
and  fully  equalled  by  their  slender  at  length  deflexed  spines :  cor- 
olla said  to  be  reddish,  the  acute  lobes  equalling  the  throat :  anth- 
er-tips attenuate-subulate:  pappus  of  outer  achenes  scabrous,  of 
the  others  plumose  except  at  the  tip. 

In  alkaline  meadows  about  springs  in  the  Mohave  Desert: 
Rabbit  Springs,  Parish,  no.  1834  (duplicate  type)  ;  Warm  Springs 
(Newberry),  Parish,  no.  1261;  Providence  Mts.,  May  26,  1902. 
Brandegee  (in  a  robust,  large-headed  form)  ;  Cushenberry 
Springs,  ace.  to  Parish. 


242          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

C.  OCHROCENTRUS  (Gray)  Greene  is  to  be  expected  along  our 
northeastern  borders.  It  differs  from  C.  Mohavensis  in  its  pinna- 
tifid  scarcely  decurrent  leaves. 

98.  CYNARA  L. 

Mostly  robust  herbs  with  alternate  pinnatifid  leaves  and  very 
large  solitary  globose  heads.  Involucre  imbricated;  its  bracts 
broad,  coriaceous,  terminating  in  long  spines  (or  spineless  in  the 
cultivated  varieties).  Receptacle  fleshy,  alveolate-fimbrillate. 
Flowers  all  perfect.  Corolla  tubular,  the  segments  narrow. 
Achenes  obovate-oblong,  4-angled,  smooth.  Pappus  in  several 
series ;  its  bristles  connate  at  base  and  deciduous  in  a  ring,  plum- 
ose or  those  of  marginal  achenes  smooth.  An  Old  World  genus, 
two  species  sparingly  naturalized  in  California. 

Leaves  and  involucral  bracts  unarmed 1.  C.  Scolymus. 

Leaves  and  involucral  bracts  spinose 2.  C.  Cardunculus. 

1.  C.  Scolymus  L.,  Sp.  PL  827  (1753).     ARTICHOKE. 

Stem  fleshy,  striate,  corymbosely  branched  above :  leaves  very 
ample,  bipinnatifid,  the  lobes  acute  but  scarcely  spinose,  tomen- 
tose  at  least  beneath :  heads  6  cm.  or  more  wide :  outer  bracts  of 
the  involucre  with  thickened  obtuse  or  acute  tips ;  the  inner  bracts 
with  scarious  tips :  flowers  blue. 

An  occasional  escape  from  gardens  near  Los  Angeles,  ace.  to 
Abrams. 

2.  C.  Cardunculus  L.,  Sp.  PL  827  (1753).     CARDOON. 
Perhaps  only  a  cultural  variety  of  C.  Scolymus :  leaf -lobes  and 

involucral  bracts  short-spinose. 

A  garden  escape  at  San  Bernardino  and  well  established  at 
Trujillo's  Ranch,  San  Diego  Co.,  both  ace.  to  Parish.60 

99.  SILYBUM  Vaill. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs  with  very  ample  prickly  clasping 
leaves,  these  smooth  and  shining  above  and  very  conspicuously 
blotched  with  white  along  the  veins.  Heads  very  large,  solitary 

eoEryth.  vii.  97   (1899). 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  243 

at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  homogamous.  Bracts  of  the  involucre 
broad,  appressed,  bearing  an  abruptly  spreading  spine  which  is 
broadly  lanceolate  or  ovate  and  ciliate-prickly  toward  the  base. 
Flowers  purple.  Corollas  with  filiform  tube  conspicuously  dil- 
ated below  the  narrowly  linear  lobes.  Pappus-bristles  in  several 
series,  flattish,  minutely  barbellate.  Two  species,  natives  of  the 
Mediterranean  Region,  one  of  them  becoming  naturalized  in 
California. 

1.  S.  Marianum  (L.)  Gaertn.,  Fruct.  ii.  378  (1791).  Car- 
dmis  Marianne  L.,  Sp.  PL  823  (1753).  MILK  THISTLE. 

Branching,  10  to  20  dm.  high :  lower  leaves  5  dm.  or  more  long 
and  over  1  dm.  wide,  sinuate-pinnatifid,  strongly  undulate  at  the 
sinuses;  upper  leaves  smaller,  merely  spinulose-toothed :  heads 
2.5  to  5  cm.  broad  exclusive  of  the  stout  spreading  or  recurved 
spines,  these  often  3  cm.  long. 

Sparingly  introduced:  Riverside;  San  Bernardino;  Santa 
Catalina  Island;  Oak  Knoll  and  El  Monte,  ace.  to  Davidson; 
coast  of  Ventura  Co. 


100.  CENTAUREA  L.  STAR  THISTLE. 

Erect  or  diffuse  usually  rigid  herbs  with  alternate  leaves  and 
medium-sized  or  large  heads.  Involucre  ovoid  or  globose,  the 
bracts  imbricated  and  ending  in  a  needle-like  spine  or  in  a 
fringed  or  toothed  (rarely  entire)  appendage.  Receptacle  dense- 
ly bristly,  the  bristles  persistent.  Flowers  all  tubular,  the  mar- 
ginal much  larger  and  neutral  or  the  heads  homogamous.  Achenes 
somewhat  compressed,  mostly  smooth,  notched  just  above  the 
base,  indicating  the  oblique  or  lateral  attachment.  All  our  spe- 
cies naturalized  from  Europe. 

Flowers  yellow:   involucral  bracts  spinose. 

Plant  erect,  branching  mostly  above  the  base:    spines  .5  to  1  cm.  long 
1.  C.  Melitensis. 

Plant  diffuse,  branching  from  the  base:  spines  1  or  2  cm.  long 

2.  C.  solstitialis. 

Flowers  blue    (varying  to  white  or  purple)  :   involucral  bracts  merely  fim- 
briate    3.    C.    Cyanus. 


244          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    LVoL-  3 

1.  C.  Melitensis  L.,  Sp.  PI.  917  (1753).     TOCALOTE. 

An  erect  commonly  much  branched  annual,  3  to  8  dm.  high, 
with  a  roughish  indument,  the  stems  narrowly  winged  by  the  de- 
current  leaves:  basal  leaves  pinnatifid,  the  upper  narrow  and 
mostly  entire:  heads  terminal  and  solitary,  or  2  or  3  together: 
involucre  1  cm.  high,  its  bracts  rigid,  the  outer  with  palmatifid 
spine,  the  intermediate  and  inner  ones  with  a  rigid  spine  5  to  10 
mm.  long  which  is  either  simple  or  with  divaricate  short  spines 
at  base:  flowers  yellow:  pappus-bristles  in  about  3  rows,  the 
middle  row  long,  the  outer  and  inner  very  short. 

A  common  introduced  weed  in  waste  places  and  fields. 

2.  C.  solstitialis  L.,    Sp.    PL    917    (1753).      YELLOW    STAR 
THISTLE. 

Diffuse,  branching  from  the  base,  3  to  8  dm.  high,  from  an 
annual  root,  cottony-pubescent :  basal  leaves  pinnatifid;  cauline 
leaves  linear,  entire,  rather  closely  ascending,  decurrent  on  the 
stem  as  long  narrow  wings :  heads  all  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  ovoid-globular:  bracts  much  like  the  preceding  except 
that  the  spines  of  the  intermediate  ones  are  mostly  1  to  2  cm.  long 
and  that  the  innermost  bracts  end  in  a  small  shining  appendage : 
flowers  bright  yellow :  outer  pappus  of  short  squamellae,  inner 
pappus  of  copious  slender  bristles. 

Sparingly  introduced  at  San  Diego,  ace.  to  Gray,  but  not 
found  by  recent  collectors ;  El  Rosario,  Lower  California,  Brande- 
gee;  middle  California.  Native  of  Europe. 

3.  C.  Cyanus  L.,  Sp.  PI.  911  (1753).     BLUEBOTTLE. 

An  erect  annual,  3  to  6  dm.  high,  lightly  flocculent-tomentose 
when  young:  leaves  linear,  entire  or  the  lower  rarely  dentate  or 
pinnatifid :  heads  terminating  naked  peduncles :  involucre  1.5  cm. 
high,  fringed  with  a  scarious  fimbriate  border :  flowers  deep  blue  - 
marginal  corollas  much  enlarged,  ray-like:  pappus-bristles  un- 
equal. 

Los  Angeles,  Nevin,  ace.  to  Parish,61  as  a  garden  escape.  Na- 
tive of  Europe. 


eiBot.  Gaz.  xxxviii.  462    (1904). 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  245 

TRIBE  11.     MUTISIEAE.    MUTISIA  TRIBE. 
101.  PEREZIA  Lag. 

Perennial  branching  herbs.  Involucre  imbricated;  bracts 
dry,  chartaceous  or  coriaceous.  Reeeptacle  flat,  usually  naked. 
Flowers  never  yellow.  Style-branches  flattened  above,  truncate. 
Achenes  elongated-oblong,  terete,  sometimes  narrowed  at  apex  but 
not  beaked.  Pappus  of  many  capillary  scabrous  bristles. 

1.  P.  microcephala  (DC.)  Gray,  PL  Wright,  i.  127  (1852). 
Acourtia  microcephala  DC.,  Prodr.  vii.  66  (1838). 

Somewhat  stout,  commonly  1  m.  or  more  high,  leafy :  herbage 
scabrous-puberulent  and  minutely  glandular :  leaves  thin,  1  to  2 
dm.  long  by  3  to  8  cm.  broad,  oblong,  mostly  acute,  sessile  by  a 
broad  or  clasping  base,  finely  and  closely  denticulate :  heads  num- 
erous, in  terminal  cymose  panicles,  10  to  15-flowered:  involucre 

7  to  9  mm.  high;  bracts  oblong,  abruptly  acuminate  or  mucro- 
nate:  corollas  rose-color  or  whitish  or  pure  white,  bilabiate,  the 
outer  lip  broad  and  3-toothed,  inner  2-lobed :  pappus  white,  soft. 

Rather  common  in  the  chaparral  belt  of  the  Upper  Sonoran 
Zone  from  Santa  Rosa  Island  (Brandegee)  and  San  Luis  Obispo 
Co.  (Templeton,  Alfred  Carling)  to  western  San  Diego  Co. 

102.  TRIXIS  P.  Browne. 

Ours  a  low  desert  shrub  with  medium-sized  heads  and  yellow 
flowers.  Involucre  little  if  at  all  imbricated;  the  proper  bracts 

8  to  12,  equal  and  in  a  single  series,  or  in  two  unequal  series. 
Receptacle  mostly  pilose.     Style-branches  flattened  above,  trun- 
cate.    Achenes  slender,  tapering  to  the  summit  or  beaked,  5-cos- 
tate.     Pappus  soft,  copious. 

1.  T.  angustifolia  latiuscula  Gray,  Syn.   Fl.    i.    pt.   2,   410 

(1884).     T.  suffruticosa  Wats.,  Bot.  Calif,  ii.  459  (1880). 

An  erect  bushy  shrub  about  6  dm.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  heads : 
herbage  minutely  glandular-puberulent,  perhaps  sometimes  glab- 
rate,  said  to  be  strongly  scented  with  the  odor  of  wormwood: 
leaves  lanceolate,  narrow  at  base,  acute,  entire  or  sparingly  den- 
ticulate, usually  2  to  4  cm.  long  by  8  to  12  mm.  broad:  heads 


246          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VoL-  3 

cymose  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  short  branchlets,  leafy-bracted : 
proper  involucre  about  15  mm.  high,  shorter  than  the  flowers  and 
pappus ;  bracts  about  10,  linear,  acute,  traversed  by  a  strong  mid- 
rib which  becomes  thickened  at  base :  flowers  bright  yellow,  bila- 
biate, outer  lip  of  the  marginal  ones  6  mm.  long:  achenes  gland- 
ular. 

In  stony  or  gravelly  soil  of  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  from  the 
Colorado  Desert  to  Arizona  and  Mexico :  West,  Andreas,  and 
Palm  Canons,  all  near  Palm  Springs ;  Whitewater ;  Chuckawalla 
Wash ;  San  Felipe ;  Mountain  Spring  Grade ;  etc. 


TRIBE  12.     CICHORIEAE.    CHICORY  TRIBE. 
103.  CICHORIUM  L. 

Erect  herbs,  the  leaves  mostly  near  the  base,  those  of  the  stiff 
branching  stem  reduced  and  bract-like.  Receptacle  without 
bracts.  Bracts  of  the  oblong  involucre  herbaceous,  in  2  series; 
the  outer  somewhat  spreading;  the  inner  erect,  the  lower  part 
half -enfolding  the  marginal  achenes.  Achenes  5-angled,  trun- 
cate, beakless.  Pappus  of  1  to  3  series  of  short  blunt  paleae. 

1.  C.  Intybus  L.,  Sp.  PL  813  (1753).     CHICORY. 

Stem  erect  from  a  deep  taproot,  6  to  12  dm.  high:  herbage 
more  or  less  hispid :  radical  leaves  runcinate-pinnatifid,  spatulate 
in  outline,  narrowed  to  a  petiole,  6  to  12  cm.  or  more  long ;  upper 
leaves  much  smaller,  lanceolate,  with  clasping  base:  heads  in 
sessile  clusters  along  the  nearly  naked  branches :  flowers  blue  or 
rarely  white. 

A  native  of  the  Old  World,  adventive  at  San  Diego,  at  Ber- 
nardino, ace.  to  Parish,  near  Los  Angeles,  ace.  to  Abrams,  and  to 
be  expected  elsewhere  as  a  garden  escape. 

104.  ATRICHOSERIS  Gray. 

Glabrous  desert  annual  with  broad  basal  leaves  and  a  tall 
solitary  scape,  cymosely  branched  above.  Involucre  of  about  15 
equal  linear  acute  bracts  and  several  small  outer  ones.  Recep- 
tacle scrobiculate.  Achenes  oblong  with  corky-thickened  peri- 
carp. Pappus  none. 


!S07]  Hall. — Compositor  of  Southern  California.  247 

1.  A.  platyphylla  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  410  (1884).  Mala- 
cnthrix  platyphylla  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  214  (1874).  TO- 
BACCO-WEED. 

Scape  commonly  3  to  8  dm.  high,  obscurely  striate,  white  and 
shining,  ending  above  in  a  diffuse  cymose  panicle :  radical  leaves 
obovate,  obtuse,  sessile,  5  to  10  cm.  long,  2.5  to  4  cm.  broad,  spin- 
ulose-denticulate ;  cauline  leaves  reduced  to  minute  scale-like 
bracts  of  the  inflorescence :  involucre  6  mm.  high ;  its  bracts  with 
scarious  margins:  ligules  about  1  cm.  long,  quadrate  or  oblong, 
sharply  5-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex,  white :  achenes  white,  4 
mm.  long,  somewhat  pubescent,  the  truncate  apex  with  no  trace 
of  a  border ;  ribs  corky-thickened  at  maturity,  5  of  them  usually 
more  so  than  the  others,  rendering  the  achene  obtusely  5-angled. 

A  winter  and  spring  annual,  its  period  of  flowering  depend- 
ing upon  the  rains,  confined  to  gravelly  mesas  and  washes  in  the 
Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Desert  Area.  Quite  common  on  the 
Colorado  Desert,  from  Mecca  east,  and  on  the  southern  Mohave 
Desert,  from  the  Ord  Mts.  east,  Hall,  nos.  5834,  5854,  6033,  6084; 
6126,  6246,  6814 ;  Funeral  and  Grapevine  Mts.,  Inyo  Co.,  Coville 
&  Funston,  nos.  576,  975 ;  east  to  Arizona  and  Utah. 

105.  MICROSERIS  Don. 

Herbaceous  plants,  mostly  acaulescent  or  short-stemmed, 
glabrous  or  slightly  puberulent.  Leaves  chiefly  in  a  basal  tuft, 
pinnatifid  with  mostly  linear  and  often  falcate  lobes,  or  entire 
in  the  same  species.  Peduncles  one-headed.  Main  bracts  of  the 
involucre  nearly  equal  but  with  short  outer  ones  at  base  or  un- 
equal and  loosely  imbricated.  Ligules  short,  yellow,  inconspic- 
uous in  dried  specimens.  Achenes  slender-fusiform,  or  turbin- 
ate,  or  cylindric,  ribbed,  mostly  truncate.  Pappus-paleae  5  to  10. 
each  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  scabrous  or  short-plumose  awn. 

Our  first  three  species  fall  into  the  section  Eumicroseris  ( Calais 
§  Eucalais  DC.)  ;  the  fourth  and  fifth  into  the  section  Uropappus 
( Calais  §  Calocalais  DC.)  ;  the  last  into  the  section  Scorzonella. 
These  sections  are  treated  by  some  authors  as  distinct  genera,  but 
they  are  very  similar  in  general  appearance  and  it  is  difficult  to 
find  constant  technical  characters  of  importance  on  which  to 


248          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

separate  them.  Uropappus  is  distinguished  from  Eumicroseris 
by  its  erect  heads  on  more  or  less  swollen  peduncles  and  by  its 
pappus-paleae  being  cleft  at  the  tip.  Scorzonella  has  the  nodding 
heads  (in  anthesis)  of  Eumicroseris  and  paleae  either  entire,  as 
in  that  section,  or  cleft,  as  in  Uropappus,  but  is  best  marked  by 
its  enduring  root,  imbricated  involucre,  and  long  ligules.  The 
achenes  have  swollen  tubercle-like  bases  only  in  Eumicroseris. 
The  pappus-paleae  are  usually  5  in  Eumicroseris,  but  10  in  its 
type  species ;  always  5  in  Uropappus ;  usually  10  but  occasionally 

5  in  Scorzonella. 

A.— Annuals:  pappus-paleae  mostly  short,  abruptly  or  gradually  passing 
into  a  slender  awn:  heads  nodding  in  the  bud;  peduncles  not  en- 
larged at  summit.  (§  Eumicroseris.) 

Paleae  reduced  to  a  triangular  base  or  obsolete 1.  M.  elegans. 

Paleae  conspicuous,  2  mm.  or  more  long. 

Awns  longer  than  the  paleae 2.  M.  Douglasii 

Awns  much  shorter  than  the  ovate  paleae 3.  M.  platycarpha. 

B.— Annuals:  pappus-paleae  elongated,  flat,  cleft  at  tip;  the  awn  pro- 
ceeding from  the  cleft:  heads  erect  and  peduncles  enlarged  at 
summit.  (§  Uropappus.) 

Achenes  attenuate  to  a  beak:  pappus  clear  white  or  brownish 

4.  M.  linearifolia. 

Achenes  truncate:  pappus  dull  brown  or  sordid 5.  M.  Lindleyi. 

C.— Perennial  with  fusiform  taproot.    (§  Scorzonella.) 

Involucre  imbricated:  ligules  elongated:  pappus-paleae  10. ...6.  M.  montana. 

1.  M.  elegans  Greene,  in  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  419  (1884). 

Scape  slender,  often  decumbent  at  base,  a  few  cm.  to  1  or  even 
3  dm.  high :  leaves  variable :  involucre  6  to  8  mm.  high :  achenes  2 
to  2.5  mm.  long,  gradually  tapering  from  the  broad  truncate  sum- 
mit to  the  base:  pappus  brown  or  rufescent;  the  paleae  ovate- 
deltoid,  1  mm.  or  less  long ;  the  slender  awn  about  4  mm.  long. 

San  Diego,  Brandegee,  distr.  Baker,  PL  Pacif.  Coast,  Sperm. 

6  Ferns,  no.  820  (indicated  by  Dr.  Greene  as  a  new  species)  ; 
Santa  Monica,  1891,  Hasse  (in  Hb.  Davidson,  labeled  M.  aphan- 
tocarpha  tenella,  but  certainly  M.  elegans)  ;  Santa  Cruz  Island. 
Apr.,  1888,  Brandegee;  San  Miguel  Island,  1903,  Beck;  middle 
California. 


1907]  Hall—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  249 

2.  M.  Douglasii  (DC.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  209  (1874). 
Calais  Douglasii  DC.,  Prodr.  vii.  85    (1838).      C.    cyclocarpha 
Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Kept.  iv.  113,  t.  18  (1857).     Microseris  proxima 
Greene,  Pitt.  v.  8  (1902). 

Scape  usually  1.5  to  4  dm.  high :  leaves  in  the  rosulate  radical 
cluster  many,  pinnatifid:  involucres  broadly  ovoid,  or  in  age 
hemispheric,  1  to  1.5  cm.  high :  achenes  oblong-turbinate,  thickish. 
contracted  under  the  summit,  about  5  mm.  long,  the  outermost 
usually  white-villous :  paleae  of  the  pappus  glabrous,  or  villous 
externally,  ovate  to  orbicular,  the  margins  incurved,  3  or  4  mm. 
long,  imbricated  or  convolutely  overlapping,  abruptly  contracted 
into  awns  of  about  twice  their  length. 

A  species  chiefly  of  western  middle  California  but  collected  in 
meadows  at  Elizabeth  Lake,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  by  Parish,  no.  1902. 
and  also  reported  from  this  locality  by  Davidson ;  Bimini  Baths, 
near  Los  Angeles,  Miss  Eastwood,  no.  93 ;  north  slope  of  the  Santa 
Monica  Mts.,  ace.  to  Abrams  (under  M.  cyclocarpha)  ;  Santa  Inez 
Mts.,  Brandegee.  It  belongs  to  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone. 

3.  M.  platycarpha  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  210   (1874). 
Calais  platycarpha  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Kept.  iv.  113  (1857).     Micro- 
series  breviseta  Greene,  Pitt.  v.  8  (1902). 

Scapose  peduncles  2  dm.  or  less  high,  several  to  numerous 
from  the  dense  rosette  of  oblong  entire  or  pinnatifid  radical 
leaves:  involucre  about  1  cm.  high,  subcylindric  when  young,  be- 
coming obovoid  or  broadly  turbinate  as  the  achenes  mature;  its 
outer  bracts  minute,  ovate ;  principal  bracts  oblong,  merely  acute : 
achenes  4  or  5  mm.  long,  more  or  less  narrowed  at  base,  scabrous 
on  the  prominent  ribs  and  sometimes  also  pubescent  or  even  vil- 
lous, especially  the  outer:  pappus-paleae  dull  white  to  smoky  or 
almost  black,  more  or  less  pubescent,  broadly  ovate,  with  incurved 
margins,  convolutely  overlapping,  about  as  long  as  the  achene,  the 
awn  much  shorter. 

Abundant  on  the  mesas  of  western  San  Diego  Co.  and  north- 
ern Lower  California  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone. 

Var.  Parishii  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  M.  Parishii  Greene, 
Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  46  (1886).  Achenes  slender:  pappus-paleae 
lanceolate,  6  mm.  long,  attenuate  into  an  awn  2  to  4  mm.  long. — 
With  the  species.  In  the  type  of  the  variety  (Parish,  no.  955, 


250          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

preserved  at  the  Herbarium  of  the  California  Academy)  the 
achenes  are  narrowed  at  the  base  and  some  of  the  pappus-paleae 
are  brown,  others  smoky,  at  least  those  of  the  outer  achenes  con- 
spicuously scabrous. 

The  variations  in  pappus  and  in  achenial  characters — color, 
shape,  pubescence,  relative  length  of  parts — are  so  numerous  that 
any  attempt  to  characterize  and  name  the  different  forms  of  this 
species  would,  if  logically  carried  out,  result  practically  in  the 
naming  of  individual  specimens.  A  number  of  forms  now  at 
hand  are  fully  as  distinct  as  many  of  those  recently  segregated 
as  species  and  the  number  could  undoubtedly  be  greatly  extended 
by  careful  collection  in  western  San  Diego  County. 

4.  M.  linearifolia  (DC.)  Schultz  Bip.,  Pollichia  xii.-xxiv.  308 
(1866)  ;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  211  (1874).  Calais  lineari- 
folia DC.,  Prodr.  vii.  85  (1838).  Uropappus  linearifolius  Nutt., 
Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  425  (1841).  Calais  macro- 
chaeta  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  112  (1849).  Microseris  macrochaeta 
Schultz  Bip.,  I.e.  309;  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  211  (1874). 
M.  anomala  Wats.,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xxii.  475  (1887),  and  xxiv 
84  (1889). 

Plant  1  to  4  or  even  6  dm.  high :  stems  or  peduncles  often  sev- 
eral from  the  base,  erect,  the  peduncle  in  robust  plants  thickened 
or  fistulous  under  the  oblong  head:  leaves  linear  (8  to  15  cm. 
long,  1  to  5  mm.  wide)  and  with  2  or  3  to  several  pairs  of  more 
or  less  remote  salient  lobes  or  entire:  achenes  attenuate  above 
into  a  beak,  usually  black :  pappus  deciduous,  from  silvery  white 
to  sordid,  12  to  15  mm.  long,  including  the  very  delicate  awn,  this 
about  one-half  the  length  of  the  deeply  notched  palea. 

Common  throughout  Southern  California  except  on  the  higher 
mountains ;  north  to  British  Columbia  and  east  to  New  Mexico ; 
ranging  from  the  Lower  Sonoran  well  into  the  Transition  Zone. 

Mr.  T.  S.  Brandegee62  has  pointed  out  that  in  this  and  related 
species  the  awns  of  the  pappus  develope  much  earlier  than  the 
paleae,  attaining  their  full  length  by  the  time  the  flower  opens ; 
while  the  paleae,  then  many  times  shorter,  increase  in  length  un- 
til the  seed  is  mature,  at  which  time  they  equal  or  exceed  the 


62Zoe  i.  126  (1890). 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  251 

awns.  Since  M.  machrochaeta,  as  originally  described,  differs 
from  M.  lineari folia  only  in  its  shorter  paleae,  it  is  thus  seen  to 
be  but  the  immature  state  of  this  species. 

5.  M.  Lindleyi  (DC.)  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  210  (1874). 
Calais  Lindleyi DC.,  Prodr.  vii.  58  (1838).  Uropappus  Lindleyi^ 
Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  425  (1841).  Calais 
Parryi  Gray,  Pacif.  R.  Rept.  iv.  112  (1857).  Microseris  Parryi 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  209  (1874).  Calais  pluriseta  Greene, 
Pitt.  i.  30  (1887)(f). 

Stem  short  or  scarcely  any,  but  the  stout  naked  scapes  or 
scape-like  peduncles  usually  2  to  5  dm.  high,  scarcely  thickened 
under  the  head:  herbage  glabrous,  or  furfuraceous-puberulent 
when  young :  leaves  as  in  M .  lineari  folia,  but  rather  broader : 
achenes  commonly  reddish-brown  to  gray,  slightly  narrowed  to- 
ward the  truncate  summit:  pappus  dull  brown  or  sordid,  per- 
sistent, at  maturity  12  to  15  or  18  mm.  long  including  the  awn. 
this  arising  from  a  shallow  notch  and  but  little  shorter  than  the 
mature  palea. 

On  the  plains  and  in  the  foothills  ranging  into  the  Transition 
Zone,  from  middle  California  to  San  Diego  and  on  the  islands; 
not  so  common  as  M.  linearifolia  and  not  reported  from  the  Desert 
Area. 

M.  Parryi  was  based  on  immature  specimens  in  which  the 
paleae  are  exceeded  by  the  awns  and,  as  suggested  by  Mr.  T.  S. 
Brandegee,03  is  probably  only  an  early  stage  of  M.  Lindleyi.  In 
the  absence  of  specific  characters  on  which  to  separate  it,  this 
species  may  well  be  suppressed,  as  is  likewise  the  case  of  a  number 
of  others  in  this  genus  which  would  never  have  received  names  if 
their  characterization  had  been  deferred  until  complete  and  ma- 
ture specimens  were  at  hand. 

Var.  Cleveland!  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Calais  Clevelandi 
Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  153  (1886).  C.  Parryi  Greene,  1.  c. 
49 ;  not  Microseris  Parryi  Gray.  Uropappus  Clevelandi  Greene. 
Eryth.  1.  136  (1893).  U.  Lindleyi  Clevelandi  Jepson,  Fl.  W. 
Mid.  Calif.  494  (1901).  Scapes  slender,  not  at  all  fistulous- 
thickened:  achenes  not  narrowed  toward  the  summit:  awn  less 


i.  126  (1890). 


252          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany,    [VOL.  3 

than  half  as  long  as  the  palea. — San  Diego,  Cleveland,  ace.  to 
Greene;  plains  near  Colton,  San  Bernardino  Co.,  Parish,  no. 
2150;  vicinity  of  Riverside,  Hall,  no.  3824;  middle  California. 
Specimens  collected  at  San  Diego,  1898,  by  Purpus,  are  interme- 
diate between  M.  Lindleyi  and  var.  Clevelandi,  being  moderately 
slender  and  with  the  pappus-awns  slightly  exceeding  one-half  the 
length  of  the  palea. 

6.  M.  montana  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Scorzonella  mon- 
tana  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  53  (1886). 

Plant  stout,  often  4  or  5  dm.  high,  the  stems  somewhat  leafy 
and  usually  several  or  numerous  from  the  perpendicular  fusiform 
perennial  taproot :  leaves  elongated-lanceolate  (2  dm.  or  less  long), 
laciniate :  involucre  hemispheric,  becoming  2  cm.  high ;  its  outer 
bracts  ovate,  the  inner  oblong,  all  with  slenderly  acuminate  often 
recurved  tips :  achenes  columnar,  truncate,  8  to  10  mm.  long, 
either  glabrous  or  minutely  scabrous  on  the  ribs:  pappus-paleae 
10,  linear-lanceolate,  the  tips  acute  or  narrowly  truncate,  entire 
or  slightly  notched,  7  mm.  long,  about  equalled  by  the  rigidly 
short-plumose  awn. 

Moist  places  in  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone,  not  common :  Te- 
hachapi,  Jun.,  1884,  and  May,  1905,  Mrs.  Brandegee;  hillsides 
at  Elizabeth  Lake,  Jun.,  1887,  Parish;  Crane  Lake,  Antelope 
Valley,  May  6,  1895,  Davidson;  grown  at  Berkeley  from  seed 
gathered  in  Kern  Co.,  by  N.  C.  Wilson.  The  type  specimens  are 
among  those  saved  from  the  San  Francisco  fire  by  Miss  Eastwood. 

106.  RHAGADIOLUS  Tourn. 

Herbaceous  annuals  branching  from  the  base,  with  either 
glabrous  or  hispidulous  herbage.  Basal  leaves  coarsely  dentate 
or  pinnatifid,  the  cauline  often  entire.  Involucre  of  1  series  of 
equal  narrow  bracts  which  in  age  become  indurated  and  concave 
enfolding  the  marginal  achenes,  and  often  an  additional  outer 
series  of  short  linear  bracts.  Ligules  short,  yellow.  Achenes 
narrow,  terete  or  the  outer  subcompressed,  5  to  10-costate,  the 
summit  truncate  to  attenuate  or  beaked,  the  outer  ones  incurved, 
the  inner  ones  straight.  Pappus  of  marginal  achenes  a  single 
series  of  short  denticulate  paleae;  of  central  achenes  a  similar 


!907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  253 

series  of  paleae  alternating  with  stout  bristles  which  are  palea- 
ceous-dilated at  base. 

1.  R.  Hedypnois  AIL,  Fl.  Pedem.  i.  226  (1785)  ;  not  E.  He- 
dypnois F.  &  M.,  Ind.  Sem.  Hort.  Petrop.  iv.  46  (1835-46). 
Hedypnois  polymorpha  DC.,  Prodr.  vii.  81  (1838).  H.  Creticq 
Cav.,  Ic.  i.  t.  43 ;  not  Willd.  Garkadiolus  Hedypnois  Jaub.  & 
Spach,  Illustr.  iii.  120  (1842-57). 

Coarse  herb,  .5  to  2  dm.  or  more  high,  with  several  to  numer- 
ous widely  spreading  branches:  herbage  green,  short-hispid: 
lower  leaves  oblanceolate,  sessile,  3  to  6  cm.  long,  coarsely  toothed ; 
cauline  leaves  few,  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute,  mostly  entire: 
heads  solitary,  on  long  peduncles  which  are  more  or  less  thick- 
ened above:  involucre  8  or  10  mm.  high:  principal  bracts  10  to 
15,  becoming  firm  and  linear  in  age,  then  incurved  and  embracing 
the  marginal  achenes :  achenes  terete,  truncate,  hispidulous  on  the 
nerves. 

San  Diego  (near  the  Ostrich  farm),  Jun.,  1906,  Mrs.  Bran- 
degee;  Mariposa  Co.,  May,  1895,  Congdon;  Sonoma  Co.,  Apr.. 
1900,  ace.  to  Miss  Eastwood,  who  states  that  the  plants  are  some- 
times 6  to  9  dm.  high;64  Texas,  ace.  to  Watson.65  Introduced 
from  the  Mediterranean  Region. 

107.  ANISOCOMA  Gray. 

Scapes  several  from  a  strong  taproot,  each  bearing  a  single 
rather  large  yellow-flowered  head.  Leaves  all  in  a  basal  tuft. 
Involucre  cylindric,  the  inner  bracts  linear  and  acute,  the  outer 
successively  shorter  and  very  obtuse,  the  outermost  reduced  to 
orbicular  scales,  all  with  green  midrib  and  brd£d  scarious  mar- 
gins. Receptacle  flat,  its  scarious  bracts  linear.  Achenes  oblong 
or  somewhat  turbinate,  truncate,  crowned  with  a  narrow  entire 
border,  10  to  15-nerved,  pubescent.  Pappus  bright  white,  of  10 
to  12  plumose  bristles  in  two  series  (the  outer  sometimes  naked). 

1.  A.  acaulis  Gray,  Bost.  Journ.  Nat.  Hist.  v.  Ill  (1845). 
Pterostephanus  runcinatus  KelL,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  iii.  20,  f.  4 
(1863). 


64Zoe  v.   34    (1900). 

65  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xviii.  110  (1883). 


254          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

Herbage  glabrous  except  for  the  more  or  less  persistent  to- 
raentum  of  the  foliage :  peduncles  3  dm.  or  less  long,  either  erect 
or  decumbent  and  radiating  from  the  tuft  of  pinnately  lobed 
radical  leaves :  involucre  2  or  3  cm.  high  when  fully  mature ;  its 
bracts  inclined  to  be  edged  with  red  toward  their  tips  and  the 
exposed  portion  spotted  with  reddish  dots. 

In  dry  sandy  soil  of  the  Desert  Area  and  the  surrounding 
ranges  from  San  Jacinto  Mt,  Rock  Creek,  and  Mt.  Pinos  north ; 
also  as  a  waif  at  San  Bernardino,  Parish,  Although  most  com- 
mon in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone,  this  species  ranges  well  up  into 
the  Transition,  reaching  an  altitude  of  2450  m.  on  warm  south 
slopes  in  the  San  Antonio  Mts. 


108.  HYPOCHOERIS  L. 

Stems  naked,  commonly  branched  and  bearing  several  long- 
peduncled  heads.  Leaves  in  a  radical  cluster  or  rosette.  Flowers 
yellow.  Involucre  campanulate  or  cylindric,  its  bracts  rather 
few,  lanceolate,  imbricated,  appressed,  the  outer  ones  successively 
shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  its  scarious  chaffy  bracts  thin  and  nar- 
row. Achenes  upwardly  scabrous,  the  body  10-ribbed,  narrowly 
oblong  or  fusiform,  tapering  upward  into  a  slender  beak,  or  the 
outermost  truncate.  Some  of  the  outer  pappus-bristles  often 
short  and  not  at  all  plumose. 

Herbage  pubescent:  achenes  all  beaked 1.  H.  radicata. 

Herbage  glabrous:  outermost  achenes  truncate,  inner  ones  beaked 

2.  H.  gldbra. 

1.  H.  radicata  L.,  Sp.  PI.  810  (1753).    GOSMORE. 

Stems  5  to  20  dm.  high,  several  from  a  fleshy  perennial  root, 
usually  branching  and  bearing  several  peduncled  heads :  leaves 
hispid  with  spreading  hairs,  pinnatifid  below  the  large  terminal 
lobe  into  oblong  obtuse  lobes:  rays  longer  than  the  involucre, 
which  is  disposed  to  twist  slightly  after  anthesis:  achenes  all 
beaked. 

Reported  by  McClatchie  as  being  introduced  at  Pasadena ; 
streets  of  Redlands,  Jun.,  1907,  Greata. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  255 

2.  H.  glabra  L.,  Sp.  PL  810  (1753). 

Scapes  several,  erect  from  a  straight  annual  taproot,  1  to  5 
dm.  high :  herbage  glabrous :  leaves  broadest  above,  denticulate  to 
broadly  toothed  or  saliently  lobed:  ligules  scarcely  longer  than 
the  involucre:  outermost  achenes  truncate  at  summit,  the  others 
all  beaked. 

A  naturalized  weed :  Pasadena,  Grant;  abundant  on  low  hills 
back  of  Santa  Barbara,  1907,  Hall,  no.  7738;  sandhills  near 
Santa  Maria,  1906,  Miss  Eastwood,  no.  366;  Paso  Robles,  Cobb; 
Santa  Cruz  Island,  ace.  to  Greene66 ;  and  northward. 

109.  STEPHANOMERIA  Nutt. 

Tall  and  rather  slender  herbs,  the  stems  either  strict  or  panic- 
rJately  branched.  Upper  leaves  reduced  to  herbaceous  bracts. 
Heads  small,  3  to  20-flowered.  Flowers  pink  or  flesh-color,  open 
in  the  early  morning,  the  ligules  all  equal.  Involucre  cylindric 
or  rarely  campanulate.  Eeceptacle  flat.  Achenes  oblong,  short- 
linear  or  somewhat  turbinate,  strongly  angled,  glabrous,  often 
rugose,  truncate  at  each  end,  the  broad  base  hollowed  at  the 
insertion.  Pappus-bristles  white  or  sordid,  more  or  less  plumose. 

Eeceptacle  deeply  pitted,   hirsute:     involucre    imbricated:     root    perennial: 

young  herbage  woolly 1.  S.  cichoriacea. 

Eeceptacle  naked:   involucre  not  imbricated  but  calyculate     at     base     with 

minute  bracts,  rarely  one  or  two  intermediate  bracts. 
Involucre    10   to   14-flowered,    12    mm.    or    more    high:     perennial    with 

sharply  lobed  upper  leaves  2.  S.  Parryi. 

Involucre  3  to  6  (or  9) -flowered,  less  than  12  mm.  high. 
Perennials. 

Stems  herbaceous,  erect  and  very  slender 3.  S.  tenuifolia. 

Stems  woody  below,  spreading  and  nearly  leafless  above. 

Branches  rigid,  mostly  divaricate 4.  S.  runcinata. 

Branches  very  slender,  flexuous,  ascending 5.  S.  myrioclada. 

Annuals  and  biennials. 

Pappus  plumose  almost  throughout,  the  base  scarcely  thickened. 

Herbage  glabrous 6.  S.  virgata. 

Herbage  white-tomentose  when  young 7.  S.  tomentosa. 

Pappus  plumose  only  above;  the  naked  base  thickened  or  pal- 
eaceous, often  toothed  or  giving  off  short  secondary 
bristles 8.  S.  exigua. 


66  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  405  (1887). 


256          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany,     [VOL.  3 

1.  S.  cichoriacea  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  552  (1865).    Pti- 
loria  cickoriacea  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  133  (1890). 

Root  strong  and  woody,  perennial :  stems  virgate,  erect,  stout, 
the  whole  plant  4  to  12  dm.  high:  herbage  woolly  when  young, 
sometimes  densely  so,  but  early  glabrate :  leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, acute,  narrowed  to  the  sessile  base,  remotely  and  saliently 
toothed  or  some  quite  entire,  the  largest  2  dm.  or  more  long  and 
1  to  3  cm.  wide:  heads  on  short  scaly-bracteate  peduncles  along 
the  stems,  about  12-flowered:  involucre  12  to  15  mm.  high;  the 
outer  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series:  receptacle  with  hirsute 
alveoli:  achenes  smooth,  faintly  5-angled:  pappus  sordid,  the 
1L'  to  20  bristles  plumose  for  their  whole  length. 

Rocky  slopes  and  canons  in  the  foothills  (Upper  Sonoran 
Zone)  from  Tejon  Pass  and  the  Santa  Barbara  Islands  to  the 
San  Gabriel  and  San  Bernardino  Mts. 

2.  S.  Parryi  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  61  (1883).    Ptiloria 
Parryi  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iv.  144  (1893). 

Plant  6  dm.  or  less  high,  from  a  perennial  root :  stem  widely 
branched  throughout :  leaves  thickish,  runcinate-pinnatifid ;  those 
near  the  heads  small,  somewhat  spinulose-lobed :  involucre  10  to 
14-flowered :  achenes  smooth  and  even,  with  slender  ribs :  pappus- 
bristles  thickened,  often  united  in  twos  or  threes  at  the  naked 
base,  sordid. 

A  species  of  the  Mohave  Desert  (Lower  Sonoran  Zone),  and 
eastward  to  Utah:  Alpine,  Los  Angeles  Co.,  Parish,  no.  1961; 
Rock  Creek,  ace.  to  Davidson ;  Mohave,  Mrs.  Curran;  near  Victor- 
ville,  Hall,  no.  6207 ;  Rabbit  Springs,  Parish,  no.  1835 ;  Panamint 
Mts.,  Coville  &  Funston,  no.  755 ;  Owens  Valley,  Hall  &  Chandler. 
no.  7294. 

3.  S.  tenuifolia  (Torr.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Prenanthesf  tenui- 
folia  Torr.,  Ann.  Lye.  N.  Y.  ii.  210  (1828).     Ptiloria  tenuifolia 
Raf.,  Atl.  Journ.  145  (1832).    Lygodesmia  minor  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor. 
Am.  i.  295,  t.   103  f.  A   (1833).     Stephanomeria  minor  Nutt.. 
Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  427  (1841). 

Stems  herbaceous,  from  a  perennial  root,  erect,  with  numerous 
ascending  slender  branches,  the  whole  plant  1  to  5  dm.  high :  her- 
bage pale,  glabrous:  leaves  commonly  erect,  slender  and  almost 
grass-like,  even  the  rameal  mostly  2  to  5  cm.  long;  the  early 


1907]  Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  257 

lower  ones  more  or  less  runcinate :  heads  terminal :  involucre  8  to 
10  mm.  high,  usually  of  5  principal  bracts  and  5-flowered: 
achenes  striate :  pappus-bristles  15  to  25,  white  or  sordid,  plumose 
throughout. 

A  species  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mts.  and  northward :  reported 
from  the  mouth  of  Mill  Creek  Canon,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  by 
Parish,  no.  4577;  not  seen  by  me. 

4.  S.  runcinata  Nu-tt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  427 
(1841). 

Stems  woody  at  base,  rigidly  and  intricately  much  branched, 
the  nearly  leafless  branches  divaricate  or  slightly  ascending, 
forming  rounded  bushy  plants  4  to  6  dm.  high:  herbage  pale, 
glabrous :  lower  leaves  runcinate ;  upper  leaves  linear-subulate. 
5  cm.  or  less  long,  many  reduced  to  scales :  heads  solitary,  on  short 
peduncles  scattered  along  the  branches  or  terminating  short 
geniculate  branchlets :  involucre  8  to  10  mm.  high,  commonly  of  5 
principal  bracts  and  as  many  or  more  short  calyculate  ones: 
flowers  3  to  5 :  achenes  narrowly  oblong,  striate :  pappus-bristles 
12  to  25,  sordid,  plumose  to  near  the  base. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the  Mohave  and  Colorado  deserts  from 
Antelope  Valley,  Palm  Springs,  and  San  Felipe  east  and  north ; 
also  in  Lower  California;  nowhere  abundant.  Nuttall's  speci- 
men came  from  "Big  Sandy  Creek,  a  rivulet  of  the  Colorado." 
Rafinesque's  Ptiloria  pauciflora,  of  the  Great  Plains  and  Rocky 
Mts.,  is  probably  a  different  species. 

Mr.  L.  H.  Henderson67  has  referred  specimens  from  White- 
water, San  Bernardino  Co.,  Parish,  no.  3228,  as  represented  in 
the  Gray  Herbarium,  to  S.  lygodesmoides  M.  E.  Jones.  The  speci- 
men in  Herb.  Parish  under  this  number  is  easily  referable  to 
S.  runcinata  and  differs  from  the  description  of  S.  lygodesmoides 
in  its  divaricate  branches,  in  the  involucre  (8  mm.  high)  of  5 
principal  bracts,  and  in  the  pappus,  which  is  plumose  two-thirds 
the  way  down. 

PTILORIA  DIVARICATA  Greene,  Eryth.  i.  224  (1893)  is  doubt- 
fully distinct  from  8.  runcinata.  In  plants  grown  at  Berkeley 
from  seed  gathered  by  N.  C.  Wilson,  presumably  with  the  type 


67  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxvii.  349   (1900). 


258          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

specimens,  near  Caliente,  Kern  Co.,  the  pappus-bristles  are  dis- 
tinct to  the  base. 

5.  S.  myrioclada  Eat.,  Bot.  King  Exped.  198,  t.  20,  figs.  1  to 
4  (1871). 

Branches  ascending,  very  slender:  rameal  leaves  all  reduced 
to  scales  1  cm.  or  less  long :  heads  sometimes  only  3  or  4-flowered 
and  involucral  bracts  reduced  to  3  or  4:  otherwise  as  in  8.  run- 
cinata,  of  which  it  is  probably  only  a  form. 

Piute  Creek,  eastern  San  Bernardino  Co.  or  western  Nevada. 
Jun.  5,  1893,  N.  C.  Wilson;  Yosemite  Valley,  1893,  /.  B.  Lem- 
bert;  first  collected  in  Nevada  by  Watson,  ace.  to  Eaton. 

6.  S.  virgata  Benth.,  Bot.  Sulph.  32  (1844).    Ptiloria  virgata 
Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  130  (1890). 

Stems  rigid,  virgate  or  with  usually  virgate  branches,  some- 
times widely  and  paniculately  branched,  3  to  20  or  even  40  dm. 
high:  herbage  usually  glabrous:  lower  leaves  oblong  or  spatu- 
kte,  often  sinuate  or  pinnatifid;  upper  leaves  linear,  small  and 
entire :  heads  subsessile  along  the  naked  branches,  mostly  4  to 
16-flowered :  involucre  7  mm.  high :  ligules  reddish-purple  on  the 
back,  lighter  on  the  upper  surface,  sometimes  clear  white :  achenes 
svibclavate  or  oblong,  longitudinally  ribbed,  the  intervening  spaces 
more  or  less  rugose  and  traversed  by  a  deep  narrow  groove : 
pappus  clear  white,  plumose  almost  throughout,  fragile  but  the 
base  commonly  persistent. 

On  the  plains  and  in  the  foothills,  very  common  throughout 
the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone  in  Southern  California,  including  the 
islands;  north  to  Oregon,  east  to  Utah.  Jul.-Sept.  This  species 
attains  its  greatest  development  at  San  Diego,  where  there  is  also 
a  puberulent  form.  Here  the  flowers  are  commonly  14  to  16,  not 
rarely  20  to  22  in  a  head. 

Var.  pleurocarpa  (Greene)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Ptiloria  pleuro- 
carpa  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  131  (1890).  Achenes  light-colored,  the 
spaces  between  the  ribs  either  plane  or  rugose  but  not  grooved: 
pappus  deciduous. — With  the  species  on  Mt.  San  Jacinto,  at 
Riverside,  Pomona,  Cucamonga,  Santa  Monica,  and  north.  In 
some  plants,  otherwise  typical  S.  virgata,  the  pappus  is  decid- 
uous ;  on  others  both  light  and  dark-colored  achenes  may  be  found. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  259 

Hence  only  one  constant  character  remains  to  separate  the  va- 
riety from  8.  virgata  and  even  this — the  absence  of  the  intercostal 
groove — is  apparently  somewhat  variable. 

7.  S.  tomentosa  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  152   (1886). 
Ptiloria  tomentosa  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  131  (1890). 

Stout,  erect,  7  dm.  or  more  high,  from  an  annual  or  biennial 
( ? )  root :  stem  simple  below,  paniculately  branched  above :  her- 
bage white-tomentose  when  young,  glabrate  at  least  above :  leaves 
spatulate  or  lanceolate,  sinuate-dentate  or  the  lower  runcinate- 
pinnatifid,  7  cm.  and  less  long :  heads  subsessile  along  the  virgate 
branches,  "  5  to  8-fl owered ' ' :  involucre  6  mm.  high ;  its  principal 
bracts  equal,  the  outer  calyculate  ones  minute :  achenes  5-angled. 
rugose-tuberculate  between  the  angles :  pappus  of  numerous  white 
bristles,  plumose  to  the  base,  deciduous. 

Central  parts  of  Santa  Cruz  Island,  Jul.-Aug.,  1886,  Greene. 
who  only  has  collected  it. 

8.  S.  exigua  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  428 
(1841).    8.  coronana  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  194  (1885). 
Ptiloria  exigua  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  132  (1890). 

Plant  2  to  6  dm.  high:  stem  with  numerous  ascending  or 
spreading  branches,  glabrous  below,  often  minutely  glandular- 
pubescent  above:  lower  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  remotely  lobed, 
auriculate-clasping,  the  upper  cauline  small  and  bract-like :  heads 
scattered  or  somewhat  paniculate,  numerous :  ligules  at  first  rose- 
color,  soon  turning  sordid-yellow :  involucre  6  or  7  mm.  high,  of 
about  5  principal  bracts,  mostly  5-flowered :  ligules  5  mm.  long : 
achenes  linear-oblong,  5-angled,  with  a  double  row  of  tubercles 
between  the  angles:  principal  pappus-bristles  8  to  18,  plumose 
above,  naked  on  the  lower  third,  commonly  united  into  4  or  5 
clusters  by  their  thickened  bases  which  are  sometimes  setulose 
or  lacerate  or  some  of  the  setae  may  split  entirely  away  from  the 
central  portion  and  form  a  row  of  short  secondary  bristles. 

A  species  chiefly  of  the  Desert  Area  and  eastward  but  ex- 
tending to  Redlands  and  to  Monterey  Co.  and  reaching  the  coast 
in  San  Diego  Co.  The  form  with  a  secondary  pappus  of  short 
scabrous  bristles  formed  by  the  splitting  off  of  setae  from  the 
principal  ones  comes  from  Riverside,  Redlands,  etc.  Specimens 


260          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

from  near  Los  Angeles  also  seem  to  belong  here,  as  do  others 
from  Soledad  Canon.  8.  coronaria  is  the  form  in  which  the 
pappus-bristles  are  deciduous  above  the  paleaceous  base,  leaving 
a  crown  of  setose  scales.  The  common  form  in  southwestern  San 
Diego  Co.  is  intricately  branched,  the  twigs  very  slender,  the 
herbage  conspicuously  glandular,  and  the  pappus  that  of  the 
8  coronaria  form.  It  apparently  grades  into  typical  8.  exigua 
as  regards  all  of  these  characters. 

Var.  pentachaeta  (Eat.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  8.  pentachaeta 
Eat,  Bot.  King  Exped.  199,  t.  20,  ff.  8,  9,  10  (1871).  Ptiloria 
pentachaeta  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  133  (1890).  Stem  less  branched,  the 
branches  ascending :  herbage  pale :  pappus  of  only  5  or  sometimes 
7  bristles,  all  distinct  to  the  base  which  is  slightly  dilated  and 
commonly  with  a  few  minute  teeth,  plumose  only  on  the  upper 
half. — San  Felipe,  San  Diego  Co.,  Parish;  Pacoima,  San  Fer- 
nando Valley,  Barber,  no.  184  (with  secondary  pappus  of  short 
bristles)  ;  Watermans,  Mohave  Desert,  Mrs.  Curran;  northward 
into  Inyo  Co. ;  eastward  to  Arizona  and  Nevada.  Differs  from 
the  species  chiefly  in  the  less  plumose  pappus-bristles  and  in  the 
number  of  these,  but  this  latter  character  inconstant. 

S.  SCHOTTII  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  427  (1876),  has  been  found 
only  on  the  Gila  Kiver,  Arizona,  but  is  to  be  expected  along  our 
eastern  borders.  Similar  to  8.  exigua  but  pappus  of  5  or  6  linear- 
lanceolate  and  blunt  rigid  scales  or  scariously  margined  awns, 
naked  below  and  sparingly  barbellate-plumose  towards  the  sum- 
mit ;  achenes  minutely  scabrous  between  the  smooth  angles. 

S.  ELATA  Nutt.,  PL  Gamb.  173  (1847),  said  to  be  a  blue- 
flowered  plant  with  narrowly  linear  leaves,  a  resinous  herbage, 
and  plumose  white  pappus,  collected  long  ago  at  Santa  Barbara, 
has  not  been  since  seen. 

CHEATADELPHA  WHEELERI  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  218 
(1874)  ;  Rothrock,  in  Wheeler  Kept.  182,  t.  15  (1878).  Similar 
to  Stephanomeria,  with  which  it  is  probably  congeneric:  invo- 
lucre of  5  principal  bracts  and  some  minute  calyculate  ones,  about 
12  mm.  high :  achenes  short-linear,  5-angled,  very  smooth :  pappus 
or  5  rigid  upwardly  tapering  awns  which  bear  on  each  side  to- 
ward the  base  3  to  7  rather  shorter  and  slender  rigid  bristles. — 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  261 

Western  Nevada,  Wheeler,  and  near  Pyramid  Lake,  Nevada. 
Lemmon,  both.  ace.  to  Gray;  Wadsworth,  Nevada,  Miss  Stokes; 
Gold  Mt.,  Nevada,  Purpus,  no.  5953 ;  Candelaria,  Nevada,  Shock- 
Icy,  no.  567 ;  Eastern  Oregon,  Cusick,  no.  2019. 

110.  RAFINESQUIA  Nutt. 

Stout  and  sometimes  fistulous  glabrous  branching  annuals. 
Leaves  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Panicle  more  or  less  cymosely 
branching.  Heads  15  to  30-flowered.  Involucre  in  anthesis 
cunical-cylindraceous.  Flowers  white,  the  outer  ligules  more  or 
less  tinged  with  rose-color;  ligules  unequal.  Receptacle  flat, 
naked.  Achenes  terete,  with  a  few  obscure  ribs,  excavated  at  the 
insertion  but  with  callous  thickening.  Pappus-bristles  capillary, 
10  to  15,  long-plumose  from  the  base  to  near  the  tip. 

Pappus  dull  white:  achenes  with  very  slender  beak 1.  E.  Calif ornica. 

Pappus  bright  white :  achenes  with  very  stout  beak ....2.  R.  Neo-Mexicana. 

1.  R.  Californica  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
429  (1841).    Nemoseris  Californica  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  193  (1891). 

Robust,  branching  above,  3  to  25  dm.  high:  leaves  oblong  in 
outline,  pinnatifid  to  denticulate  or  almost  entire,  sessile  and 
auriculate-clasping  or  the  lowermost  narrowed  to  a  winged  petiole. 
15  cm.  less  or  long;  those  of  the  inflorescence  much  reduced  and 
often  spinulose-toothed  and  angular :  involucre  16  to  18  mm.  high, 
of  11  to  15  (or  even  22)  linear  or  lanceolate-acuminate  main 
bracts  with  some  loose  subulate  ones  at  base :  ligules  short,  white : 
beak  of  achene  as  long  as  the  body :  pappus  dull  white. 

Beneath  foothill  shrubs  almost  throughout  the  state;  also  re- 
ported from  Oregon  and  Arizona.  Very  common  in  the  Upper 
Sonoran  Zone ;  only  casual  in  the  Lower  Sonoran. 

2.  R.  Neo-Mexicana  Gray,  PL  Wright,  ii.  103  (1853).    Nem- 
oseris Neo-Mexicana  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  193  (1891). 

Plant  2  to  6  dm.  high ;  the  stem  rather  weak,  branching :  lower 
leaves  oblong  or  oblanceolate  in  outline,  from  toothed  to  saliently 
lobed;  the  lower  cauline  narrower  and  runcinately  parted  into 
linear  lobes;  the  uppermost  reduced  to  minute  usually  spinulose 
bracts ;  all  but  the  lowest  with  auriculate-clasping  base :  involucre 
narrow,  in  fruit  about  20  (18  to  25)  mm.  high,  of  8  to  10  main 


262          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

bracts  and  some  loose  subulate  ones  at  base :  ligules  white,  veined 
externally  with  rose-purple,  15  mm.  or  more  long:  beak  of  the 
achene  very  stout,  tapering  from  the  base :  pappus  clear  white. 

Common  among  shrubs  in  the  Lower  Sonoran  Zone  of  the 
Desert  Area:  Antelope  Valley  and  Coyote  Cafion  to  Utah,  the 
Rio  Grande,  and  Lower  California. 

111.  TRAGOPOGON  L. 

Tall  and  erect  perennial  herbs  with  slender  fleshy  taproots, 
alternate  grass-like  flaccid  leaves  clasping  at  the  base,  and  large 
heads  of  purple  or  yellow  flowers,  which  are  open  only  during 
the  morning.  Involucral  bracts  in  a  single  series,  united  at  the 
very  base.  Rays  5-toothed  at  the  truncate  apex.  Receptacle 
naked.  Achenes  muricate,  5  to  10-ribbed,  long-beaked  or  the 
outermost  beakless.  Pappus-bristles  connate  at  the  base,  plumose 
with  interwebbed  branches. 

1.  T.  porrifolius  L.,  Sp.  PL  789  (1753).  SALSIFY.  VEGE- 
TABLE OYSTER. 

Stem  simple  and  robust,  often  1  m.  or  more  high,  bearing 
at  the  summit  a  single  head  on  a  long  fistulous  peduncle :  herbage 
glaucous  and  perfectly  glabrous  except  for  a  sparse  woolly  pu- 
bescence on  the  lower  part  of  the  leaves:  longest  leaves  20  or  30 
cm.  long,  2  cm.  wide  at  base,  narrowly  long-acuminate :  involucre 
contracted  above  the  broad  base,  4  or  5  cm.  high;  bracts  all 
lanceolate-acuminate  and  keeled,  the  outer  ones  foliaceous : 
achenes  12  mm.  and  the  beak  15  to  20  mm.  long :  pappus  sordid, 
of  about  5  slender  bristles,  exceeding  the  corolla-tube,  plumose 
only  toward  the  base. 

Waste  places  around  Los  Angeles,  San  Bernardino,  etc.,  as 
an  escape  from  gardens. 

132.  MALACOTHRIX  DC. 

Chiefly  herbaceous  plants,  a  few  woody  at  base,  commonly 
with  a  radical  cluster  of  leaves,  the  stems  either  leafy  or  almost 
naked.  Heads  small  or  medium-sized,  solitary  or  panicled,  never 
sessile,  commonly  nodding  in  the  bud.  Flowers  yellow,  white,  or 
pinkish.  Receptacle  bristly  or  naked.  Achenes  short,  truncate 


!907]  Hall — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  263 

at  apex,  crowned  with  an  entire  or  denticulate  border,  10  to  15- 
ribbed,  terete  or  4  or  5  of  the  ribs  stronger  than  the  others  ren- 
dering the  achene  somewhat  4  or  5-angled.  Pappus-bristles  soft, 
scabrous,  more  or  less  united  at  base  and  falling  away  together, 
or  with  1  to  8  stronger  ones  which  are  more  persistent. 

Involucre  imbricated  in  several  series,  all  but  the  innermost  bracts   (which 
vary   from   oval  to   linear)    orbicular  or  ovate  and  very   obtuse,   all 

silvery-scarious  with  a  dark  medial  line 1.  M.  Coulteri. 

Involucre  much  less  imbricated,  its  bracts  lanceolate  to  linear,  all  acute. 
Annuals,  less  than  6  dm.  high. 

Scapose:  leaves  all  basal:  peduncles  monocephalous 

2.  M.   Calif ornica. 

Caulescent:    stems  branching  and  bearing  leaves,  at  least  below. 
Leaves    and    their    lobes    filiform,    elongated:    persistent   pappus- 
bristles  2  or  more 3.  M.  glabrata. 

Leaves  and   their   lobes   broader   and   shorter:    persistent   bristles 
only  one  or  lacking. 

Ligules  about  1  cm.  long:   desert  species 4.  M.  sonchoides. 

Ligules  2  mm.  long:  stems  leafy  only  below:  montane  species. 
Flowers  yellow:  one  pappus-bristle  and  a  crown  of  setulose 

teeth  persistent 5.  M.  Clevelandi. 

Flowers  pale:  pappus  all  deciduous 6.  M.  obtusa. 

Ligules  short:  stems  very  leafy  throughout. 

Involucres  10  to  12  mm.  high :  leaves  and  their  lobes  acute 

7.  M.  foliosa. 

Involucres  6  or  7  mm.  high:  lower  leaves  with  obtuse  lobes 
8.  M.  indecora. 

Perennials,  mostly  with  suffrutescent  base   (the  herbaceous  species  with 

stems  1  m.  or  more  high). 
Herbage  white-tomentose  when  young:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre 

obtuse 9.  M.  incana. 

Herbage  essentially  glabrous:  involucral  bracts  attenuate. 

Stems  several,  much  branched  from  the  base 10.  M.  saxatilis. 

Stem  solitary,  usually  simple  below  11.  M.  altissima. 

1.  M.  Coulteri  Gray,  PL  Fendl.  113  (1849).  Malacolepis 
Coulteri  Heller,  Muhlenbergia  ii.  147  (1906).  SNAKE'S  HEAD. 

Annual,  1  to  6  dm.  high :  stem  simple  from  the  base,  panic- 
ulately  branched  above:  herbage  glabrous  and  glaucescent:  cau- 
line  leaves  sinuately  pinnatifid,  broad  or  somewhat  auriculate  at 
the  sessile  base  and  with  an  elongated  terminal  lobe :  heads  sub- 
globose  :  involucre  12  to  15  or  18  mm.  high ;  its  bracts  silvery- 
scarious  with  a  linear  central  portion  green,  regularly  imbricated 
in  several  ranks,  the  short  outer  ones  orbicular,  the  inner  ones 


264          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

oval  to  lanceolate  or  linear:  ligules  light  yellow:  achenes  15- 
ribbed  and  4  or  5-angled,  the  summit  obscurely  denticulate  by 
projection  of  the  ribs :  1  or  2  stouter  pappus-bristles  persistent. 

Occurs  sparingly  from  San  Diego  Co.  and  Santa  Cruz  Island 
to  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  and  extends  to  the  borders  of  the 
desert  (and  S.  Utah,  Parry,  no.  130),  but  not  found  in  the  moun- 
tains. 

2.  M.  Calif ornica  DC.,  Prodr.  vii.  192  (1838). 

-  Scapes  several,  1.5  to  3  or  4  dm.  high,  from  a  dense  rosette  of 
radical  leaves,  bearing  at  their  summits  solitary  heads  of  showy 
yellow  flowers:  herbage  conspicuously  woolly  when  young  with 
very  long  and  soft  hairs:  leaves  pinnatifid  into  narrowly  linear 
or  almost  filiform  lobes:  peduncles  occasionally  bearing  a  few 
scattered  bractlets  above :  involucre  12  to  15  mm.  high ;  its  bracts 
linear  or  subulate,  in  about  3  ranks  :  ligules  12  mm.  or  more  long : 
bristles  of  the  receptacle  delicate,  usually  present:  achenes  nar- 
row, lightly  striate:  outer  pappus  of  2  persistent  bristles  and 
some  intervening  minute  teeth. 

In  sandy  soil  throughout  the  coastal  slope,  ascending  the 
mountains  to  about  1400  m. ;  north  to  the  Sacramento  Valley. 

3.  M.  glabrata  (Eat.)   Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  422  (1884). 
M.  Calif  ornica  glabrata  Eat.,  Bot.  King  Exped.  201  (1871). 

Basal  branches  ascending,  leafy  below,  usually  again  branched 
above  and  bearing  several  heads:  herbage  glabrous  throughout 
except  the  outer  calyculate  bracts  of  the  involucre  which  are 
sometimes  canescently  pubescent:  peduncles  usually  with  a  few 
bractlets  above:  leaves,  flowers,  etc.,  as  in  M.  Calif  ornica. 

Plentiful,  especially  in  sandy  places,  in  the  Lower  Sonoran 
Zone  of  the  Colorado  and  Mohave  deserts;  also  on  the  coastal 
slope  at  Lakeside,  San  Diego  Co.,  and  near  Riverside  (Jurupa 
Hills,  Gavilan  Hills,  etc.),  north  along  the  eastern  side  of  the 
Sierras  to  Oregon  and  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  to  Fresno  Co. 
In  specimens  collected  near  Piute  Creek,  by  Norman  C.  Wilson. 
the  persistent  bristles  of  the  pappus  vary  from  2  to  4  in  number. 

4.  M.  sonchoides  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  486  (1843).    Lepto- 
scris  sonchoides  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  439 
(1841). 


19071  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  265 

Stem  freely  branching,  the  branches  ascending  and  sparsely 
leafy  except  near  the  base:  herbage  glabrous  or  early  glabrate: 
leaves  oblong,  or  the  upper  narrowly  lanceolate,  pinnatifid  with 
short  callous-toothed  lobes:  peduncles  3  cm.  or  less  long:  invo- 
lucre about  8  mm.  high;  its  bracts  linear-acuminate:  ligules 
bright  yellow,  a  full  cm.  long:  achenes  15-striate,  5  of  the  ribs 
stronger  than  the  others,  rendering  the  achene  somewhat  5-angled, 
crowned  with  a  15-denticulate  white  border :  permanent  pappus- 
bristles  none. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone,  not  common:  Antelope  Valley,  Mohave 
Desert,  Davidson;  Rabbit  Springs,  Parish,  no.  1264;  Olancha, 
Lone  Pine  Creek,  etc.,  Inyo  Co. ;  eastward  to  Nebraska. 

M.  TORREYI  Gray,  and  M.  FENDLERI  Gray,  are  to  be  expected 
along  our  eastern  borders.  In  the  former  the  achenes  are  5- 
angled  by  as  many  salient  ribs  which  are  often  almost  wing-like : 
permanent  bristles  2  to  8  and  between  them  some  minute  teeth. 
In  M.  Fendleri  the  achenes  are  cylindric,  bordered  by  a  shallow 
crown  with  entire  margin :  persistent  bristles  none  or  only  one. 

5.  M.  Cleveland!  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  443  (1876). 

Plant  2  to  4  dm.  high,  the  stem  diffusely  branching  through- 
out and  bearing  numerous  loosely  panicled  heads  of  yellow  flow- 
ers: herbage  glabrous:  radical  leaves  numerous,  pinnatifid,  the 
cauline  scattered  and  more  nearly  entire:  involucre  6  to  8  mm. 
Idgh,  few-flowered ;  its  narrow  bracts  with  purplish  tips :  ligules 
yellow :  achenes  oblong-linear,  minutely  striate-costate :  outer  pap- 
pus of  one  persistent  bristle  and  a  circle  of  white  setulose  teeth. 

At  middle  and  lower  altitudes  in  the  mountains:  Rancho 
Vie  jo,  Lower  California,  Brandegee;  Ramona,  San  Diego  Co.. 
Brandegee;  Santa  Cruz  Island,  Brandegee;  south  side  of  San 
Jacinto  Mt,  Hall,  nos.  1817,  2087;  Cajon  Pass,  Parish,  no.  4868; 
Jurupa  Hills,  near  Riverside,  Mrs.  Wilder,  no.  582;  Santa  Inez 
Mts.,  Dunn;  Zaca  Lake  Forest  Reserve,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Miss 
Eastwood,  no.  568;  north  to  the  base  of  Mt.  Shasta  (Sissons). 
Brandegee. 

6.  M.  obtusa  Benth.,  PL  Hartweg.  321  (1849).    M.  parviflora 
Benth.,  1.  c. 

Habit,  foliage,  and  involucre  of  M.  Clevelandi,  but  often  with 


266          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

traces  of  tomentum  on  the  leaves  and  in  their  axils  and  the  heads 
not  so  numerous:  ligules  white  to  pink,  purple-veined  on  the 
back ;  throat  of  central  flowers  sometimes  yellow :  achenes  obovate- 
oblong,  slightly  narrowed  at  summit,  angled  by  5  prominent  ribs : 
pappus-bristles  all  deciduous,  leaving  only  a  narrow  scarious 
entire  rim  to  the  achene  (no  outer  circle  of  setulose  teeth). 

Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6457;  Santa  Inez  Mts.. 
Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Brandegee;  Mono  Creek,  Santa  Barbara  Co. 
(growing  near  M.  Clevelandi),  Hall,  no.  7792;  San  Emigdio 
Canon,  Kern  Co.,  Mrs.  W.  Jasper;  thence  north  through  the 
Coast  Ranges  to  Humboldt  Co.,  Marshall,  Chesnut  &  Drew,  and 
through  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mts.,  to  Plumas  Co.,  Hall  &  Babcock. 
no.  4433,  and  to  Washoe  Co.,  Nevada,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  4557. 
Like  M.  Clevelandi,  this  species  inhabits  gravelly  hillsides  of  the 
Upper  Sonoran  and  Lower  Transition  zones.  It  is  perhaps  most 
abundant  in  the  Yosemite  district. 

The  type  specimens  of  M.  obtusa  and  M.  parvi flora  have  been 
compared  at  Kew  by  Professor  W.  L.  Jepson,  who  informs  me 
that  he  is  unable  to  distinguish  them  by  any  technical  character, 
although  the  type  of  the  former  has  little  flocks  of  wool  on  the 
leaves,  these  being  absent  from  the  type  of  M.  parviflora.  He 
further  adds  that  neither  of  these  types  has  the  persistent  setu- 
lose teeth  crowning  the  achenes,  so  characteristic  of  M.  Cleve- 
landi. 

7.  M.  foliosa  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  455  (1886).  M.  squalida 
Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  152  (1886). 

Erect,  from  an  annual  root,  1.5  to  6  dm.  high,  much  branched 
above  and  very  leafy  nearly  to  the  yellow-flowered  heads:  her- 
bage glabrous:  leaves  mostly  lanceolate,  laciniate-pinnatifid,  and 
5  to  10  cm.  long,  but  the  uppermost  reduced:  heads  numerous, 
short-ped uncled :  involucre  10  to  12  mm.  high :  achenes  obscurely 
5- angled  and  2  or  3-striate  between  the  angles:  pappus  wholly 
deciduous  leaving  neither  bristles  nor  crown. 

San  Clemente  Island,  Apr.,  1885,  Nevin  &  Lyon;  Santa  Bar- 
bara Island,  May,  1901,  Mrs.  Trask;  Santa  Cruz  Island,  Jul.  and 
Aug.,  1886,  Greene. — The  last  specimen  cited  is  the  type  of  Dr. 
Greene's  M.  squalida,  a  condensed  form  2  dm.  high;  the  leaves 
short  and  broad  and  with  short  lobes;  the  inflorescence  more 


1907]  Hall.— Composite  of  Southern  California.  267 

compact.  It  is  strikingly  different  in  appearance  from  typical 
M.  foliosa  but  the  characters  separating  it  are  all  vegetative. 

8.  M.  indecora  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  ii.  152  (1886). 
Stems  from  an  annual  root,  sometimes  diffuse  and  forming 

mats  15  cm.  or  less  thick,  sometimes  erect,  slender,  and  even  4 
dm.  high :  leaves  very  thick  and  succulent,  oblong-lanceolate,  pin- 
nately  lobed,  the  lobes  mostly  obtuse :  involucre  6  or  7  mm.  high, 
imbricated ;  inner  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  green ;  outer  ones  said 
to  be  purplish :  ligules  short,  greenish-yellow :  achenes  5-angled 
and  2  or  3-striate  between  the  angles :  pappus  all  deciduous. 

Santa  Cruz  Island,  Jul.  and  Aug.,  1886,  Greene;  San  Miguel 
Island,  Sept.,  1886,  Greene;  San  Nicholas  Island,  Mrs.  Trask, 
no.  8. 

In  the  Herbarium  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences  is 
a  sheet  (Acad.  no.  49859)  indicated  as  the  type  sheet  of  this 
species  and  mounted  on  it  are  several  plants  of  very  different 
habit  but  alike  in  technical  characters.  Some  of  these  are  only  1 
dm.  high  and  widely  branched;  others  have  erect  stems  as  much 
as  4  dm.  high  and  are  not  at  all  matted.  But  another  sheet  in  the 
California  Academy  Herbarium  (Acad.  no.  49858),  although 
labeled  by  Professor  Greene  as  the  type  of  one  of  his  unpub- 
lished species,  is  undoubtedly  the  one  from  which  the  description 
of  M.  indecora  was  drawn,  the  specimens  being  all  matted  and 
only  6  to  10  cm.  high,  the  largest  forming  a  mat  17  cm.  in  diameter. 
The  label  reads  "Island  of  Santa  Cruz,  *  *  *  Rocky  islets 
and  promontories,  Edw.  L.  Greene,  July  and  August,  1886." 
The  San  Miguel  specimens  are  low  and  compact.68  The  species 
is  best  distinguished  from  M.  foliosa  by  the  size  and  character  of 
its  involucres. 

9.  M.  incana  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  486  (1842).    Malacomeris 
incanus  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  435   (1841). 
Malacothrix  succulenta  Elmer,  Bot.  Gaz.  xxxix.  44  (1905). 

Stems  several  from  a  strong  perennial  root,  somewhat  woody 
below,  commonly  3  dm.  or  less  high :  herbage  covered  with  matted 
white  wool  when  young,  glabrate  in  age :  leaves  5  to  10  cm.  long. 


es  The  two  sheets  mentioned  above  were  examined  before  the  recent  San 
Francisco  fire.  It  is  hoped  that  they  are  among  the  types  rescued  by  Miss 
Eastwood. 


268          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

oblanceolate  in  outline,  tapering  to  the  long  narrow  base,  from 
entire  to  irregularly  and  shallowly  lobed,  or  even  pinnatifid  with 
narrow  lobes:  peduncles  exceeding  the  leaves,  1  or  2-cephalous: 
involucre  12  to  15  mm.  high;  inner  bracts  equal,  linear-oblong, 
obtuse;  outer  bracts  short,  imbricated,  passing  into  scale-like 
bracts  of  the  peduncle:  ligules  lemon-yellow:  achenes  oblong, 
truncate,  15-striate,  lightly  pubescent  or  glabrous :  pappus-bristles 
all  deciduous. 

San  Diego,  "on  an  island  in  the  bay"  (probably  Coronados 
Islands),  1836,  Nuttall;  Santa  Cruz  Island,  Aug.,  1886,  Greene; 
San  Miguel  Island,  Sept.,  1886,  Greene  (leaves,  in  one  specimen, 
only  2  cm.  long)  ;  Santa  Rosa  Island,  Brandegee;  Santa  Maria, 
Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Mrs.  Ida  M.  Blochman;  Pecho,  San  Luis 
Obispo  Co.,  Mrs.  R.  W.  Summers;  Surf,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  ace. 
to  Elmer  (as  M.  succulenta). 

10.  M.  saxatilis  (Nutt.)  T.  &  G.,  Fl.  ii.  486  (1842).  Leuco- 
seris  saxatilis  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  440 
(1841). 

Diffuse  or  decumbent  from  a  suffrutescent  base,  3  to  6  dm 
(or  more?)  high:  herbage  succulent,  minutely  tomentose  when 
young:  leaves  lanceolate  to  spatulate,  mostly  obtuse  and  entire 
but  some  of  the  lower  ones  toothed  or  pinnatifid :  involucre  10  to 
15  mm.  high;  its  bracts  linear-attenuate,  the  outer  ones  very 
short:  ligules  probably  white:  achenes  10  to  15-costate,  about  5 
of  the  costae  stronger  than  the  others  and  rib-like,  crowned  with 
a  minute  denticulate  white  border :  persistent  pappus-bristles 
none. 

"St.  Barbara,  on  shelving  rocks  near  the  sea,"  ace.  to  Nuttall. 
who  first  collected  it.  I  have  seen  specimens  from  Santa  Barbara. 
Gaviota,  and  Santa  Catalina  Island. 

Var.  tenuifolia  (Nutt.)  Gray,  Syn.  Fl.  i.  pt.  2,  423  (1884). 
Leucosyris  tenuifolia  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii 
440  (1841).  Stems  several,  erect,  1  to  2.5  m.  high,  scarcely 
suffrutescent:  herbage  glabrous,  not  succulent:  leaves  (or  their 
lobes)  acute;  the  lower  often  10  cm.  long;  the  upper  ones  simple 
and  linear  to  filiform,  or  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  lobes; 
those  of  the  inflorescence  much  reduced :  ligules  white  with  a  pink 
medial  line. — Hillsides  and  canons  of  the  Upper  Sonoran  Zone. 


19°7]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  269 

i 

from  Santa  Cruz  Island,  Franceschi,  and  Santa  Barbara,  to  San 
Jacinto  and  San  Diego;  also  reported  from  Arizona.  The  ex- 
treme form  with  leaves  or  their  lobes  much  elongated  and  nearly 
filiform  comes  from  the  Santa  Ana  Canon,  Orange  Co.,  Hall,  no. 
6728. 

Var.  implicata  (Eastw.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  M.  implicata  Eastw.. 
Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  ser.  3  (bot.)  i.  113  (1898).  Stems  woody, 
densely  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence:  leaves  irregularly  bipin- 
nately  parted  into  filiform  or  narrowly  linear  segments :  flowers 
white,  pinkish-tinged. — San  Nicholas  Island,  1897  and  1901,  Mrs. 
Trask;  Santa  Cruz  Island,  Brandegee;  Santa  Rosa  Island,  Bran- 
degee, Miss  Eastwood;  San  Miguel  Island,  Harford,  Mrs.  Trask. 
It.  H.  Beck. 

11.  M.  altissima  Greene,  Bull.  Calif.  Acad.  i.  195  (1885),  and 
Pitt.  ii.  21  (1889). 

Root  only  annual  or  biennial :  stem  solitary,  herbaceous,  erect, 
simple  below,  cymosely  branching  above,  the  whole  plant  about 
1  or  2  m.  high :  herbage  minutely  tomentose,  glabrate :  lower  leaves 
lanceolate,  acute  or  attenuate,  usually  with  a  few  coarse  teeth. 
10  or  15  cm.  long ;  upper  leaves  linear-attenuate,  entire :  peduncles 
ascending  or  erect :  involucre  10  to  12  mm.  high ;  its  bracts  linear- 
attenuate,  the  outer  ones  short :  ligules  white,  often  with  a  broad 
pink  or  rose-colored  medial  line:  achenes  and  pappus  as  in  M. 
saxatilis. 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone:  Tehachapi  Station,  Kern  Co.,  Mrs. 
Curran;  near  Fort  Tejon,  Kern  Co.,  Coville  &  Funston,  no.  1158  -f 
near  Templeton,  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  Aug.,  1907,  Alfred  Carl- 
ing;  in  fields  at  Newhall  and  near  Redlands,  ace.  to  Parish. 

A  splendid  series  of  specimens  has  been  collected  by  Mr. 
Carling.  All  are  strictly  herbaceous  throughout,  with  a  single 
long  taproot,  and  mostly  with  a  single  stem  unbranched  except 
above  the  middle ;  but  a  few  have  one  to  several  lateral  branches 
from  near  the  base. 

113.  CALYCOSERIS  Gray. 

Much  branched  desert  annuals,  glabrous  below,  commonly 
dotted  above  with  tack-shaped  glands.  Heads  rather  large,  long- 
peduncled.  Involucre  many-flowered,  of  numerous  narrow  sea- 


270          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

rious-margined  equal  bracts  and  an  outer  series  of  much  shorter 
loose  calyculate  ones.  Receptacle  bearing  capillary  bristles  among 
the  flowers.  Achenes  5-ribbed,  narrowed  above  to  a  short  beak 
which  terminates  in  a  shallow  denticulate  crown.  Pappus  co- 
pious, white,  the  bristles  united  at  base  and  falling  away  in  a 
ring. 

Flowers  yellow 1.  C.  Parryi. 

Flowers  white,  turning  purplish:  var.  California  of 2.  C.  Wrightii. 

1.  C.  Parryi  Gray,  Bot.  Mex.  Bound.  106  (1859). 

Plant  from  a  few  cm.  to  3  dm.  or  more  high :  leaves  linear 
and  entire  or  pinnately  parted  into  short  linear  lobes :  glands  of 
the  inflorescence  black :  involucre  10  to  15  mm.  high :  ligules 
bright  yellow,  10  to  15  mm.  long:  achenes  6  mm.  long  including 
the  slender  beak,  ending  in  a  small  apical  cup,  the  ribs  acute : 
pappus  somewhat  longer  than  the  achene. 

In  the  Desert  Area  from  San  Diego  Co.  to  Utah:  Jacumba. 
Cleveland,  no  905 ;  Palomar  Mt.,  in  the  southern  part  of  River- 
side Co.,  Jepson  and  Hall;  near  Palm  Canon,  Colorado  Desert. 
Hall,  no.  1857;  north  slope  Cajon  Pass  and  Ord  Mts.,  Mohave 
Desert,  Hall,  nos.  6214,  6794;  Morongo,  Parish,  no.  1214;  Piute 
Creek,  Mohave  Desert,  Wilson;  Argus  Mts.,  Coville  &  Funston. 
no.  731;  Bishop  Creek,  Inyo  Co.,  Hall  &  Chandler,  no.  7239; 
Arizona,  Wilson,  Pringle,  Tourney.  The  type  locality  given  for 
this  species,  namely,  "mountains  east  of  Monterey,  California," 
is  certainly  erroneous. 

2.  C.  Wrightii  Californica  Brandegee,  Zoe  v.  155  (1903). 
Habit,  foliage,  involucres,  etc.,  as  in  C.  Parryi :  glands  of  the 

inflorescence  pale :  ligules  white,  the  outer  with  pink-brown  dots 
or  streaks  on  back :  achenes  6  mm.  long,  stout  and  thick,  acutely 
ribbed,  the  ribs  rugulose  and  the  beak  short,  ending  in  a  rather 
conspicuous  apical  cup. 

In  sand  near  San  Felipe,  western  borders  of  the  Colorado 
Desert  (with  C.  Parryi),  Purpus;  common  on  Chuckawalla  Bench 
and  in  McCoy  Wash,  Colorado  Desert,  Hall,  nos.  5872,  5966 
(often  4  dm.  high,  growing  among  shrubs)  ;  Needles,  Mohave 
Desert,  Miss  Warner. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  271 


114.  GLYPTOPLEURA  Eaton. 

Tufted  desert  annuals  with  leaves  much  exceeding  the  inter- 
nodes  and  surrounding  the  numerous  short-peduncled  heads. 
Involucre  of  7  to  12  equal  linear-lanceolate  bracts  and  some  loose 
foliaceous  ones  at  base.  Receptacle  naked.  Achenes  oblong, 
straight  or  incurved,  obtusely  5-angled,  each  of  the  intervals 
marked  by  two  rows  of  large  tubercles,  abruptly  contracted  above 
t<.  a  short  stout  5-nerved  beak,  the  base  of  which  is  surrounded 
by  a  narrow  cup-like  border:  pappus-bristles  bright  white,  in 
several  series,  the  outer  falling  separately. 

Ligules  short,  little  exserted 1.  G.  marginata. 

Ligules  10  to  15  mm.  long,  much  exserted 2.  G.  setulosa. 

1.  G.  marginata  Eaton,  Bot.  King  Exped.  207,  t.  20  (1871). 
Stem  branching  from  the  base,  the  whole  plant  not  over  5  cm. 

high  excluding  the  long  straight  taproot :  leaves  obovate  to  spat- 
ulate-linear,  commonly  3  or  4  cm.  long,  sinuately  lobed,  the  mar- 
gin with  a  narrow  scarious  minutely  toothed  fringe;  the  upper 
bract-like  leaves  linear-lanceolate,  commonly  dilated  at  tip,  the 
margins  pectinate:  involucre  10  or  12  mm.  high:  ligules  white, 
turning  pink,  scarcely  exserted. 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone :  Mohave  Desert,  Parish,  no.  1412 ;  north 
to  Oregon,  Cusick,  no.  2589 ;  and  S.E.  Utah,  Miss  Eastwood. 

2.  G.  setulosa  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  211  (1874). 
Similar  to  G.  marginata  but  the  scarious  margin  of  the  leaves 

less  conspicuous  and  often  broken  up  into  longer  acicular  white 
teeth ;  the  upper  bract-like  leaves  commonly  linear  and  bearing 
teeth  only  at  their  dilated  tips :  ligules  conspicuosly  exserted,  10 
to  15  mm.  long,  white  or  yellow,  sometimes  changing  to  pink. 

Mohave  Desert  (Lancaster,  Barstow,  Ludlow,  Rabbit  Springs. 
Hinckley)  to  S.  Utah.  Perhaps  not  distinct  from  G.  marginata. 
Two  specimens  in  the  Parish  Herbarium  have  been  named  by  Dr. 
Gray  as  G.  setulosa  and  G.  marginata  (Parish,  nos.  1263.  1412, 
respectively)  but  they  are  exactly  alike  except  that  one  has  elon- 
gated yellow  ligules,  the  other  inconspicuous  ligules.  The  color, 
however,  is  not  a  reliable  character,  elongated  pure-white  ligules 
sometimes  changing  to  yellow  in  drying,  as  in  Hall  &  Chandler's 


272          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

no.  6870  from  Fremonts  Peak.     The  two  species  sometimes  grow 
side  by  side. 

115.  TARAXACUM  Haller. 

Perennial  acaulescent  herbs  with  pinnatifid  or  toothed  leaves 
all  in  a  basal  tuft  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers  terminating 
usually  simple  and  naked  hollow  scapes.  Principal  bracts  of  the 
involucre  nearly  equal,  the  outer  much  shorter  and  in  several 
series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  5-toothed  at  the  truncate 
summit.  Achenes  oblong  or  linear-fusiform,  4  or  5-angled,  5  to 
10-nerved,  somewhat  spinulose  above,  tapering  into  a  slender 
beak  which  bears  at  its  summit  a  copious  pappus  of  unequal  per- 
sistent bristles. 

1.  T.  officinale  Weber,  Prim.  Fl.  Hols.  56  (1780).  Leontodon 
Taraxacum  L.,  Sp.  PI.  798  (1753).  Taraxacum  Dens-leonis 
Desf.,  Fl.  Atlant.  ii.  228  (1800).  T.  Taraxacum  Karst,  Deutsch. 
Fl.  1138  (1880-83).  DANDELION. 

Root  thick  and  long,  bitter :  leaves  oblong  or  spatulate  in  out- 
line, irregularly  dentate  to  sinuate-pinnatifid,  from  a  few  cm.  to 
nearly  3  dm.  long,  usually  pubescent  when  young  and  somewhat 
succulent:  inner  bracts  of  the  involucre  linear  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, acute,  10  to  15  mm.  long;  outer  ones  similar  but  shorter, 
reflexed :  flowers  yellow :  pappus  brownish  or  white,  maturing  into 
a  globose  mass. 

Occasional  in  lawns  but  not  becoming  naturalized.  Intro- 
duced from  Europe. 

Var.  lividum  (Waldst.  &  Kit.)  Koch,  FL  Germ.  428  (1837). 
Leontodon  lividus  Waldst.  &  Kit.,  PI.  Rar.  Hung.  ii.  120  (1805). 
Taraxacum  lividum  Heller,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  xxiv.  480  (1897). 
Outer  involucral  bracts  broadly  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate. — Wet 
meadows  at  1800  to  2500  m.,  Little  Bear  Valley,  Bear  Valley; 
and  Bluff  Lake,  all  in  the  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Parish;  South 
Fork  Meadows,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Hall,  no.  7512 ;  boreal  and 
arctic  regions  generally. 

116.  SONCHUSL.     SOW-THISTLE. 

Leafy-stemmed  coarse  succulent  herbs,  chiefly  smooth  and 
glaucous.  Heads  cymose  or  umbellate,  swollen  at  base  or  jug- 
shaped.  Involucral  bracts  few,  thin,  with  many  shorter  ones  at 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  273 

base ;  these  becoming  callous-thickened.  Flowers  yellow.  Achenes 
obcompressed,  ribbed,  not  beaked.  Pappus  copious,  of  cottony- 
white  exceedingly  soft  and  fine  hairs,  mainly  falling  together. 

Leaves   runcinately   or   lyrately   pinnatifid   into   broad   lobes,    or    sometimes 

only  serrate. 
Leaf -auricles  mostly  acute:   achenes  longitudinally  ribbed;  the  intervals 

transversely  rugose 1.  S.  oleraceus. 

Leaf -auricles  mostly  rounded:   achenes  longitudinally  ribbed;   the  inter- 
vals smooth 2.  S.  asper. 

Leaves  pinnately  parted  into  narrow  lobes 3.  S.  tenerrimus. 

1.  S.  oleraceus  L.,  Sp.  PL  794  (1753).  COMMON  SOW-THISTLE. 
A  nearly  simple-stemmed  annual,  3  to  30  dm.  high:  leaves 

with  the  terminal  segment  commonly  large  and  triangular,  dentic7 
ulate  or  toothed;  lower  leaves  petioled;  uppermost  sessile  and 
commonly  lanceolate:  peduncles  occasionally  glandular-hirsute: 
involucre  8  to  16  mm.  high:  achenes  longitudinally  ribbed  and 
transversely  rugose. 

Naturalized  European  weed :  in  waste  places,  flowering  at  all 
seasons. 

2.  S.  asper  (L.)  Hill,  Herb.  Brit.  i.  47  (1769).    8.  oleraceus 
asper  L.,  Sp.  PL  794  (1753).    PRICKLY  SOW-THISTLE. 

Very  similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  leaves  sometimes  undi- 
vided and  commonly  clasping  by  an  auricled  base,  the  auricles 
rounded ;  margins  spinulose-denticulate :  peduncles  often  conspic- 
uously hirsute  with  spreading  gland-tipped  hairs:  achenes  flat, 
margined  with  a  narrow  wing  and  longitudinally  ribbed;  inter- 
vals between  the  ribs  smooth,  but  the  ribs  as  well  as  the  marginal 
wing  rugulose  or  serrulate. 

Naturalized  European  weed :  very  common. 

3.  S.  tenerrimus  L,  Sp.  PL  794  (1753). 

Much  branched,  3  to  10  dm.  or  less  high,  very  leafy  up  to  the 
short-pedunculate  heads :  herbage  glabrous :  leaves  oblong  in  out- 
line, the  linear  or  narrowly  lanceolate  lobes  commonly  cuspidate 
and  either  spinulosely  denticulate  or  entire:  achenes  longitudi- 
nally striate  and  transversely  rugose. 

Native  of  Europe ;  introduced  at  San  Diego,  and  on  San 
Clemente,  Santa  Catalina,  and  San  Nicholas  islands.  Mr.  Bran- 


274          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL.  3 

degee  reports  it  as  abundant  and  appearing  as  though  native  on 
the  Todos  Santos,  Natividad,  Cedros,  San  Martin,  and  Guadalupe 
islands,  all  off  the  coast  of  Lower  California,  and  at  San  Jorge, 
on  the  mainland. 

117.  LACTUCA  Tourn.     LETTUCE. 

Tall  leafy-stemmed  herbs  with  panicled  heads  of  (in  our 
species)  yellow  flowers.  Leaves  alternate.  Involucre  cylindrical 
or  in  fruit  conical,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  more  series  of 
unequal  lengths.  Rays  5-toothed  at  summit.  Achenes  obcom- 
pressed,  i.e.,  flattened  parallel  to  the  bracts,  1  to  5-nerved  on  each 
face,  contracted  into  a  beak,  which  bears  at  its  dilated  summit  a 
copious  very  soft  and  white  or  brown  capillary  pappus,  the  hairs 
of  which  fall  separately. 

1.  L.  Scariola  var.  integrata  Gren.  &  Godr.,  Fl.  France  ii.  320 
(1850)  ;  Dewey,  Rhodora  vii.  11  (1905).  PRICKLY  LETTUCE. 

Plant  6  to  18  dm.  high,  branching  above  into  an  open  panicle, 
glabrous  throughout  or  hirsute  or  prickly  below :  leaves  oblong 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile  or  sagittate-clasping,  with  a  row  of 
soft  prickles  on  the  midrib  and  along  the  margins :  heads  numer- 
ous, 6  to  14-flowered :  involucre  10  to  14  mm.  high ;  its  outer 
bracts  much  shorter  than  the  inner :  rays  cream-yellow  changing 
to  blue :  achenes  light  brownish  gray,  narrowly  obovate,  about  as 
long  as  the  filiform  beak,  striate,  margined :  pappus  white. 

An  introduced  European  weed  which,  during  the  last  decade, 
has  become  exceedingly  abundant  on  waste  lots  and  along  road- 
sides near  Los  Angeles,  San  Bernardino,  etc.  Typical  L.  Scariola 
L.,  which  has  apparently  not  yet  appeared  in  Southern  California, 
has  runcinate  or  pinnately  lobed  leaves. 

L.  SATIVA  L.,  the  common  Lettuce,  may  be  found  as  an  escape 
from  gardens.  It  has  broad  and  tender  root-leaves  and  cordate- 
clasping  stem-leaves. 

L.  LUDOVICIANA  (Nutt.)  DC.,  of  the  middle  states,  may  occur 
as  an  immigrant.  It  has  black  achenes,  lightly  1-nerved  on  each 
face :  involucre  2.5  to  3  cm.  high. 


19071  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  275 

118.  LYGODESMIA  Don. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  glabrous  rush-like  tough  stems  and  narrow 
leaves.  Heads  scattered  or  terminal,  erect,  3  to  12-flowered. 
Flowers  pink  or  rose-color.  Achenes  slender,  terete,  obscurely 
striate  or  angled,  truncate  at  each  end.  Pappus  of  numerous 
unequal  white  or  whitish  capillary  bristles,  not  plumose. 

1.  L.  exigua  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  217  (1874).  Pren- 
anthes  exigua  Gray,  PL  Wright,  ii.  105  (1853). 

A  diffusely  branched  glabrous  annual,  1  to  3  (or  5)  dm.  high: 
leaves  mostly  basal,  oblanceolate,  entire  or  dentate,  or  pinnatifid 
with  sharp  lobes,  2  or  3  cm.  long,  the  upper  reduced  to  scale-like 
bracts :  heads  on  slender  peduncles :  involucre  5  mm.  high ;  its 
principal  bracts  about  four,  linear-oblong,  acute;  the  calyculate 
ones  few  and  very  short :  achenes  scarcely  longer  than  the  copious 
white  pappus-bristles. 

Rabbit  Springs,  Mohave  Desert,  Parish,  where  it  is  probably 
not  uncommon;  Paloverde  Valley,  Riverside  Co.,  near  the  Colo- 
rado River,  Hall,  no.  5918;  Colorado  Desert,  Stephens;  Lower 
California,  Brandegee;  Inyo  Co.,  in  the  Argus  Mts.,  Purpus,  no. 
5319 ;  Panamint  Mts.  and  Owens  Valley,  ace.  to  Coville ;  thence 
to  Utah  and  New  Mexico,  ace.  to  Gray. 

L.  SPINOSA  Nutt.,  a  spinescent  perennial  with  matted-woolly 
base  has  been  reported  from  the  eastern  borders  of  California, 
but  has  probably  not  been  collected  within  our  limits.  It  is  not 
rare  in  Inyo  Co. 

119.  TROXIMON  Nutt. 

Perennial  herbs  with  strong  and  often  deep  taproots,  or  an- 
nuals. Stems  nearly  naked  and  scape-like,  bearing  single  large 
heads.  Leaves  in  a  radical  tuft  or  a  few  scattered  on  the  stem 
below,  elongated.  Bracts  of  the  campanulate  involucre  imbri- 
cated, the  outer  ovate  or  narrower ;  the  inner  ones  linear  or  lan- 
ceolate. Flowers,  in  our  species,  yellow.  Achenes  terete,  oblong, 
or  fusiform,  10-ribbed,  narrowed  above,  in  all  of  our  species 
prolonged  into  a  slender  or  filiform  beak.  Pappus-bristles  fine, 
copious,  inserted  on  the  dilated  apex  of  the  beak.  Achenes  in 


276          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

fruit  expanding  and  forming  a  globose  head,  the  bracts  of  the 
involucre  then  reflexed. 

The  reinstatement  of  the  genus  Agoseris  Raf.  (1817)  has  been 
proposed  for  those  species  of  Troximon  in  which  the  achenes  are 
beaked.  But  the  two  groups  are  best  received  into  one  genus, 
being  connected  by  the  thick-beaked  T.  glaucum.  Troximon  was 
first  used  as  a  generic  name  by  Gaertner  (1791),  but  since  his 
genus  is  not  sustained,  we  may  properly  write  Troximon  Nutt. 
(1813)  as  the  name  of  the  present  group. 

Perennials:  involucre  2.5  to  5  cm.  high. 

Achenes  abruptly  beaked  from  a  broad  truncate  summit.. ..1.  T.  retrorsum. 

Achenes  tapering  into  the  beak 2.  T.  plebeium. 

Annual:  involucre  1.2  to  1.8  cm.  high 3.  T.  heterophyllum. 

1.  T.  retrorsum   (Benth.)    Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.    216 
(1874).      Macrorhynchus    retrorsus   Benth.,    PL    Hartweg.    320 
(1849).    M.  angustifolius  Kell.,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  47  (1873)  ? 
Agoseris  retrorsa  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  178  (1891). 

Scapes  1.5  to  even  4  dm.  high,  from  a  stout  perennial  taproot : 
herbage  woolly-pubescent  when  young,  the  wool  deciduous  in 
age :  leaves  commonly  1  to  2.5  dm.  long,  sometimes  as  long  as  the 
peduncles,  pinnately  parted  into  narrowly  linear  or  lanceolate 
mostly  retrorse  segments,  the  rachis  linear  and  the  lobes  more  or 
less  remote:  outer  involucral  bracts  broadly  oblong  and  merely 
acute ;  inner  bracts  linear  and  narrowly  acuminate,  2.5  to  4  or  5 
cm.  long,  about  equalling  the  pappus :  ligules  short :  achenes  5  to 
6  mm.  long,  passing  abruptly  into  the  slender  (18  to  20  mm.  long) 
beak :  pappus  soft  and  white. 

On  open  foothills  and  in  the  lower  part  of  the  pine  belt, 
usually  in  loose  gravelly  soil,  from  the  Cuyamaca  Mts.,  San  Diego 
Co.  (and  Lower  California?),  north  to  Oregon.  Not  common  in 
Southern  California. 

2.  T.  plebeium  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  79  (1890).    Agoseris  plebeia 
Greene,  1.  c.  178  (1891). 

Scapes  stout,  2  to  6  dm.  high,  much  exceeding  the  leaves: 
herbage  short-hirsute  or  lightly  tomentose,  glabrate :  leaves  1  to 
2  dm.  long,  oblong  or  spatulate  in  outline,  dentate  to  pinnately 
parted  into  linear  usually  ascending  lobes:  involucre  broad,  2.5 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  277 

to  3  cm.  high,  its  broad  outer  bracts  well  imbricated  and  with 
rather  persistent  traces  of  white  wool:  ligules  shorter  than  the 
involucre :  achenes  4  or  5  mm.  long,  tapering  into  a  filiform  beak 
12  to  15  mm.  long:  pappus  usually  bright  white. 

Talmadge's  Mill,  in  the  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  at  an  altitude 
of  1500  m.,  Parish,  no.  3051 ;  Laguna,  San  Diego  Co.,  Cleveland. 
no.  435 ;  Cuyamaca  Mts.,  San  Diego  Co.,  Brandegee;  eastern  base 
San  Jacinto  Mts.,  Hall;  Santa  Ana  and  San  Gabriel  Mts.,  ace. 
to  Abrams;  Casitas  Pass,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  nos.  3205a,  3218; 
Mono  Flat,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Hall,  no.  7790;  and  north.  The 
Southern  California  specimens  usually  have  leaves  with  broad 
and  merely  acute  terminal  lobes ;  in  the  region  of  San  Francisco 
Bay  the  leaves  are  much  more  slender  and  the  terminal  lobe  is 
acuminate;  my  number  3205a  is  exactly  intermediate  between 
these  two  forms. 

3.  T.  heterophyllum  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  x.  88  (1883). 
T.  Chilense  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  ix.  216  (1874)  ;  not  Macro- 
rhynchus  Chilense  Less. 

Scapes  slender,  .5  to  4  dm.  high,  from  an  annual  root,  often 
numerous :  leaves  linear  to  oblong  or  spatulate,  entire  or  dentic- 
ulate to  sinuate-pinnatifid,  sparingly  villous-pubescent  or  gla- 
brous :  involucral  bracts  lanceolate-acuminate ;  the  inner  ones 
glabrous,  1.2  to  1.8  cm.  long:  ligules  inconspicuous  (except  in 
var.  Calif  ornicum) ,  seldom  exceeding  the  involucre:  achenes  4 
mm.  or  less  long,  variable,  as  indicated  below;  the  outer  ones 
glabrous  to  villous :  pappus  whitish,  commonly  shorter  than  the 
beak  of  the  achene. 

SYNOPSIS  OF  VARIETIES  AND  FORMS  OF  T.  HETEROPHYLLUM. 
Ligules  inconspicuous,  about  as  long  as  the  involucre. 

Outer  achenes  with  straight  ribs  f.  normale. 

Outer  achenes  with  sinuate   ribs  f.   Jcymapleurum. 

Outer  achenes  enlarged,  not  ribbed f.  cryptopleurum. 

Ligules  conspicuous,  much  exceeding  the  involucre. 

Outer  achenes  with  straight  ribs  var.  Calif ornicum  f.  idiale. 

Outer  achenes  with  sinuate  ribs  var.  Calif  ornicum  f .  crenulatum. 

Outer  achenes  enlarged,  not  ribbed  var.  Calif  ornicum  f.  turgidum. 

f.  normale  (Piper)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  T.  heterophyllum  Greene, 
I.e.  Agoseris  heterophylla  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  178  (1891).  A.heter- 
ophylla  subsp.  normalis  Piper,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  xi.  544 


278          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

(1906).  Achenes  with  straight  ribs,  or  the  inner  ones  smoothish 
or  merely  costate. — Palomar,  San  Jacinto,  and  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  north  to  British  Columbia,  and  on  the  islands  from  Guada- 
lupe  at  least  to  Santa  Cruz. 

f.  kymapleurum  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  x.  88  (1883),  as  var. 
Macrorhynchus  heterophyllus  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser. 
2,  vii.  430  (1841).  Kymapleura  heterophylla  Nutt.,  1.  c.  errat 
455.  Agoseris  heterophylla  kymapleura  Greene,  Pitt.  ii.  179 
(1891).  Ribs  of  the  outer,  and  sometimes  also  the  inner  achenes 
corky-thickened  and  beautifully  sinuate  or  undulate. — A  common 
form,  usually  with  the  species,  but  not  yet  detected  in  Southern 
California.  It  will  be  noted  that  this  is  the  form  first  named 
and  described  and  therefore  represents  the  taxonomic  type  of  the 
species,  while  f.  normale  evidently  represents  the  morphologic 
type. 

f.  cryptopleurum  Greene,  Bull.  Torr.  Club  x.  88  (1883),  as 
var.  Agoseris  heterophylla  var.  cryptopleura  Greene,  Pitt.  ii. 
179  (1891).  A.  heterophylla  California  Piper,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat 
Herb.  xi.  544  (1906)  ;  not  Cryptopleura  Calif ornica  Nutt.  Outer 
achenes  or  some  of  them  much  inflated  and  inconspicuously 
striate,  not  at  all  ribbed  or  winged. — Also  with  the  species  in 
middle  California  and  northward  but  not  yet  seen  within  our 
borders. 

Var.  Calif ornicum  (Nutt.)  Hall,  comb.  nov.  Cryptopleura 
Calif  ornica  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  431  (1841). 
characters  extended.  Plant  usually  larger  and  coarser  than  in 
typical  T.  heterophyllum;  scapes  15  to  45  cm.  high :  ligules  con- 
spicuous, about  1  cm.  long,  much  exceeding  the  involucre :  achenes 
exhibiting  a  series  of  variations  exactly  parallel  with  those  of  the 
species. 

Var.  Californicum  f.  idiale  Hall,  form.  nov.  Achenes  with 
straight  ribs  or  the  inner  ones  with  straight  striae. — Near  Goshen. 
Tulare  Co.,  Brandegee,  as  formerly  represented  in  the  Herbarium 
of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences;  New  York  Ravine,  El 
Dorado  Co.,  Mrs.  Brandegee  (Herb.  Univ.  Calif,  no.  88020)  ; 
Simpsons,  El  Dorado  Co.,  Mrs.  Brandegee  (Herb.  Univ.  Calif, 
no.  88021).  Several  other  collections  are  intermediate  between 
this  morphologically  typical  form  and  the  next. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  279 

Var.  Californicum  f.  crenulatum  Hall,  nom.  nov.  Troxi- 
mon  elatum  Greene,  Pitt.  i.  71  (1887)  ;  not  Stylopappus  elatus 
Nutt.  Agoseris  major  Jepson,  Pitt.  ii.  179  (Sept.  15,  1891),  and 
Bull.  Torr.  Club  xviii.  325  (Nov.,  1891).  Ribs  of  at  least  the 
outer  achenes  corky-thickened  and  conspicuously  undulate,  ren- 
dering the  body  obtuse  or  truncate  at  summit. — Plains  of  the 
lower  Sacramento  River,  ace.  to  Greene ;  Willow  Branch,  Marys- 
ville  Buttes,  Apr.  20,  1891,  Jepson;  Paso  Robles,  San  Luis  Obispo 
Co.,  Barber,  no.  A  19;  same  locality,  May,  1907,  Benj.  Cobb,  in 
part;  Ojai  Valley,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  3198;  Santa  Inez  Mts.. 
1888,  Brandegee;  Zaca  Lake  Forest  Reserve,  Santa  Barbara  Co.. 
Miss  Eastwood,  no.  736,  in  part;  Tehachapi,  Mrs.  Brandegee 
(Herb.  Univ.  Calif,  no.  88022). 

Var.  Californicum  f.  turgidum  Hall,  nom.  nov.  Crypto- 
pleura  Calif  ornica  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii. 
431  (1841).  Outer  and  sometimes  all  of  the  achenes  more  or  less 
inflated,  often  even  2  mm.  thick  and  truncate  at  apex,  sometimes 
less  inflated  and  tapering  to  the  beak,  inconspicuously  striate  or 
their  nerves  quite  obsolete. — "Near  Santa  Barbara,"  ace.  to  Nut- 
tall,  who  obtained  only  depauperate  specimens  ("about  three  to 
four  inches  high")  ;  near  Santa  Barbara,  1888,  Brandegee;  grassy 
valley  near  the  coast  of  San  Luis  Obispo  Co.,  Apr.  23,  1886,  Mrs. 
R.  W.  Summers,  in  part  (distributed  as  Agoseris  grandi  flora]  ; 
Cuddy  Valley,  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  no.  6421;  Santa 
Inez  Mts.,  1888,  Brandegee  (some  specimens  approaching  var. 
Californicum  f.  idiale)  ;  Paso  Robles,  May,  1907,  Benj.  Cobb, 
in  part;  Zaca  Lake  Forest  Reserve,  Santa  Barbara  Co.,  Miss  East- 
wood, no.  736,  in  part;  Tehachapi,  Mrs.  Brandegee  (Herb.  Univ. 
Calif,  no.  88023)  ;  Simpsons,  El  Dorado  Co.,  Mrs.  Brandegee 
(Herb.  Univ.  Calif,  no.  88024). 

The  above  arrangement  of  the  forms  of  this  aggregate  species 
is  intended  to  express  the  idea  that  they  represent  two  lines  of 
descent,  the  one  being  distinguished  by  short  ligules,  the  other  by 
elongated  ligules.  In  each  of  these  series  we  have  three  similar 
forms,  differing  only  in  their  achenes,  and  each  form  in  the  one 
series  is  strictly  analogous  to  a  corresponding  form  in  the  other 
series. 

The  length  of  the  ligule  in  this  species  furnishes  us  with  a 


280          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     [VOL-  3 

fairly  constant  character  for  separating  the  two  varieties.  So 
far  as  noted  it  does  not  vary  beyond  reasonable  limits,  so  that 
there  is  never  any  question  as  to  the  variety  to  which  any  par- 
ticular specimen  belongs.  But  in  all  other  characters — habit,  size. 
pubescence,  involucre,  etc., — the  two  varieties  exhibit  the  same 
forms,  and  since  they  both  run  into  strictly  parallel  strains  as 
regards  their  achenes  they  cannot  be  considered  as  distinct 
species. 

A  splendid  series  of  several  hundred  specimens  of  var.  Cali- 
fornicum,  recently  gathered  near  San  Luis  Obispo  by  Mr.  Benj. 
Cobb,  indicates  that  the  achenial  characters,  although  remarkable 
in  their  extremes,  are  of  comparatively  trivial  importance.  The 
central  achenes  are  mostly  traversed  by  straight  ribs,  or  costae 
In  the  marginal  achenes  these  ribs  vary  from  slightly  undulate 
to  strongly  and  closely  crinkled,  so  that  the  surface  of  the  achene 
appears  as  though  honey-combed  (f.  crcnulatum).  On  other 
plants,  gathered  at  the  same  station,  the  marginal  achenes  vary 
from  slightly  swollen  and  spindle-shaped,  with  the  costae  still 
evident,  to  strongly  swollen  and  balloon-like,  all  traces  of  costae 
01  ribs  having  been  obliterated  through  the  stretching  of  the 
surface  (f.  turgidum).  The  same  variation,  but  to  a  more  lim- 
ited extent,  is  observable  in  collections  from  other  localities. 

120.  CREPIS  L. 

Herbaceous  annuals,  biennials,  and  perennials,  similar  to  Hie- 
racium  but  distinguished  from  that  genus  by  the  shape  of  the 
achenes  and  by  the  pappus.  Involucre  cylindric  or  campanulate ; 
its  principal  bracts  in  a  single  row,  equal,  with  more  or  less  thick- 
ened midribs ;  the  outer  calyculate  ones  much  smaller  or  wanting. 
Flowers  yellow.  Achenes  narrowed  toward  the  summit  and 
sometimes  also  at  base,  10  to  30-ribbed.  Pappus  copious,  white 
and  soft. 
Introduced  species:  root  annual  or  biennial. 

Involucre  7  to  9  mm.  high :  achenes  10-striate 1.  C.  virens. 

Involucre  9  to  12  mm.  high :  achenes  13-striate 2.  C.  biennis. 

Native  species:  root  perenniaL 

Involucre  5  to  10-flowered,  its  principal  bracts  only  5  to  8 

3.  C.  acuminata. 

Involucre  10  to  30-flowered,  its  principal  bracts  8  to  24 

...A.   C.  occidentalis. 


1907]  Hall.—Compositac  of  Southern  California.  281 

1.  C.  virens  L.,  Sp.  PL  ed.  2,  1134  (1763).     SMOOTH  HAWKS- 
BEARD. 

Annual  or  biennial,  3  to  7  dm.  high:  stem  slender,  simple 
below,  paniculate  above :  herbage  green  and  glabrous,  or  some- 
what hirsute  below:  radical  leaves  numerous,  oblanceolate. 
toothed  to  pinnatifid,  narrowed  at  base  into  a  petiole;  cauline 
leaves  lanceolate,  with  sessile  subsagittate  base ;  uppermost  leaves 
commonly  linear  or  subulate  and  entire :  heads  many :  involucre 
7  to  9  mm.  high,  somewhat  calyculate ;  its  bracts  linear,  acumin- 
ate, often  pubescent :  achenes  linear-oblong,  narrowed  equally  to 
each  end,  10-ribbed. 

On  Big  Rock  Creek,  desert  slopes  of  the  San  Gabriel  Mts.. 
Jul.  6,  1896,  Davidson.  Introduced  from  Europe. 

2.  C.  biennis  L.,  Sp.  PL  807  (1753).    ROUGH  HAWKSBEARD. 

Biennial,  branched  above,  5  to  12  dm.  high:  herbage  pubes- 
cent, often  hirsutely  so,  especially  above :  lower  leaves  oblong  or 
spatulate,  runeinate-pinnatifid  or  sometimes  merely  dentate,  nar- 
rowed at  base  into  a  petiole ;  upper  cauline  leaves  sessile  by  a 
sagittate-dentate  base:  involucre  9  to  12  mm.  high:  achenes  ob- 
long, somewhat  narrowed  above,  13-ribbed. 

Streets  of  Pasadena,  ace.  to  McClatchie.  Introduced  from 
Europe. 

3.  C.  acuminata  Nutt.,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  437 
(1841). 

Perennial,  slender,  3  to  8  or  9  dm.  high,  cymosely  branched 
above:  herbage  cinereously  puberulent  but  the  inflorescence 
nearly  glabrous :  lower  leaves  15  to  25  cm.  long,  broadly  lanceo- 
late in  outline,  pinnatifid  with  narrow  spreading  or  retrorse  lobes, 
attenuate  below  into  a  petiole  and  above  into  a  tail-like  prolong- 
ation 8  cm.  or  less  long :  involucre  narrow,  10  to  12  mm.  high ; 
minute  outer  bracts  canescent ;  inner  bracts  5  to  8,  bright  green, 
glabrate:  flowers  5  to  10:  achenes  fusiform,  somewhat  narrowed 
at  summit. 

On  dry  slopes  in  open  forests  of  the  Transition  Zone:  San 
Bernardino  Mts.,  at  Bear  Valley,  Parish,  no.  1460,  and  Upper 
Santa  Ana  Canon,  Hall,  no.  7538 ;  Frazier  and  Alamo  Mts.,  Ven- 
tura Co.,  Hall,  nos.  6596,  6702;  Mt.  Pinos,  in  Kern  Co.,  Hall 


282          University  of  California,  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  3 

no.  6384,  and  Jim.,  1904,  Grinnell;  Tehachapi  Mts.,  Kern  Co.. 
Hasse  &  Davidson,  no.  1737 ;  thence  north  and  east. 

4.  C.  occidentalis  Nutt.,  Journ.  Acad.  Philad.  vii.  29  (1834). 
GRAY  HAWKSBEARD. 

Stems  stout,  usually  several  from  the  strong  perennial  root, 
branching  above,  the  whole  plant  1  to  2  dm.  high :  herbage  tomen- 
tose  (the  tomentum  sometimes  with  a  tendency  to  fall  in  age) 
and  often  glandular-hirsute  above,  especially  on  the  peduncles: 
leaves  thickish,  runcinately  toothed  or  deeply  pinnatifid  into  lin- 
ear or  lanceolate  lobes,  the  uppermost  portion  entire,  acuminate : 
involucre  10  to  30-flowered,  12  to  15  mm.  high,  calyculate,  its  8 
to  24  bracts  oblong-lanceolate:  achenes  brown,  fusiform.  10  to  18- 
costate,  8  or  9  mm.  long. 

On  dry  forested  slopes  of  the  Transition  Zone  (rarely  in  the 
Upper  Sonoran)  :  Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  Parish,  no. 
1459;  Pinos,  Frazier,  and  Alamo  Mts.,  Ventura  Co.,  Hall,  nos 
6556,  6595,  6703,  respectively;  north  to  Washington,  east  to 
Nebraska,  etc. 

Var.  subacaulis  KelL,  Proc.  Calif.  Acad.  v.  50  (1873). 
C.  subacaulis  Coville,  Contr.  U.  S.  Nat.  Herb.  iii.  562  (1896). 
Herbage  (especially  the  peduncles,  petioles,  and  midribs  of  the 
leaves)  usually  hirsute  with  spreading  glandless  hairs;  leaves 
deeply  pinnatifid  or  bipinnatifid. — Bear  Valley,  San  Bernardino 
Mts.,  Parish,  ace.  to  Coville ;  northern  Sierra  Nevadas. 

Two  distinct  forms  (in  addition  to  the  named  variety)  may 
be  segregated  from  C.  occidentalis  as  above  characterized;  the 
one,  represented  by  such  specimens  as  my  nos.  6595  and  6703. 
being  merely  canescent-tomentose ;  the  other,  represented  by  Mr. 
Parish's  no.  1459  and  my  no.  6556,  having  bristly  gland-tipped 
black  hairs  on  the  inflorescence,  in  addition  to  the  tomentum. 
The  non-hirsute  form  sometimes  exhibits  a  few  sessile  yellow 
glands  on  the  involucral  bracts.  The  var.  subacaulis  differs  from, 
the  species  mainly  in  the  absence  of  glands  on  the  spreading  hairs 
when  these  are  present,  but  some  specimens  of  both  the  species 
and  the  variety  are  destitute  of  spreading  hairs. 


Hall.—Compositae  of  Southern  California.  283 


121.  HIERACIUM  L.  HAWKWEED. 

Perennial  herbs,  ours  rough-hairy,  with  entire  or  dentate 
leaves  and  small  or  middle-sized  heads  in  a  panicle.  Involucre 
cylindric  or  campanulate,  its  main  bracts  in  1  to  3  ranks  with 
shorter  ones  at  base,  destitute  of  thickened  midribs.  Achenes 
linear,  not  at  all  narrowed  above,  striately  ribbed.  Pappus  a 
single  row  of  fragile  capillary  bristles. 

One  of  the  largest  of  plant  genera,  a  majority  of  the  species 
European.  Several  of  our  species  are  but  very  imperfectly 
understood.  It  seems  quite  probable  that  further  investigation 
will  prove  our  nos.  3  and  5,  together  with  H.  Brandegei,  to  be  only 
forms  of  H.  argutum. 

Flowers  white:  stems  tall 1.  H.  albiflorum. 

Flowers  yellow. 
Stems  leafy. 

Pappus  rufous  or  brown:  leaves  entire 2.  H.  horridum. 

Pappus  nearly  white:  leaves  mostly  dentate. 

Inflorescence  leafy:    peduncles  and  involucres   with   light-colored 

stipitate  glands,  or  smooth 3.  H.  Parishii. 

Inflorescence    merely    bracteate:    peduncles    and    involucres    with 

black  stipitate  glands 4.  H.  argutum. 

Stems  nearly  naked  except  at  base:   involucre  and  peduncles  roughened 
by  stipitate  glands 5.  H.  Grinnellii. 

1.  H.  albiflorum  Hook.,  Fl.  Bor.  Am.  i.  298  (1834). 

Five  to  9  dm.  high:  stems  leafy  below,  nearly  naked  above, 
ending  in  a  panicle  of  white-flowered  heads:  herbage  thickly 
beset  below  with  tawny  bristly  hairs ;  glabrous  above  except  for  a 
minute  glandular  pubescence  and  sometimes  a  few  soft  hairs  on 
the  inflorescence:  lower  leaves  oblong,  narrowed  at  base  to  a 
winged  petiole,  10  to  15  cm.  long,  2  to  4  cm.  broad,  from  entire 
to  saliently  repand-dentate ;  upper  leaves  oblanceolate  to  linear, 
those  of  the  inflorescence  linear-subulate:  involucre  about  10  mm. 
high ;  its  bracts  linear-attenuate :  pappus  dull  white. 

In  open  pine  forests  of  the  Transition  Zone,  from  the  San 
Jacinto  Mts.  north  throughout  the  state  and  also  in  the  Rocky 
Mts. 

2.  H.  horridum  Fries.,  Epic.  Hier.  154  (1862).     H.  Breweri 
Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  vi.  553  (1865). 

Plant  1  to  3  dm.  high,  with  commonly  numerous  stems  from 


284          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 

stout  horizontal  roots:  herbage  pubescent  with  long  brown  or 
whitish  shaggy  hairs :  leaves  oblanceolate  or  ligulate,  obtuse ;  the 
lower  10  cm.  or  less  long  by  10  to  15  mm.  wide,  tapering  to  broad- 
ly margined  petioles;  the  upper  ones  somewhat  smaller,  sessile: 
panicle  rather  close:  involucre  6  or  7  mm.  high;  its  bracts  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  acute :  ligules  bright  yellow :  pappus  fuscous. 

Always  among  rocks  or  in  decomposed  granite :  Upper  Tran- 
sition and  Canadian  zones  (altitude  1800  to  2500  m.)  in  the  San 
Jacinto  and  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  and  on  Mt.  Pinos,  Ventura  Co. ; 
to  be  expected  in  the  San  Gabriel  Range ;  northward  throughout 
the  Sierra  Nevadas.  In  Sierran  specimens  the  color  of  the  crin- 
ite  pubescence  runs  through  all  shades  from  rich  reddish-brown 
to  pure  white. 

3.  H.  Parishii  Gray,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  xix.  67  (1883). 

Plant  3  to  6  dm.  high,  stems  several,  apparently  from  stout 
horizontal  rootstocks,  leafy  up  into  the  narrowly  oblong  panicle : 
pubescence  shaggy-hirsute  on  lower  leaves  and  basal  portion  of 
stem,  glandular  hairs  of  the  inflorescence  light-colored  or  none: 
lower  leaves  oblong  to  narrowly  lanceolate,  tapering  to  margined 
petioles,  remotely  but  saliently  toothed  on  the  margins,  8  to  20 
cm.  long,  12  mm.  or  more  wide ;  upper  ones  narrow,  sessile  and 
entire,  5  cm.  or  more  long :  peduncles  shorter  than  or  slightly  ex- 
ceeding the  heads :  involucral  bracts  linear-subulate :  flowers  yel- 
low :  pappus  nearly  white.  , 

Foothills  of  the  San  Bernardino  and  San  Gabriel  Mts.  in  the 
Upper  Sonoran  Zone. 

Dr.  Gray  describes  this  species  as  having  ' '  no  glandular  hairs 
or  stipitate  glands :  *  *  * :  involucre  pale,  granulose-puber- 
ulent."  Mr.  Parish  has  collected  it  a  number  of  times  and 
writes:  "All  specimens  collected  by  me  came  from  a  limited 
space  on  some  cliffs  at  about  3000  ft.  alt.  in  Waterman  Canon." 
Now,  while  these  specimens  are  mostly  only  viscid-glandular  in 
the  inflorescence,  some  of  them  have  conspicuous  but  light- 
colored  stipitate  glands,  thus  exhibiting  an  interesting  variation 
in  this  character.  Mr.  Parish  further  writes  that  the  species 
must  have  been  founded  on  his  no.  1132,  of  Sept.  25,  1881,  this 
being  the  only  number  of  it  collected  previous  to  the  publication 
of  the  species. 


1907]  Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California.  285 

4.  H.  argutum  Nutt,  Trans.  Am.  Philos.  Soc.  ser.  2,  vii.  447 
(1841). 

Plant  3  to  10  dm.  high,  leafy  up  to  the  inflorescence :  herbage 
shaggy  with  brown  hairs  below,  the  upper  part  of  the  stem  and 
the  inflorescence  blackish-green  and  glandular :  leaves  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  acute,  remotely  but  saliently  dentate ;  the  lower  ones 
7  to  20  cm.  long,  1  to  4  cm.  wide ;  upper  cauline  leaves  sessile  and 
narrow :  ligules  probably  yellow :  pappus  gray. 

A  little-known  species  first  collected  in  the  hills  back  of  Santa 
Barbara  by  Nuttall,  who  described  the  involucre  as  ' '  smooth  and 
blackish-green."  My  description  is  drawn  from  the  following 
specimens,  all  of  which  have  a  densely  glandular  inflorescence: 
Santa  Cruz  Island,  Aug.,  1886,  Greene;  Santa  Lucia  Mts.,  Aug.. 
1885,  Plaskett;  Santa  Rosa  Island,  Jun.,  1888,  Brandegee. 

5.  H.    Grinnellii    Eastwood,    Bull.    Torr.    Club    xxxii.    217 

(1905). 

Slender,  2  to  6  dm.  high,  with  leaves  mainly  in  a  basal  cluster : 
herbage  densely  clothed  below  with  long  white  or  brown  woolly 
hairs;  upper  part  of  stem  granular-puberulent ;  peduncles  and 
involucres  beset  with  numerous  short-stipitate  glands:  basal 
leaves  oblanceolate,  tapering  to  a  broad  petiole,  mostly  repand- 
denticulate  and  acute,  a  few  entire  and  obtuse,  4  to  12  cm.  long. 
1  or  2  cm.  wide ;  the  cauline  few,  linear-acuminate,  sessile,  entire 
or  nearly  so :  panicle  open,  the  branches  few  and  widely  spread- 
ing: peduncles  1  to  3  cm.  long:  involucre  8  to  10  mm.  high;  its 
bracts  linear-attenuate:  ligules  yellow:  pappus  white  or  with  a 
yellowish  tinge. 

Arroyo  Seco,  near  Pasadena,  Dec.,  1903,  and  Jul.,  1904,6rn'w- 
n-ell;  Malibu  Creek,  Santa  Monica  Mts.,  Aug.  5,  1898,  Barber; 
Fish  Creek,  San  Bernardino  Mts.,  J.  and  H.  W.  Grinnell,  no.  246 
(less  pubescent  above). 

H.  BRANDEGEI  Greene  is  known  only  from  the  original  collec- 
tion, Santa  Lucia  Mts.  (north  of  our  district),  1885,  Brandegee. 
but  is  to  be  expected  further  south.  It  is  much  like  H.  Grinnellii. 
but  may  be  distinguished  by  its  short  and  broad  (5  cm.  or  less 
long)  obtuse  entire  leaves. 


286  University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 


INDEX. 


PAGE 

Acarnptopappus      4] 

microcephalus    53 

Shockleyi    41 

sphaerocephalus    41,      11 

Acarphaea  artemisiae  folia  199 

Achillea  211 

California     211 

lanulosa    212 

Millefolium    211 

f.  Californica  211 

f.  lanulosa  212 

Achyrachaena     160 

mollis    161 

Acknowledgments   7 

Acourtia  microcephala     245 

Actinella   biennis  204 

Cooperi    203 

Actinolepis    lanosa    181 

Lemmoni    177 

multicaulis  180 

Pringlei    181 

Wallacei   182 

Agarista    calliopsidea    141 

Ageratum   lineare    179 

Agoseris   276 

heterophylla    277 

var.    Californica   278 

var.    Cryptopleura    278 

var.  kymapleura  278 

subsp.   normalis   277 

major    279 

plebeia  276 

retrorsa     276 

Alcinia  perfoliata  144 

Alpine  Zone  9 

Amauria    rotundifolia    166 

Amblyopappus    187 

pusillus    187 

Ambrosia    119 

acanthicarpa    121 

psilostachya  119 

pumila    119 

Ambrosiaceae    4 

Ambrosieae    18,    116 

Amellus    villosus    113 

Amphiachyris   36 

Fremontii    ..  36 


PAGE 

Amphipappus  Fremontii  36 

Anacyclus  australis  213 

Anaphalis  margaritacea  115,    112 

Ancistrocarphus  filagineus  104 

Anisocoma    253 

acaulis     253 

Antennaria     108 

dimorpha     109 

marginata    110 

media    109,        9 

speciosa    110 

Anthemideae   23,   210 

Anthemis    210 

Cotula  211 

Aplopappus  (see  Haplopappus) 

Arctic-Alpine  Zone  9 

Arctium    236 

Lappa     236 

Arnica 222 

Bernardina    222,      10 

cordifolia    222 

Aromia   tenuifolia  187 

Arrow-weed     101 

Artemisia    215,    297 

biennis    217 

Californica    216,      10 

desertorum    215 

dracunculoides    216 

gnaphalioides  217 

heterophylla     217,   218 

Eennedyi     217,    218 

Ludoviciana     217 

matricarioides    212 

Palmeri    220 

Parishii    220 

Bothrockii      297 

spinescens    215,      11 

Suksdorfii     , 218 

tridentata     219,   297 

var.    angustifolia    219 

trifida  219 

tripartita    219 

Artichoke    242 

Aster  76 

adscendens    82 

aestivus  81 

Andersonii     .  .      83 


1907] 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California. 


287 


PAGE 

Bernardinus    79 

canescens    85 

var.    tephrodes    86 

carnosus     83 

Chamissonis    80 

Chilensis     80 

defoliatus    79,  80 

delectabilis    82,  10 

ensatus     81 

ericaefolius     86 

exilis  85 

filaffinifolius   70 

Fremonti    83 

var.  Parishii  82,  10 

Greatai  81 

hesperius    81 

incanus  86 

Menziesii    78,   9,  80 

Mohavensis    11,  77 

occidentalis    83 

Orcuttii    78 

parviflorus     85 

patulus   81 

prenanthoides     81 

radulinus    78 

spinosus    84,  11 

tanacetifolius    85 

tortifolius     77 

tortifoliua  77 

Aster,    Desert    75 

Broad-leaved   78 

Mohave     77 

Orcutt     78 

Purple    78 

Slender    85 

Aster   Tribe    15,  34 

Astereae     15,  34 

Atrichoseris     246 

platyphylla    247 

Baccharis 95 

brachyphylla    98 

caerulescens    99 

Douglasii    98 

Emoryi  96 

glutinosa    99 

pilularis    96,  10 

Plummerae    , 98 

salicina   96 

sarothroides     96 

sergiloides     97,  11 

viminea    99 

Baeria     168 

affinis     174 

anthemoides   174 

aristata    173,    168,    169,    174,  175 

var.  affinis  174,  175 

f.    truncata    174,  175 

f.  'anthemoides    174 

f.  mutica  ...                                   ..  173 


PAGE 

var.  Parishii  175 

f.  quadrata   175 

f.  varia   175 

aristosa    171 

chrysostoma    169,    168,    170 

var.   gracilis  170,    171 

f.  aristosa  171 

f.    Clementina    171 

crassa    172 

curta    172 

nuda  170 

paleacea   171 

tenerrima  171 

Clevelandi   171 

coronaria    173 

curta     172 

gracilis    170,    171 

var.   aristosa   171 

var.    tenerrima    171 

var.  paleacea  171 

microglossa    169,    168 

mutica    173 

Palmeri  var.  Clementina  171 

Parishii    175 

tenella    174 

tenella    174 

uliginosa     172 

Bahia    ambigua    182 

artemisiae folia    184 

confertiflora  185 

palmeri     200 

parviflora     182,    183 

rubella    182 

trifida     185 

Wallacei   182 

Baileya  163 

multiradiata    164 

var.  nudicaulis  164 

var.   pleniradiata    164 

pauciradiata    164,      11 

pleniradiata    164 

Balsam  Root  126 

Balsamorhiza    126 

deltoidea   126,   127 

glabrescens 126 

Bebbia  125 

aspera    125 

juncea     125 

var.  aspera  125 

Beggar   Ticks   143 

Bezanilla   Chilensis   105 

Bidens    143 

expansa    143 

pilosa  144 

speciosa    143 

Biffelovia    acradenia    64 

brachylepis     56 

ceruminosa    59 

Cooperi   56 


288          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.     ITOL-  3 


PAGE 

Douglasii  58 

var.  stenophylla  59 

var.  tortifolia  59 

graveolens  61 

var.  albicaulis  60 

var.  glabrata  60 

intricate,  83 

Menziesii  62 

Mohavensis  59 

paniculata  58 

Parishii  55 

Parryi 61 

rupestris  52 

spathulata  52 

teretifolia  57 

Blennosperma  206 

Californicum  *. 206 

Blepharipappus  elegans  158 

glandulosus  157 

var.  heterotrichus  157 

graveolens  159 

heterotrichus  157 

hieracioides  159 

hispidus  158 

nudatus  158 

platyglossits 160 

Bluebottle 244 

Brachyris  Cclifornica  35 

Euthamiae  35 

Brickellia  28 

atractyloides  29,  11 

Californica  32 

var.  desertorum  33 

desertorum  33 

frutescens  31 

incana 30 

Knappiana  33 

linifolia 30,  31 

longifolia  34 

microphylla  scabra  32 

Mohavensis  30,  31 

multiflora  34 

Nevinii  31 

Bulbostylis  annua  225 

Californica  ...... 32 

Burrielia  gracilis  170 

lanosa  181 

microglossa  169 

tenerrima  171 

Calais  Clevelandi  251 

cyclocarpha  249 

Douglasii  249 

Lindleyi  251 

linearifolia  250,  251 

macrochaeta 250 

Parryi  251 

platycarpha  249 

pluriseta  251 

Callichroa   platyglossa   160 


PAGE 

Calycadenia  tenella  153 

Calycoseris   269 

Parryi     270 

Wrightii  var.  Californica  270 

Camomile  210 

Canadian  Zone  9,  10 

Cardoon    242 

Carduaceae     4 

Carduus    236 

Bernardinus    241 

Californicus     240 

var.  Bernardinus' 241 

candidissimus 240 

Drummondii    238 

var.  acaulescens  238 

edulis    237 

lilacinus   240 

Marianus  243 

maritimus     238 

Mohavensis     241,  242 

neglectus    240 

occidentalis    239,    10,  240 

var.   candidissimus  240 

var.   Coulteri  239,  240 

ochrocentrus     242 

venustus    239 

Carphephorus  junceus  125 

Centaurea    243 

Cyanus  244 

Melitensis  244 

solstitialis  244 

Centromadia    Fitchii    155 

pungens     154 

var.  Parryi  155 

Chaenactis    188 

artemisiaefolia     199 

attenuata   , 193 

brachypappa    194 

carphoclinia    192,  11 

var.   attenuata  193 

filifolia   191 

Fremonti     195,  196 

glabriuscula    189,  192 

var.    heterocarpha    190,  191 

f.  curta  190 

var.   lanosa   192 

var.    Orcuttiana    192 

var.    tenuifolia    191,  192 

f.    filifolia    191 

heterocarpha    190 

var.   curta   190 

lacera  199 

lanosa   192 

macrantha  197 

Orcuttiana  192 

Parishii     198,  199 

santolinoides    197 

stevioides    193,  194 

var.  brachypappa  194,  191 


1907] 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California. 


289 


PAGE 

suffrutescens    198,    199 

tenuifolia   191 

var.    Orcuttiana    192 

Xantiana     196,    199 

var.    integrifolia   196 

Chaetadelpha   Wheeleri    260 

Chicory    246 

Chicory    Tribe 25,   246 

Chinch-weed     209 

Chrysocoma  graveolens   61 

nauseosa   60 

Chrysoma  arborescens  • 55 

brachylepis     56 

Cooperi 56 

cuneata  var.  spathulata  52 

ericoides  54 

Merriami    52 

Palmeri    53 

paniculata   58 

Parishii  55 

pinifolia  54 

teretifolia  57 

Chrysopsis    43 

Californica     44 

echioides    : 43 

fastigiata    43 

scdbra    42 

sessiliflora    44 

villosa    43 

var.  echioides  43 

var.  fastigiata  43 

var.    sessiliflora    44 

Wrightii    44 

Chrysothamnus    56,      51 

Californicus  var.  occidentalis  60 

ceruminosus    59 

corymbosus    53 

Mohavensis    59 

nauseosus     60 

var.    graveolens    61,      11 

var.  occidentalis  60 

occidentalis    60 

paniculatus  58,    11,      51 

Parryi     61 

teretifolius    57,      51 

viscidiflorus    58 

var.    stenophyllus   59 

var.   tortifolius   59 

Cichoriaceae     4 

Cichorieae     25,   246 

Cichorium    246 

Intybus    246 

Cirsium  Californicum  240 

Coulteri     239 

Drummondii     238 

edule     237 

occidentale   239 

Cismontane  Area  11 

Citation  of  Specimens  7 

Clotbur,    Spiny 124 


Cnicus  Californicus   _ 

Drummondii    

var.    acaulescens    

edulis   

Hallii _ 

occidentalis    _ _... 

Cocklebur     

Coinogyne  carnosa  _ „ 

Coleosanthus   atractyloides 

Californicus     

desertorum 

incanus    

frutescens    

Knappianus     

linifolius    _ 

Nevinii  

venulosus  

Collections    examined    _ 

Colorado  Rubber  Plant  

Compositae    denned    4, 

Coniothele   Californica   

Conyza    

Coulteri    

Coreopsis   

Bigelovii    

calliopsidea    

Douglasii    ..1 

gigantea  

maritima    

Corethrogyne    69, 

cana   

filaginifolia   69, 

var.  Bernardina  

var.  glomerata  

var.  latifolia  

var.  linifolia  

var.  Pacifica  v 

var.    rigida    71, 

var.   robusta    

var.  virgata    

incana  var 

rigida    

virgata     

var.  Bernardina  

Cotula    

australis  

coronopifolia   

Cotton-batting  Plant  

Crepis     

acuminata    281, 

biennis  

occidentalis    

var.    suoacaulis   

subacaulis    

virens  „ 

Crinitaria  viscidiflora  

Cryptopleura    Californica    278, 

Cudweed 

Lowland  

Purple    


PAGE 

240 

238 

238 

237 

238 

239 

.   124 

161 

29 

32 

33 

30 

31 

33 

30 

31 

29 

5 

205 

12 

2  06-. 

94 

94 

139> 

141 

141 

140 

142 

67 

65 

70 

71 

72 

70 

71 

73 

73 

72 

71 

72 

72 

71 

71 

213 

213 

214 

114 

280 

10 

281 

282 

282 

282 

281 

58 

279 

111 

112 

111 


290          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 


PAGE 

Cynara  242 

Cardunculus    242 

Scolymus    1 242 

Cynareae    24,  236 

Daisy,    Seaside  88 

Water  143 

Dandelion    -  272 

Deinandra  fasciculata  152 

Heermanni    --  154 

simplex    -  152 

virgata    - 153 

Wrightii     152 

Desert   Area    11 

Devil-weed,   Mexican  84 

Dichaeta  tenella 174 

uliffinosa    172 

Dicoria  117 

canescens  117 

Dieteria   gracilis   50 

Diplopappus  ericoides  54 

linearis     89 

scaber    42 

Diplostephium  canum  65 

Distasis  concinna  89 

Dysodia    208 

Cooperi  208,  11 

porophylloides   208 

El    Caparossa    201 

Encelia  133 

Actoni    135 

Californica    133,    10,  134 

canescens  136 

eriocephala    136 

farinosa  136,    134,  135 

frutescens    134,  135 

f.    Actoni    135 

f.   ovata  135 

f.  radiata  135 

f.   Virginensis   135 

Virginensis     135 

viscida    137 

Eremiastrum  bellioides  75 

var.    Orcuttii    75 

Orcuttii    75 

Ericameria     51 

arborescens     55 

brachylepis 56 

Cooperi     56 

cuneata  var.   spathulata   52 

ericoides    54,  10 

laricifolia     53 

microphylla    54 

monactis   53,   11,  51 

Palmeri    53 

Parishii    55 

pinifolia  54,    10,  51 

Erigeron    87 

Andersonii  83 

aphanactis   89 


PAGE 

Blochmanae  91 

Breweri  90 

camphoratus    101 

Canadensis    93 

compositus     90 

var.    discoideus    90,  9 

concinnus  89 

var.  aphanactis  89 

divergens   92 

filifolius     89 

foliosus     91,  89 

var.    Blochmanae    91 

var.   stenophyllus  91 

var.  tenuissimus  91 

fragilis  91 

glaucus  88 

incomptus    92 

Jacinteus    86,  87 

linearis  89 

linifolius     93 

Nuttallii     91 

Parishii    88 

Philadelphicus  92 

sanctarum     90 

stenophyllus  91 

striatus   92 

tenuissimus   91 

Eriocarpum  aracile   50 

junceum    50 

Eriophyllum    180 

ambiguum     182,  183 

cacspitosum     187 

confertiflorum   185 

var.   discoideum  186 

var.   latum    186 

var.  laxiflorum  186 

var.  trifidum  185 

Heermanni    184 

lanatum    187 

var.  obovatum  186,  10 

lanosum    181 

multicaule    180 

Nevinii    185,  10 

obovatum    186 

paleaceum    182,  183 

Pringlei    181 

staechadifolium     184 

Wallacei     182 

Eupatorieae    14,  27 

Eupatorium  glandulosum  34 

Pasadenense    34 

saggittatum    34 

Eupatory  Tribe  14,  27 

Euthamia    occidentalis    47 

Evax   106 

caulescens  var.  sparsiflora  106 

multicaulis  106 

sparsiflora  106 


1907] 


Hall. — Compositor  of  Southern  California. 


291 


PAGE 

Everlasting  Ill 

California  113 

Pink  114 

Small-headed  _ 114 

Everlasting  Tribe   100,      17 

Filago  107 

Arizonica  108 

Californica  107 

depressa  108 

Fleabane 87 

Salt-marsh 101 

Franseria  120 

acanthicarpa  121 

ambrosioides  123 

bipinnatifida  121,  122 

camphorata  122 

Chamissonis  121 

var.  bipinnatisecta  121 

chenopodiifolia  122 

dumosa  122,  11 

eriocentra  123 

Hookeriana  121 

ilicifolia  123 

pumila  119 

tenuifolia  120 

Gaertneria  acanthicarpa  121 

bipinnatifida  121 

Chamissonis  121 

dumosa  122 

eriocentra  123 

ilicifolia  123 

tenuifolia  120 

Galinsoga  126 

parviflora 126 

Garhadiolus   Hedypnois   253 

Geographic    distribution    9 

Glyptopleura  271 

marginata 271 

setulosa  271 

Gnaphalium  Ill 

bicolor  112,  115 

Calif  ornicum  ! 113 

Chilense  114, 

var.  confertifolium  115 

decurrens  113 

var.  Californicum  113 

dimorphum  109 

leucocephalum  113 

microcephalum  114,  115 

palustre  112 

purpureum  Ill 

ramosissimum  114 

Sprengelii  114 

Wrightii  115 

Gnaphalodes  Californica  102 

Goldenrod  45 

Coast  45 

Common  46 

Western  ...  .  47 


PAGE 

Gold    Fields    169,   168 

Gosmore 254 

Grindelia    37 

camporum    

cuneifolia     * 38 

latifolia    37 

robusta     38 

Groundsel    

Common     236 

Groundsel  Tribe  ...  24,   221 

Guatemote    99 

Gum   Plant   : 37,      38 

Gutierrezia     

bracteata    36 

Californica  35 

var.    bracteata    36 

divergens   35 

Euthamiae    35 

var.  microcephala  

lucida  35 

Sarothrae     35 

Gymnolomia   multiflora   ...  145 

Haplopappus   49,      51 

apargioides    50 

ericoid.es     54 

gossypinus   49,   50,      10 

gracilis  50 

interior  48 

junceus    50 

lanceolatus  50 

linearifolius 48 

var.    interior 48 

monactis     53 

Palmeri    53 

pinifolius     54 

sphaerocephalus   41 

spinulosus    50 

squarrosus   65 

tortifolius    7? 

Harpaecarpus    exiguus    147 

minimus  148 

parvulus    148 

Hartmannia    corymbosa    151 

fasciculata   152 


pungens 


154 


Hawksbeard,  Gray  282 

Rough  281 

Smooth  , -  281 

Hawkweed     283 

Hazardia  64 

Berberidis  66 

cana  65 

detonsa  65 

obtusa  66 

Orcuttii  66 

serrata  65 

squarrosa  65,  66 

Hedypnois  Cretica  253 

polymorpha  253 


292          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 


PAGE 

Heleniastrum  Bigelovii  206 

puberulum  205 

rivulare  206 

Helenieae    7,   161 

Helenium  205 

Bigelovii  206,  10 

puberulum  205 

Heliantheae     19,   125 

Helianthus  129 

annuus  130 

Californicus  132 

gracilentus  132,  134 

Oliveri  131,  132 

Parishii  131,  132 

petiolaris  130 

tephrodes  131 

Hemizonella  147 

Durandi  148 

minima  148,  10 

var.  parvula  148 

parvula  148 

Hemizonia  148 

Clementina  150 

corymbosa  151 

Durandi 148 

fasciculata  152 

var.  ramosissima  153 

Fitchii  155 

floribunda  151 

Heermanni  154 

Kelloggii  152 

luzulaefolia  155 

minima  148 

paniculata  151 

Parryi  155 

parvula  148 

pungens  154 

var  Parryi  155 

ramosissima  * 153 

Streetsii  150 

tenella  153 

virgata 153 

Wheeleri  149,  10 

Wrightii  152 

Hesperevax  sparsiflora       106 

Heterotheca  41 

grandiflora  42 

floribunda  42 

Lamarckii  42 

scdbra  42 

subaxillaris  42 

Hieracium  283 

albiflorum  283,  10 

argutum  285 

Brandegei  285 

Breweri  283 

Grinnellii  285 

horridum  283 

Parishii  284,  10 


PAGE 

Hill-brush   216 

Hofmeisteria    27 

pluriseta  27 

viscosa   28 

Horseweed  93 

Hudsonian  Zone   9,  10 

Hulsea    200 

Californica     200 

callicarpha    201 

heterochroma     202 

Parryi 200 

vestita    , 200 

var.    eallicarpha   201 

var.  pygmaea  201 

Hymenoclea  118 

monogyra  118 

Salsola    118 

Hymenopappus  177 

filifolius    178 

lugens  178 

Wrightii     179 

Hymenothrix  Wrightii  179 

Hymenoxys  203 

biennis    204 

canescens  var.  biennis  204 

chrysanthemoides  var.    excurrens  204 

Cooperi  203 

floribunda  var.  utilis  205 

latissima    204 

Richardsonii    205 

Hypochoeris    254 

glabra  255 

radicata   254 

Incienso    136 

Infantea  Chilensis  187 

Inula    ericoides    86 

scdbra    42 

subaxillaris    42 

Inuleae    17,  100 

Inyonia    dysodioides    224 

Isocoma   62 

acradenia  64 

bracteosa  64 

decumben*    62,  63 

eremophila  64 

latifolia   62,  63 

leucanthemifolia    64 

microdonta   62,  63 

oxyphylla     64 

sedoides 62,  63 

veneta  var.   acradenia 64 

var.  vernonioides  62 

vernonioides     62,  63 

villosa    62,  63 

Iva     116 

axillaris    116 

Hayesiana    116 

Jaumea    161 

carnosa    ..                                          ..  161 


1907] 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California. 


293 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Kev  to  the  genera  

14 

Life  areas  

11 

Key   to   the   tribes    

13 

Life   zones  

9 

Eymapleura    heterophylla    

278 

Linosyris   arborescens   

55 

Lactuca    

274 

carnosa    

83 

Ludoviciana  

274 

ceruminosa    

59 

sativa    

274 

Parryi    

61 

Scariola   

274 

squarnata   

221 

var.  integrata  

274 

var.  Breweri  

221 

Lagophylla   

155 

teretifolia  

57 

ramosissima     

156 

Lizard  Tail  

184 

peninsularis    

166 

Lower  Sonoran  Zone  9, 

10 

Lasthenia  

167 

Lygodesmia     

275 

awbigua    '...-.  

182 

exigua  

275 

Coulteri    

167 

minor   

256 

glabrata  

167 

spinosa   

275 

var.    Coulteri    

167 

Machaeranthera  Pinosa  85, 

6 

Lavia    

156 

tanacetifolia    

85 

carnosa    

158 

tephrodes    

86 

elegans   

158 

Macrorhynchus  angustifolius  

276 

glandulosa     157,    158, 

159,    182 

Chilense   

277 

var.    heterotricha    

.157,    158 

heterophyllus  

278 

var.  rosea  

157 

retrorsus    

276 

graveolens    

159 

Madaria  corymbosa  var.  hispida  .... 

147 

heterotricha   

157 

elegans   

146 

hieracioides    

159 

Madaroglossa    elegans    

158 

hispida  

158 

heterotricha   

157 

Jonesii    

160 

hieracioides    

159 

platyglossa     

160 

Madia    

145 

var.  breviseta  

160 

dissitiflora    

146 

Leontodon    lividus    

272 

elegans     

146 

Taraxacum    

272 

var.   hispida   

147 

Lepidospartum    

221 

exigua    

147 

squamatum     

.221,      11 

filipes    

147 

Leptilon   Canadense   

93 

hispida  

147 

Leptoseris  sonchoides  

264 

sativa      

146 

Leptosyne   Bigelovii  

141 

tenella     149, 

150 

Calif  ornica  

140 

Madia,    Common   

146 

calliopsidea    

141 

Madieae  20, 

145 

Douglasii   

140 

Madorella  dissitiflora  

146 

gigantea  

142 

Malacolepis    Coulteri    

263 

insularis     

139 

Malacomeris  incanus  

267 

maritima   

142 

Malacothrix    

262 

Mexicana    

139 

altissima    

269 

Newberryi    

140 

Calif  ornica     

264 

pinnata     

139 

var.  glabrata  

264 

Lessingia  

66 

Cleveland!     265, 

266 

albiflora    

69 

Coulteri    

263 

Germanorum     

...69,      68 

Fendleri     

265 

glandulifera    

...68,      69 

foliosa  266, 

267 

heterochroma     

67 

glabrata    264, 

11 

Lemmoni     

...69,      68 

implicata    

269 

ramulosa  var.  tenuis  

68 

incana     

267 

Lettuce    

274 

indecora     

267 

Prickly     

274 

obtusa  265, 

266 

Leucelene     

86 

parviflora  265, 

266 

ericoides    

86 

platyphylla  

247 

Leucosyris  carnosa  

84 

saxatilis    268, 

10 

saxatilis    

268 

var.  implicata  

269 

spinosa     

84 

var.  tenuifolia  

268 

tenuifolia   

268 

sonchoides   

264 

294          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 


squalida   

succulenta    267 

Torreyi     

Malperia  

tenuis   

Matricaria    

discoidea 

matricarioides 

occidentalis    

Mayweed   

Mayweed  Tribe   23 

Melampodium 

perfoliatum   

Microbahia  Lemmoni 
Micropus    

Californicus 

fflobiferus    

Mieroseris  

anomala   

aphantocarpha  var.  tenella 

breviseta    

cyclocarpha    

Douglasii    

elegans  

Lindleyi  -TIZZZI 

var.    Cleveland!   251 

linearifolia    250 

macrochaeta  250 

niontana 

Parishii 

Parryi    

platycarpha   

var.   Parishii 

proximo,     

Milfoil     ".".""" 

Monolopia 

gracilens  

Seermanni 

lanceolata    

major  

var.   lanceolata  

Monoptilon     

bellidiforme    74 

bellioides    yc 

Mugwort,  California  ... 
Mule  Fat 

Mutisia    Tribe    ..25 

Mutisieae    25 

Nemoseris   Californica 

Neo-Mexicana 

Nevadan  Area  

Nicolletia 

occidentalis    

Oreastrum  Andersonii 
Oreostemma  Andersonii 
Orochaenactis    thysanocarpha 
Osmadenia    tenella 
Oxytenia 


PAGE 

.   266 

268 

.   265 

.      28 

.      28 

.   212 

.   212 

.   212 

.   213 

.   211 

210 

144 

.    144 

.    177 

.    102 

102 

.    105 

.   247 

.   250 

248 

.   249 

249 

249 

248 

251 

252 

251 

251 

252 

.   249 

251 

249 

249 

249 

211 

175 

176 

184 

176 

176 

176 

74 

75 

11 

218 

99 

245 

245 

261 

261 

11 

207 

207 

83 

83 

200 

153 

117 

-   117 


209 


Palafoxia 

linearis 
Pectis 

angustifolia 

var.   subaristata 

Coulteri 

filipes 

linifolia 

var.  marginalis  . 

papposa 

punctata     

Pentachaeta 

aurea    

Lyoni   

Orcuttii    

paleacea   

Perezia  

microcephala    245 

Perityle  

acmella  

Californica  ig5 

Emoryi 

var  nuda  

var.   Orcuttii  

Fitchii    

Greenei  166 

leptoglossa    

microglossa    


100, 

101, 


plumigera     

rotundifolia   

Peucephyllum     

Schottii  224 

Picrothamnus  desertorum 
Pluchea    

borealis 

camphorata    

sericea   

Poli/pappus  sericeus 
Porophyllum 

gracile  209, 

Poverty  Weed  

Prenanthes  exigua 

tenuifolia 
Psathyrotes    

annua     

incisa    

ramosissima 

Schottii  " 

Psilactis  

Coulteri    

Psilocarphus    

globiferus  

tenellus 
Psilostrophe    

Cooperi     

Pterostephanus  runcinatus  

Ptilomeris   affinis   

anthemoides    .. 


PAGE 

.  179 
.  179 
.  209 
.  210 
.  210 
.  210 
.  210 
.  210 
.  210 
,  11 
.  210 
.  39 
.  39 
.  40 
.  40 
-  40 
.  245 
,  10 
.  164 
.  165 
,  166 
.  165 
.  166 
.  166 
.  166 
,  165 
.  166 
.  165 
,  166 
.  166 
.  166 
.  223 
,  11 
.  215 
.  100 
,  101 
,  100 
.  101 
.  101 
.  209 
11 

.  116 
.  275 
.  256 
.  224 
225 
202 
225 
224 
73 
73 
104 
105 
105 
162 
163 
253" 
174 
174 


1907] 


Hall. — Compositae  of  Southern  California. 


295 


PAGE 

aristata  173 

coronaria   173 

mutica    173 

tenella    174 

Ptiloria    cichoriacea    256 

divaricata  257 

exiffua  259 

Parryi     256 

pauciflora   257 

pentachaeta   260 

pleurocarpa    258 

tenuifolia    256 

tomentosa     259 

virgata    258 

Puffiopappus    Bigelovii    141 

Breweri   141 

Pyrrocoma  gossypina  49 

Rabbit-brush    61 

Rafinesquia    --  261 

Californica     261 

Neo-Mexicana  261 

Ragweed    119 

Western    119 

Ragweed  Tribe  18,  116 

Raillardella    221 

argentea  221,  9 

Raillardia    argentea    221 

Rhagadiolus  252 

Hedypnois    253 

RiddelUa  Cooperi  163 

Rigiopappus  -  187 

leptocladus     188 

Rosilla    205 

Rubber  Plant,   Colorado  205 

Sagebrush    219 

Salsify     262 

Sand   Bur    122 

Sclerocarpus    exiguus    147 

Scorzonella    montana    252 

Senecio     228 

astephanus    229 

Bernardinus    232 

Blochmanae     233 

Breweri    233 

Californicus     235 

Douglasii    233,  234 

eurycephalus    233 

ilicetorum    229 

ionophyllus    231,  232 

var.    Bernarainus    232 

var.  sparsilobatus  232 

Lyoni    234 

Mohavensis 235 

Monoensis    234 

Parryi    236 

serra  var.   integriuseula   230 

var.   sanctus   230 

sparsilobatus  232 

sylvaticus    _ 235 


PAGE 

triangularis  230 

trigonophyllus  230 

vulgaris  236,  235 

Senecioneae     24,  221 

Sericocarpus  tortifolius  77 

Silybuin  -  242 

Marianum  243 

Simsia  canescens  136 

frutescens  '. 134 

Skevish  92 

Snake's  Head 263 

Sneezeweed  205 

Bigelow  206 

Sneezeweed  Tribe  7,  161 

Solidago  45 

Californica  46 

confinis  45,  46 

f.  luxurians  46 

limonifolia  45 

occidentalis  47 

Sarothrae  35 

spathulata  45 

Soliva  214 

sessilis  214 

Sonchus  272 

asper  273 

oleraceus  273 

var.  asper  273 

tenerrimus  273 

Sow-thistle  272 

Common  273 

Prickly  273 

Spikeweed,  Common  154 

Fitch's  155 

Stenotus  48 

linearifolius  48,  49 

var.  interior  48 

Stephanomeria  255 

cichoriacea  256 

coronaria  259 

elata  260 

exigua  259,  260 

var.  pentachaeta 260 

lygodesmoides  257 

minor  256 

myrioclada  258 

Parryi  256 

pentachaeta  260 

runcinata  257,  258 

Schottii  260 

tenuifolia 256 

tomentosa  259 

virgata  258 

var.  pleurocarpa  258 

Stylocline  102 

filaginea  104 

gnaphalioides  103,  104,  105 

micropoides  103 

Stylopappus  elatus  279 


296          University  of  California  Publications  in  Botany.    [VOL.  3 


PAGE 

Sunflower  129 

Sunflower,    Common    130 

Desert    136 

Sunflower  Family  12 

Sunflower   Tribe    19,    125 

Syntrichopappus   176 

Fremonti    177 

Lemmoni    177 

Taraxacum 272 

Dens-leonis    272 

lividum  272 

officinale  272 

var  lividum  272 

Taraxacum    272 

Tarweed   148,    145 

Chile   146 

Tarweed  Tribe  20,    145 

Tessaria  borealis  .....100,   101 

Tetradymia    226 

canescens    226 

comosa  228 

glabrata    227 

inermis  226 

spinosa    227,      11 

squamata    221 

stenolepis    227 

ramosissima   225 

Tnistle    236 

Milk 248 

Star    243 

Yellow  Star  244 

Thistle   Tribe    24,   236 

Tidy  Tips  160 

Tobacco-weed 247 

Tocalote 244 

Tragopogon   262 

porrifolius   262 

Transition    Zone    9,      10 

Trichoptilium    202 

incisum    202 

Trixis  245 

angustifolia  var.  latiuscula  :..  245 

suffruticosa    245 

Troximon    275 

Chilense     277 

elatum    279 

glaucum  276 


PAGE 

heterophyllum    277,   278 

var.    Californicum    278,   280 

f.    crenulatum   279,   280 

f.    idiale   278,   279 

f.   turgidum  279,   280 

f.    cryptopleurum   278 

f.  kymapleurum  278 

f.    normale    277 

plebeium    276 

retrorsum    276 

TucJcermannia  maritima  142 

Tumionella  monactis  53 

Upper  Sonoran  Zone   9,      10 

Uropappus  Clevelandi  251 

Lindleyi  251 

var.    Clevelandi    251 

linearifolius     250 

Vegetable   Oyster 262 

Venegasia  162 

carpesioides         162 

Verbesina     137 

australis   138 

dissita     137 

encelioides   138 

var.  exauriculata  138 

microptera   • 138 

Viguiera  128 

deltoidea  var.  Parishii  129 

laciniata    128 

Parishii    129 

reticulata    129 

Wormwood     215 

Wyethia    127 

coriacea    127 

ovata     127 

Xanthium    123 

Canadeiise  124 

orientate    124 

spinosum    124 

Xanthocephalum   lucidum    35 

Ximenesia    australis    138 

microptera    138 

Xylorhiza   Orcuttii   78 

tortifolia     77 

Yarrow,  Common  211 

Zonanthemis   corymbosa    151 


ADDENDUM. 


Artemisia  Rothrockii  Gray,  Bot.  Calif,  i.  618  (1876). 

A  low  shrub,  nearest  to  A.  tridentata :  herbage  canescent  with 
a  close  pubescence :  leaves  1  to  2  cm.  long,  sometimes  narrowly 
cuneate  and  obtusely  3-lobed  at  summit,  usually  spatulate- lance- 
olate or  linear  and  entire,  obtuse :  heads  glomerate-paniculate,  12 
to  14-flowered:  involucre  larger  than  in  A.  tridentata  and  more 
globose,  about  4  mm.  high ;  bracts  ovate  .or  oval. 

San  Bernardino  Mts.,  at  2100  m.  alt.,  with  A.  tridentata,  Aug. 
25, 1907,  Vernon  Bailey:  eastern  crest  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas  from 
Olancha  Peak  to  Mt.  Dana. 


[297] 


PLATE  1. 

Aster  Menziesii  Lindl. 

1  and  2.  Flowering  stems,  showing  the  rigid  leaves  with  broad  sessile 
base  and  the  arrangement  of  the  heads. 

3.  Leaf -surface,  showing  the  character  of  the  pubescence. 

4.  An  outer  bract  of  the  involucre. 

5.  An  inner  bract  of  the  involucre. 

6.  A  ray-flower. 

7.  The  style-branches  of  a  ray-flower. 

8.  A  disk-flower. 

9.  The  style-branches  of  a  disk-flower. 

10.  Three  stamens  from  a  disk-flower. 

11.  A  single  pappus-bristle  from  a  disk-flower. 

All  the  figures  were  drawn  from  the  type  specimen  at  Kew  by  Miss  M. 
Smith  under  the  direction  of  W.  L.  Jepson. 


[298] 


UNIV.  CALIF.  PUB.  BOT.  VOL.3. 


(HALL)    PLATE    1. 


.  ERS1TY 

OF 
^4  LI  Ft; 


PLATE  2. 

Aster  Bernardinus  Hall. 

12.  A  flowering  stem,  showing  the  lax  foliage  and  the  arrangement  of 

the  heads. 

13.  A  more  loose  inflorescence. 

14.  Leaf -surface,  showing  the  character  of  the  pubescence. 

15.  Two  leaf -hairs. 

16.  An  outer  bract  of  the  involucre. 

17.  An  inner  bract  of  the  involucre. 

18.  A  ray-flower. 

19.  The  style-branches  of  a  ray-flower. 

20.  A  disk-flower. 

21.  The  style-branches  of  a  disk-flower. 

22.  Three  stamens  from  a  disk-flower. 

23.  A  single  pappus-bristle  from  a  disk-flower. 

Figures  12  and  13  are  reduced  to  one-half.     The  remaining  figures  are 
enlarged. 

All  the  figures  were  drawn  by  H.  N.  Bagley  under  the  direction  of 
H.  M.  Hall. 


[300] 


UNIV.  CALIF.  PUB.  EOT.  VOL.3. 


(HALL)    PLATE    2. 


18 


PLATE  3. 

Aster  delectabilis  Hall. 

24.  An  entire  plant,  showing  the  habit,  the  sheathing  leaf-bases,  and 

the  solitary  head. 

25.  An  inflorescence   of  two  heads,  showing  the  arrangement   of  the 

bracts  of  the  involucre. 

26.  A  portion  of  a  leaf,  showing  the  margins  and  venation. 

27.  A  portion  of  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  showing  the  character  of 

the  pubescence. 

28.  An  outer  bract  of  the  involucre. 

29.  An  inner  bract  of  the  involucre. 

30.  A  ray-flower. 

31.  The  style-branches  of  a  ray-flower. 

32.  A  disk-flower. 

33.  The  style-branches  of  a  disk-flower. 

34.  Three  stamens  from  a  disk-flower. 

35.  A  single  pappus-bristle  from  a  disk-flower. 

Figures  24  and  25  are  reduced  to  one-half.     The  remaining  figures  are 
enlarged. 

All  the  figures  were  drawn  by  H.  N.  Bagley  under  the  direction  of  H.  M. 
Hall. 


[302] 


UNIV.  CALIF.  PUB.  EOT.  VOL.3. 


(HALL)    PLATE    3. 


SOUTHERN  CALIFORNIA 

COMPILED  UNDER  THE  DIRECTION  OF 
H.M.  HALL.1907. 


8  10  20 


SCALE  OF  MILES 

30  40  50  «0  70 


KILOMETERS 

O  10  10          30          +0          SO          to         70          to  y 


[1 


«   k-irrr 

...~-.-.— — T-  I 


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T.  Brailsford  Robertson. 
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John  Bruce  MacCallum :  On  the  Mechanism  of  the  Physiological  Action  of 

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No.    2.    Behavior  of  the   Starfish  Asterias  Forreri   De  Loriol,  by  H.  S. 

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